How Genes Influence The Breakdown Of Adalimumab?
What Is Adalimumab?
Adalimumab is a drug used to treat autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. This drug is sold under brands like Humira, Amgevita, and Cyltezo.?
Adalimumab is available in liquid form and needs to be injected under the skin.
How Does Adalimumab Work?
Adalimumab belongs to a group of medications called Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) inhibitors.?TNF inhibitors?suppress the actions of the Tumor Necrosis Factor, which is a small protein that plays a role in the inflammatory response by the immune system.
The immune system is overactive and produces an excess of TNF in people with autoimmune diseases. This leads to inflammation and pain in the body. By suppressing TNF, adalimumab prevents inflammation and its unpleasant effects.?
Side Effects Of Adalimumab
When taken without proper guidance from a doctor, Adalimumab can?increase the risk of infections in the body, including tuberculosis, and even lead to death.
Other common side effects of the drug are:
- Headaches
- Backaches
- Nausea and vomiting
- Pain, redness, and rashes in the injection site
- Upper respiratory infections, including sinuses
Some serious side effects of Adalimumab are:
- Vision problems
- A tingling or numbing sensation in the limbs
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Fever and chills
- Painful skin sores in the body
- Sun sensitivity leading to skin damage
- Swelling of the limbs and face
- Dizziness and fainting episodes
Interactions With Other Drugs
Adalimumab can interact with other drugs used to treat autoimmune diseases and cause severe side effects.?
Some commonly used drugs to treat autoimmune conditions and their symptoms are:
- Abatacept
- Anakinra
- Infliximab
- Etanercept
- Certolizumab pegol
- Golimumab
- Azathioprine
- Mercaptopurine, 6-MP
- Rituximab
- Methotrexate
HFE?Gene And Adalimumab
The?HFE?gene (homeostatic iron regulator gene) helps produce the HFE protein. This protein is present in the liver, intestines, and immune cells. It helps control how much iron is absorbed from food and stored in the body.?
Studies?show that the effect of TNF inhibitors in treating autoimmune diseases varies depending on changes in the?HFE?gene.
rs2071303 is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in the?HFE?gene. People with the G allele of this SNP seem to respond better to Adalimumab when compared to people with the A allele.
ATG16L1?Gene And Adalimumab?
The?ATG16L1?gene (autophagy-related 16 like 1 gene) helps regulate autophagy. Autophagy is a process that the cells use to recycle their worn-out parts and break down unwanted proteins. It also plays a role in the body’s inflammatory response.
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rs10210302 is an SNP in the?ATG16L1?gene. People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) carrying the risk allele T were significantly?more prone to use Adalimumab?when compared to those with the C allele.
TRAF1?Gene And Adalimumab?
The?TRAF1?gene (TNF receptor-associated factor 1 gene) plays a role in the survival of cells and cell death (apoptosis).?
People with the GG genotype of the TRAF1 (+16860A/G) SNP had?lowered levels of clinical response to anti-TNF treatments?compared to those with the AG or AA genotypes.?
Lowered levels of clinical response to drugs like adalimumab may reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Such individuals may have to take additional dosages for the medicine to work.?
Recommendation To Safely Use Adalimumab
Existing Health Conditions
Make sure to notify your doctor of your existing health conditions:
- Diabetes
- Tuberculosis
- Liver diseases
- Cancer in the past or present
- Heart failure
- Nervous system diseases like multiple sclerosis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Drug Interactions
Adalimumab can create extreme side effects when taken along with other autoimmune drugs. Talk to your doctor about your current medications in advance.?
Pediatric Use??
Adalimumab may increase the risk of infections. If your child is receiving this drug, make sure your child has received all?appropriate vaccinations.?
Genetic Testing
Genetic testing will help understand a person’s response to adalimumab, including how much of the drug the body accepts and how quickly the drug is eliminated from the body. This will make dosage planning more effective and prevent drug toxicity too.??
Summary
- Adalimumab is a drug used to treat autoimmune conditions by suppressing the actions of Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs).?
- The common side effects of Adalimumab are headaches, back pain, nausea, and upper respiratory infections.
- Some of the severe side effects of Adalimumab are shortness of breath, vision problems, chest pain, painful sores, and fainting episodes.
- Adalimumab may interact with many drugs and lead to severe side effects. Exercise caution when you combine this drug with other autoimmune disease medications.
- Changes in the?HFE,?ATG16L1,?FCGR3A and?TRAF1?genes can alter a person’s response to adalimumab and increase or decrease the drug’s effectiveness.
- Adalimumab can cause severe side effects in people with existing health conditions. It can also cause allergic reactions in a few people.
- Adalimumab is only recommended in children who have taken all their vaccinations in the past.
- Genetic testing will help understand a person’s response to adalimumab and plan individual dosages better.??
Recommendations
- https://www.humira.com/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab
- https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/adalimumab/
- https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a603010.html
- https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/adalimumab/
- https://www.humira.com/global/frequently-asked-questions
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4296073/
- https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_adalimumab_humira_amjevita/drugs-condition.htm
- https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/adalimumab,humira.html
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