How the railway can get onboard with Britain's Nature Recovery

1. Introduction

Britain’s natural environment, as you will be aware even if you are a barnacle , faces a significant challenge. Plants and animals monitored since the 1970s have declined in abundance by an average 19%, and nearly one in six of 10,000 plus species being monitored is classed as threatened and therefore at risk of extinction .

It is a situation demanding immediate action to protect and restore our natural world.

The recently evolving approach to nature conservation on these shores represents a significant shift from past practices. Traditionally, the focus was on designating and safeguarding isolated areas as national parks or nature reserves. While these protected areas remain crucial, current thinking acknowledges the limitations of a solely defensive strategy.

There is now an emphasis on recovery, restoration, active management, landscape-scale thinking, and a habitat-based ethos to ensure a more holistic and effective approach to protecting nature (Table 1).

The shift from protection to restoration reflects a growing understanding of the interconnectedness of nature. Isolated reserves cannot adequately support wildlife populations in the face of habitat loss and fragmentation.

The restoration approach necessitates a powerful framework for coordination and action.? This is where the concept of the Nature Recovery Network (NRN) steps in.

NRNs are spatial arrangements of interconnected natural habitat patches embedded within a working landscape, designed to promote and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem function across broad geographic scales. NRNs achieve this by providing essential habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species, while simultaneously facilitating movement and dispersal across the landscape. NRNs are a crucial tool for mitigating the negative effects of intensive land management practices, habitat loss and fragmentation, the major threats to British biodiversity.

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2. Components of a Nature Recovery Network

A well-designed NRN is conceptually made up of several key components, each playing a vital role in achieving the overall goals of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem function (Figure 1): core sites, connective landscape features, species-specific considerations, and landscape-informed practices.

2.1?? Core sites, the foundation for species persistence

Core sites are high-quality habitat patches that serve as the foundation of the network. These should be large enough to support Minimum Viable Populations (MVPs) of a diverse range of species over the long term, considering factors like generation times, dispersal capabilities, and habitat requirements. Ideally, core sites should encompass the specific ecological requirements of target species and represent the natural habitat types found within the landscape. Examples of core sites include protected areas such as national parks, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), and nature reserves, as well as mature semi-natural habitats like woodlands, wetlands, grasslands, and mature hedgerows. The selection of core sites should be based on a robust scientific understanding of species distribution patterns, habitat quality, and landscape connectivity.

While size is critical, maximising core site effectiveness also requires a focus on habitat quality. A diverse internal physical structure, characterised by a variety of topographical features and vegetative layers, promotes species richness and offers refuges from disturbance or extreme weather events. Additionally, fostering a "messy" environment with a variety of microhabitats, such as deadwood piles or small clearings, provides a wider range of ecological niches for diverse species assemblages. This complexity then contributes to the overall resilience of the core site by providing a buffer against external pressures.

Furthermore, promoting dynamic processes within core sites is essential for long-term persistence. Natural disturbances (like fires or floods) can create habitat heterogeneity and maintain ecosystem health. Management strategies that mimic or allow for these natural processes, while mitigating against overly disruptive events, can bolster the resilience of core sites in the face of future environmental changes, particularly those associated with climate change.

2.2?? Connectivity - bridging gaps and fostering movement

While core sites provide essential habitat for resident species, they are most effective when functionally linked, allowing for movement of species between them. This connectivity is achieved through a combination of landscape elements:

• Stepping Stones are smaller habitat patches that provide temporary refuge and resources during species dispersal. Strategically placed stepping stones within the landscape can bridge the gap between core sites and improve overall network connectivity. They can include small woodand plots, ponds, wildlife gardens, or even strategically managed field margins within agricultural landscapes. The ideal placement and spacing of stepping stones depend on the target species' dispersal capabilities, and should be close enough to allow for regular movement between them.
• Corridors are linear strips of habitat that connect core sites and facilitate the movement of species. Ideally, corridors should be similar habitat type to the core sites they connect, providing a continuous and suitable environment for species movement. Corridors can vary in width depending on the target species, with wider corridors generally being more beneficial for larger, wider-ranging animals. Additionally, factors like vegetation cover and disturbance levels should be considered for optimal functionality.
• Permeable Matrix. The surrounding landscape, even if not formally designated as part of the NRN, plays a crucial role in overall network functionality. The permeability of the matrix refers to its ability to allow species movement between core sites and stepping stones. Permeability can be enhanced through landscape management practices that reduce fragmentation and create a more hospitable environment for species dispersal. Examples include planting hedgerows, restoring riparian buffers along waterways, and promoting wildlife-friendly practices along the length and breadth of the railway estate…

The ideal configuration and spacing of core sites, stepping stones, and corridors will depend on the specific ecological context, including the target species, habitat types, and landscape features. However, a key principle is to strive for a well-connected network that minimises dispersal distances and maximises opportunities for species movement.

2.3?? Species-Specific considerations

A successful NRN design must acknowledge the inherent variations in species' mobility and habitat preferences. Highly mobile species with large home ranges, such as our mammalian carnivore species, may require long, unobstructed corridors for efficient movement. In contrast, less mobile species with smaller home ranges, such as our amphibians, may benefit more from a network rich in stepping stones embedded within a more permeable matrix. Additionally, some species may have specific environmental requirements for successful movement, such as the need for continuous riparian corridors for water-dependent species, such as the Water Vole, or a contiguous woodland structure of a certain composition as required by the Hazel Dormouse.

A thorough understanding of the target species' dispersal ecology, habitat requirements, and potential threats is critical for optimising network design and management. Incorporating this knowledge allows for the creation of networks that cater to the specific needs of the focal species, ultimately promoting their long-term persistence within the landscape.

?2.4?? Landscape-scale practice

Historically, nature conservation strategy has rightly emphasised the importance of safeguarding existing high-value habitats, such as ancient woodlands revered for their exceptional biodiversity. However, an effective conservation strategy must extend beyond the boundaries of core protected areas. Fragmentation caused by human activities like agriculture, urbanisation, and infrastructure development can severely disrupt ecological processes at a landscape scale.

The NRN approach extends its vision beyond core protected areas, recognising the importance of managing the wider landscape, including railway estate, in a biodiversity-friendly manner. Environment schemes that incentivise landowners to adopt practices such as creating hedgerows, establishing wildflower margins, or reducing pesticide use can significantly enhance the permeability of the surrounding matrix. Seemingly small-scale land management practice changes, implemented at a landscape level, can have a profound impact on overall connectivity and contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation efforts. Incorporating wildlife-friendly practices into landscapes can promote beneficial insect populations that provide natural pest control services, potentially reducing reliance on chemical insecticides and herbicides. This fosters a more sustainable land management approach and system that coexists with, rather than against, biodiversity conservation goals.

3.?????? Nature Recovery Network implementation

The key mechanism for implementing the NRN at a regional, or more local, level is the Local Nature Recovery Strategy (LNRS). Developed in collaboration with stakeholders (landowners, NGOs, local communities), LNRS is made up of landscape-scale plans that identify priority areas for habitat creation and restoration. They also play a crucial role in integrating diverse environmental goals set out in the Environment Act , Agriculture Act, and 25 Year Environment Plan - such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and promoting sustainable land management.

Technical ecological principles underpin LNRS development, which require a land manager to have competency to understand and apply, including:

• Habitat Suitability Modelling (HSM): a data-driven approach utilising information on soil type, climate, and existing vegetation. HSM identifies areas with high potential for successful restoration or species reintroduction, ensuring targeted conservation efforts.
• Landscape Connectivity Analysis (LCA): analysing corridors between fragmented habitats allows for improved species movement and network resilience. LCA identify gaps and barriers, prioritising actions that connect isolated areas and promote species dispersal.
• Ecosystem Services Valuation (ESV): assigning economic value to healthy ecosystems (e.g., flood control, pollination) strengthens the case for conservation and informs investment decisions. Valuing these services allows an LNRS to demonstrate the economic benefits of a healthy natural environment.

The effectiveness of LNRS is predicated upon a collaborative governance structure. DEFRA strategically appoints a responsible authority within each designated strategy area. This mantle can fall to various entities, including local councils, mayors of combined authorities, national park authorities, or even Natural England itself. The responsible authority acts as a central coordinator, guiding the LNRS development process. However, true success hinges on harnessing the expertise of a diverse range of stakeholders. Landowners and managers, encompassing entities like Network Rail for relevant aspects of a landscape, are crucial partners, as a significant portion of the NRN may lie on private land. Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) bring invaluable knowledge and resources to the table, particularly in specific areas of conservation expertise. Their role extends beyond technical knowledge, as they play a vital role in public engagement, raising awareness about the NRN and fostering broader community support. Finally, the bedrock of any successful conservation effort is the local community. LNRS development actively integrates local residents through public consultations, educational initiatives, and volunteer opportunities. This fosters a sense of ownership and encourages long-term stewardship of the natural environment.

3.1 Spatial mapping and Data-Driven insights

LNRS leverages the power of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to perform several crucial tasks. Existing wildlife sites are identified, providing a comprehensive understanding of the ecological baseline. Prioritisation of areas for habitat creation or restoration becomes a data-driven exercise, informed by scientific tools like Habitat Suitability Modelling (HSM) results and stakeholder input. This spatial analysis allows for the visualisation of potential ecological networks throughout the landscape, highlighting areas with fragmented habitats in need of improved connectivity.

3.2 LNRS Action Plans

LNRS translate broad NRN goals into actionable plans . These plans are developed with rigour, informed by stakeholder engagement and scientific analysis. They detail specific activities such as planting native vegetation, creating wildlife corridors, or restoring degraded habitats. Moving beyond simple outlines, action plans are increasingly incorporate clear timelines with measurable objectives. They identify the responsible parties involved in implementing the strategies and outline the funding needs to make the NRN vision a reality.

3.3. Monitoring and evaluation for Adaptive Management

The long-term success of LNRS hinges on a commitment to monitoring and evaluation. This crucial component allows for ongoing assessment of conservation efforts, ensuring that strategies remain effective in a dynamic environment. Monitoring efforts may involve tracking changes in species populations (abundance and distribution), habitat quality metrics (vegetation cover, composition), or the provision of ecosystem services (e.g. habitat area, water filtration capacity, carbon storage, air quality). By continuously gathering data and adapting strategies based on results, LNRS fosters a dynamic and responsive approach to nature conservation, ensuring that the NRN vision becomes a tangible reality for future generations.

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4.?????? So, what role can the railway play in nature recovery?

The spawling, spidery, British railway network, with an extensive landholdings of 50,000 hectares managed currently by Network Rail, presents a unique opportunity to contribute to the development and maintenance of NRNs. Railway linear infrastructure corridors can be strategically managed to improve network connectivity and support biodiversity .

Anecdotally, we know that linear railway corridors can bridge fragmented habitat patches, allowing for species movement between otherwise isolated populations. This is important for both wide-ranging species with larger dispersal requirements and also species with very specific habitat requirements. We are currently building in this concept to management practices in Southern Region for the Hazel Dormouse.

There are numerous features of the rail network that can be managed to enhance their value for wildlife. Some key ones include:

• The lineside: land that runs along the track environment can be managed with diverse vegetation, providing valuable refuge and foraging resources for a variety of invertebrates and small animals. Vegetation intervention practices are now being carefully considered across the estate to promote a mosaic of vegetation types and natural resources.
• Drainage assets: These features, principally watercourses, ditches and ponds, can be crucial for amphibians and reptiles, providing water resource and movement corridors. Management strategies that will work synergistically with NRNs involve maintenance of the ecological functionality of drainage assets while ensuring their safety functionality i.e. the unimpeded direction of water away from the track and other railway assets.
• Hedgerows: strategically created, planted, and maintained hedgerows along railway boundaries can provide valuable continuous corridors for a wide range of species, including birds, small mammals, and invertebrates. Hedgerows offer foraging and nesting habitat and act as physical barriers, reducing noise and light pollution from railway operations for wildlife in adjacent habitats (and also for lineside neighbours!).

To maximise the effectiveness of railway corridors within NRNs, it is crucial to consider their integration with the surrounding landscape. The railway needs to actively consider strategies such as:

• Bridges and undertrack wildlife crossings: these features can be incorporated at strategic locations where railway lines intersect major roads or other barriers to movement, allowing safe passage for wildlife. This is not necessarily about setting up a capital workstream in its own right but to take advantage of the major opportunity that exists to integrate such features when the railway is substantially renewed or enhanced.
• Permeable matrix management: The surrounding landscape matrix plays a critical role in network functionality (see my article here ). Efforts should be made to enhance the permeability of the matrix, not just that which exists within railway landholding but also more strategically, by promoting wildlife-friendly practices and habitat restoration initiatives in areas adjacent to railway corridors.

By strategically managing railway landholdings and integrating them with the surrounding landscape, railway infrastructure in Britain has the potential to play a significant role in supporting NRNs. The railway can (and is in Southern Region) contributing to improved habitat connectivity, enhanced species dispersal, and ultimately, the conservation of biodiversity within a functioning ecological network.

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4.1 Examples of practice

This article is already quite long and so future articles will set out in more detail some examples of implementation practice. At high-level, Network Rail is seeking to support the NRN approach and high-level principles of engagement are set out in its biodiversity strategy . Out State of Nature reporting provides some pleasing examples of aligned practice.

The most detailed conceptualisation of NRN integration has been worked up by the ecology team in Southern Region and proposals and outcomes of this work will be the subject of future articles. Significant strides have been made in identifying and safeguarding our sites of high-value for nature, which we have designated as Railway Nature Sites; identifying ten regional LNRSs to engage with on opportunity mapping; creating structural and condition improvement strategies for woodland, scrub, grassland and wetland habitat which as well as overall biodiversity gain are expected to benefit key species and species groups; and consideration of railway estate permeability (see my article for concepts ).

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4.2 Challenges and Opportunities

There are significant opportunities for the railway estate to contribute to NRNs, and there are also some challenges to consider:

• Balancing biodiversity with train performance and safety: The primary function of the railway network is to transport people and goods punctually and safely . Habitat management activities must be carried out in a way that does not compromise this function. Indeed, Southern Region ecologists are aware of the potential to enhance train performance and safety through harnessing our natural capital and managing this as an asset in its own right .
• Limited resources: The railway is provided with a sizeable funding pot, to the tune of ￡44 billion, but only a very tiny proportion of this is dedicated to direct biodiversity management. Prioritisation and collaboration with fellow infrastructure managers and landowners, conservation organisations and local communities will bee required to help address this challenge.
• Fragmentation: The railway network itself can be a barrier to some species movement. However, as discussed above, careful management can mitigate this impact and even enhance connectivity for some species.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of integrating NRN principles into railway estate management are significant. Local Nature Recovery Strategies (LNRS) offer a powerful framework for facilitating collaboration to unlock these benefits. As discussed above, LNRS emphasises the importance of co-developing plans with stakeholders for success. Network Rail can actively participate in the LNRS development process within relevant strategy areas, bringing its expertise and resources to the table. This collaborative approach fosters a shared vision for biodiversity conservation within the railway estate, potentially leading to joint funding applications and resource sharing opportunities.

By actively participating in LNRS development, Network Rail can:

• Share expertise and resources with conservation NGOs and local communities.
• Develop effective habitat management plans that meet both biodiversity and train performance and safety needs.
• Identify key areas for improved connectivity using LNRS data and GIS technology.
• Contribute to actionable plans outlining specific strategies for enhancing connectivity within the railway estate (i.e. high-value rail nature sites, wildlife corridors, stepping stones).

This collaborative approach fosters a shared vision for biodiversity gain within the railway estate, unlocks funding opportunities, and ensures management practices address the specific needs of the regional landscape.

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Summing up: re-routing toward a brighter destination for nature

The current state of Britain's natural environment demands a paradigm shift in our approach to conservation. The Nature Recovery Network offers a promising framework for achieving this, promoting a landscape-scale approach that prioritises restoration, connectivity, and collaboration.

Network Rail, with its extensive landholdings and unique linear infrastructure, has the potential to play a pivotal role in supporting NRNs. By strategically managing railway corridors and integrating them with the surrounding landscape – through practices like creating wildlife crossings, hedgerow management, and promoting a mosaic of habitat types -the railway network can become a vital link for species movement and a haven for biodiversity.

Local Nature Recovery Strategies (LNRS) provide a powerful platform for collaboration between Network Rail, landowners, conservation NGOs, and local communities. Through active participation in the LNRS development process, Network Rail can contribute valuable expertise and resources, fostering a shared vision for biodiversity conservation within the railway estate. This collaborative approach can unlock and pool resources, and ensure that management practices are tailored to the specific needs of the local landscape.

The challenges of balancing biodiversity with train performance and safety are acknowledged. However, innovative solutions are emerging, with Southern Region, for example, demonstrating the potential to enhance both by viewing railway natural capital as an asset.

While challenges remain, the potential benefits of integrating NRN principles are significant. A well-connected NRN, with Network Rail playing a proactive role, offers a brighter future for Britain's wildlife and a more biodiverse natural environment for future generations to enjoy. Including from the window of train - get onboard now!

Views in this article represent the author’s personal opinions only.