How to Make the Most of Your Bonus (and Other Variable Income)

This article was originally written for & published on Kiplinger

Variability in your cash flow can introduce some unique financial planning challenges, even for high-income earners. Managing money around an uneven distribution of pay is a learned skill, which is why more money really can lead to more problems.

Don't get stuck questioning how to organize your income or put your cash to best use. Here’s what you need to understand to make the most of your bonus money or other lump-sum payments.

How to manage cash flow around your bonus and variable income

People earn variable income or receive lump-sum payments from many different sources. Some might be unpredictable in total amount, but be on a known schedule. That might include bonus money, commissions, grants of equity compensation, business distributions, freelance income or tax refunds.

Other sources of “variable income” might be more predictable in their sum, but completely unknown in regards to timing. Think inheritances, lottery winnings (while unusual, it does happen!) or net proceeds from large, planned sales of assets like a home.

Assuming you don’t have any urgent or emergency financial needs, put your focus on your savings goals when deciding how to use lump-sum payments. This approach sets you up to use the rest of that variable income money as you’d like, without guilt or worry.

Here’s how to do it:

• Know how much you need to save each year. At our planning firm, we recommend?contributing at least 25% of gross income ?to long-term savings and investments. That can include money put into retirement plans,?IRAs , brokerage accounts or?HSAs .
• Prioritize that savings rate above all else when you can. This might not be realistic if you have pressing financial concerns or issues to address. But in general, save when you can if you receive a large lump-sum payment from a bonus or commission to reach your savings rate goal earlier in the year.
• Once you hit your savings rate goal, any other income or lump sums can then be used on what you want and what’s most important to you. That might mean funding other goals, like college education for a family member or enjoying an experience like international travel with your significant other.

By saving first, you also have a budget for your expenses built for you. It's a natural way to limit lifestyle inflation, which can be hard to manage through willpower alone.

Two methods for managing bonus money or other variable income streams

Specific cash-flow management methods tend to fall on a spectrum. At one end, keeping tight control over your cash flow can, from a numbers perspective, provide a greater chance of success with your overall financial plan. That’s because it means spending less and saving and investing more. The downside is that it can be limiting in the short-term.

At the other end, a more free-flowing approach allows room to "wing it." This can reduce stress in the present by avoiding feelings that you’re constantly nickel-and-diming yourself. It can also allow for more day-to-day flexibility. But you might not have as high of a savings rate as you could achieve. That, in turn, could push bigger goals and long-term plans out. It could even jeopardize your ability to reach them at all.

People tend to use systems at one end of the spectrum or the other. Here’s an example to see how this might work with some actual numbers. Let’s say we have a couple who make around $500,000 in total compensation through a combination of income sources:

• Regular, predictable salaries that add up to $300,000.
• A mix of bonus payments and grants of?RSUs , or restricted stock units (which they sell upon vesting, generating a net cash profit), totaling around $200,000 each year.

Say this couple favor the “keep tight control of cash flow” philosophy that prioritizes saving as much as possible. They might take their base, salaried pay of $300,000 and do all their financial planning based on this number. They might set a savings rate target of 25%, contributing $75,000 to long-term investments. They’d then use the remaining $225,000, less taxes and benefits costs, as their annual budget. That would include things like their mortgage payment and other fixed costs. It would also account for any discretionary spending.

Any additional money from their variable income goes straight toward savings or investments. They might add to their long-term investment vehicles or fund other savings goals.

The benefit of this approach is an aggressive savings plan. That's great for accelerating progress toward goals like?financial freedom . The downside is that you are not actually planning based on your real income. You may accidentally, artificially limit what's possible for yourself now and in the future. It also introduces a lot of manual decision-making into your life every time new bonus money or lump sums hit. That can leave you vulnerable to making mistakes or underfunding certain goals or priorities.

Now, let's look at what happens at the other end of the spectrum. We’d see this same couple earning the same money, but focusing on spending needs first. They’d assume their base pay of $300,000 (less taxes and benefits) was their budget for the year. They’d rely on their variable income throughout the year to save, invest and fund other goals and short- or long-term needs.

This can work, but it’s important to acknowledge the risk they take here. They leave their long-term savings more up to chance. If a bonus is not as expected, their savings will likely take the hit, as they already spent their expected income on your fixed costs.

As with most things, we think a middle-ground approach works best. Great cash-flow management often comes from making conservative assumptions about income. It also avoids wholly relying on an unpredictable bonus to take care of savings goals. You can also make realistic plan on reasonable expectations of what total gross income looks like, rather than pretending a bonus or other variable income isn't coming at all.

Two big mistakes to avoid when dealing with lump sums

The source of variable income shouldn’t necessarily change how you think about your money or your plans for it. But the reality is that managing this kind of cash flow comes with a psychological component. People tend to treat money differently based on where it came from.

If humans were perfectly rational, we would never do this. $1 is worth $1 whether it came from your paycheck, an unexpected bonus, a surprise?inheritance ?or the sale of property. But many of us engage in mental accounting, despite how illogical it is, by elevating or discounting the worth of a dollar based on how we came to hold it.

Avoid treating bonus money or other lump sums as “free and clear” to spend. You still need to engage in responsible planning with this money, regardless of how you earned it. Instead of using the total for discretionary spending, you might break down a lump-sum payment into the following uses:

• Investing 50% of the total received.
• Allocating 30% to repaying debt.
• Using an additional 10% to fund a short-term goal.
• Spending the remaining 10% on whatever you’d like.

Keep in mind that the type of spending you do matters as well. There is a big difference between spending a lot of money one time and making a financial decision that locks a large, ongoing, fixed cost into your budget.

You don't want to lock a large, difficult-to-remove expense into your cash flow based on one particularly good income quarter or year. For example, you don’t want to take on a mortgage that would be impossible to pay with your base salary alone and hope that you continue earning aggressive bonuses to make up the difference.

We want to avoid planning based on highly optimistic numbers that may or may not continue into the future. That doesn’t mean default to the opposite and assume the worst.?Great financial planning ?seeks out reasonable and realistic estimates to use based on what’s probable and then adds in layers of padding or buffer room to keep your finances safe and thriving over time.

Eric Roberge, CFP?, is the founder of Beyond Your Hammock, a virtual wealth management firm that provides planning strategies to professional couples in their 30s and 40s. To request a complimentary consultation and one-page financial plan, go to?www.beyondyourhammock.com/schedule .