How do survive a nuclear strike and how to prepare for it?

Roman Pavliuk

master's degree in telecommunications and radio systems, vice president of digital strategy at Intellias;

About nuclear strike?(FB )

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To begin with, I will not assess the probability or improbability of the arrival of the "nucleus" in our territory. Although I consider this unlikely, but possible. I will tell you how to protect yourself, what to put in an alarming backpack and how to act if it does happen.

Unlike "what to do in the event of war", there are no people with experience of nuclear attack among those who live on planet Earth. Therefore, I will try to gather my experience from classes in CS, physics, in particular nuclear, and other open sources that I trust.

About Radiation

I will not write much here, but I will give only a few important points:

1. Radiation does not equal "poison". Radiation does not equal "unambiguous death".?Radiation and radiation appeared immediately when the Universe appeared, and living organisms, including you and I, have learned to live with it faster than with bacteria and viruses. Our body can withstand moderate doses of radiation absolutely normally and can cope with high doses.

2. You can protect yourself from radiation, sometimes even in fairly simple ways.

3. Unfortunately, we do not have senses that would experience all types of radiation.?Our eyes can only see light radiation (yes, this is also radiation in a certain way), and the skin can feel the infrared spectrum.

4. The greatest danger is the so-called radioactive dust?containing isotopes of elements that decay and, accordingly, "fade", that is, emit alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

About nuclear explosion

Only?tactical nuclear weapons ?can be used in Ukraine. These are charges of low power, 0.5-50 kilotons (the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima was 25 kt).

Where, how, and when the blows will be inflicted - we will not discuss this now. We will assume that the blow will be inflicted somewhere near you.

Nuclear explosion options

• Ground: the?bomb falls to the ground and explodes on its surface
• Plus: the earth strongly absorbs the energy of the explosion and greatly reduces the radius of destruction.
• Minus: a very dirty explosion with a huge release of radioactive dust and isotopes, severe contamination of the area.
• Air:?explosion at an altitude of 500-1500 m above the
• ground Plus: significantly less infection.
• But the downside is greater destruction because the shock wave is gaining momentum. This is a typical option for striking YAZ.
• Underground: a?rocket/bomb goes 50-150 m underground and detonates
• there Plus: minor destruction on the surface.
• The downside is a lot of infection at the site of impact and the total destruction of underground utilities (cables, pipelines, tunnels) within a significant radius.
• High-altitude:?explosion at altitudes from 10 km
• Minus: a strong electromagnetic pulse that will fry?all?electronics within a significant radius.
• The advantages are slight pollution, although it is quite spread over the area and the absence of destruction. And as a bonus — the aurora borealis.

There are the following zones of a nuclear explosion:

• Epicenter
• This is actually the very point of explosion of the warhead and also a radius of 1-1.5 km from it. Survival in the epicenter without being in protective structures is almost impossible, and all living things will face instant death in the event of ground and air explosions.
• destruction zone?(up to 5 km from the explosion point)
• Depending on the proximity, this is a zone from dilapidated houses to broken windows. The survival rate is very high if you are not in an open area.
• zone of radioactive contamination?(depending on wind, weather, and other factors of the atmosphere and relief, this zone can be from 8-10 km to 20 km).
• It should be noted that the level of pollution can be quite small depending on the type of charge and the height of the explosion.

A nuclear explosion has the following so-called damaging factors:

• Light and radio radiation, in particular, X-ray and gamma
• Occurs at the moment of the explosion itself and lasts up to a few seconds.
• Impact on a person: in the area of the epicenter - instant death, in the zone of destruction - burns to open areas of the body and blindness (usually temporary), in the zone of pollution - a feeling of heat on the skin.
• shock wave
• Blastwave, causing major destruction.
• The impact on humans is the same as the shock wave from conventional bombs. Moves at the speed of sound.
• electro-magnetic pulse
• The incredibly intense flow of stored particles (electrons, or beta radiation) creates a huge alternating electromagnetic field lasting several milliseconds. For humans, it is not dangerous, but for electronics, it has a devastating effect due to the phenomenon of reverse induction, when current begins to flow in all conductors, which simply burns them. For metal poles and bridges, this is not noticeable, but for thin cables and almost all electronics, this is fatal.
• By the way, it does not work on fiber and most radio lamps. Therefore, there is a chance that the old grandfather's radio will survive the nuclear apocalypse.
• radioactive dust and precipitation,?also known as radioactive fallout or simply fallout
• It is a reacted plutonium, radioactive isotopes formed during decay, and materials that were not radioactive, but when exposed to gamma and X-rays of such steel (we will not delve into the ionization process here).
• This is probably an even more destructive factor than the shock wave, due to the long-term impact.
• Impact on the person: gradual damage to the body in case of penetration into the body. The effect is noticeable only in the medium and long term, unless, of course, you went to collect the remnants of the bomb immediately into the epicenter itself 5 minutes after the explosion. The effect of this texture can last from several hours to several decades.
• radioactive rain
• Due to the perturbation of the atmosphere by pressure drops, after an hour or two, moisture condensation begins and dirty rain begins to fall. The drops of this rain are wildly radioactive, and contact with them can even lead to acute radiation sickness.

IT IS THE RADIOACTIVE RAIN THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE VICTIMS OF THE ATTACK ON HIROSHIMA.

Each factor has its own methods of protection. And you will be surprised, but these methods of protection were tested practically at nuclear test sites in the 1950s and 60s, until those experiments were recognized as inhumane and the bench was covered.

From theory to practice: how to prepare and what should we do?

To begin with, let's collect?an alarming nuclear backpack. Please note that this is all in addition to the standard "backpack ", the collection of which I will not talk about here.

Everything below is based on per person unless otherwise noted. Also, all things must be packed either in plastic bags or kept in the original sealed packaging. It is important!

1. Two sets of comfortable pants, best of all military, because there is a dense semi-synthetic fabric
2. 5 pcs of polyethylene raincoats
3. 5-10 pairs of shoe covers, you can medical.
4. Roll of garbage bags, preferably thicker than
5. 6 pcs of FFP2 respirators, and even better FFP3. Recommended by our production. Each is in a separate package!
6. Scotch tape reinforced, or any
7. 4 pairs of rubber household gloves
8. 1 piece of glasses working, such as for working with a grinder
9. 3 packs of paper napkins
10. 2 bottles of nail polish wash for nail polish
11. 3 liters of water in a plastic container. The thicker the walls, the better
12. The compass is mechanical. It is mechanical, not on the phone
13. Maps of the area – either purchased or printed from the Internet. Pencil, pen to boot
14. Well, and most importantly: the Geiger counter, or it is a radiation detector. We buy it alone for the family
15. Of course, you should take care of the power bank and/or batteries for it
16. Optional – a radio, necessarily with a KH / CX range. Nevertheless, we assume that there will be no connection with the CS, as it will be destroyed in the explosion.

On the point about the detector, we will dwell in more detail. On the one hand, it is not necessary to look for expensive detectors for 500-700 dollars with a separate measurement of alpha, beta, and gamma. You don't need it. On the other hand, radiation detectors for $ 40-50 from "Ali Express" are disgusting. A normal radiation detector with a Geiger tube costs 100-170 dollars. Yes, a lot, but your survival will depend on it.

The probability of surviving nuclear strikes is higher than dying, no matter how strange it may sound. And a decent detector will not fry from EMI, more precisely, it can fry, but partially: the Geiger tube circuit-the amplification lamp-squeaker will work, and this is enough. The more intensely it cracks and squeaks, the worse.

Ideally, the detector also has a dosimeter function, that is, it shows not only the current radiation background, but can also count the dose you have accumulated.

And now the most important thing is action

After being notified of a nuclear hazard (and a 99% probability that it will be notified), we grab nuclear and alarm backpacks and climb into the deepest basement or hole we can climb into. If it caught you on the street, climb into the nearest hole, pit, basement, and so on.

Turn off the phone, and remove all metals and electronics from your pockets. We lie on the floor, face down, and cover our eyes with our palms.

In a deep basement, for example, on -2, -3 floors and beyond, a nuclear strike can be experienced even in the epicenter if the explosion is airy. Therefore, to say that the epicenter is 100% death is still not worth it. And you should always hide, even if you suddenly know that a "core" is definitely flying to your area.

A blow, an explosion... We are waiting for everything to make noise and subside, that is, a shock wave will pass, and we begin the evacuation.

If you are not overwhelmed and with you a nuclear backpack, then?proceed according to plan:

1. wear an FFP3 mask
2. wearing mittens
3. Put on a raincoat
4. wear glasses and shoe covers
5. we wrap and seal where possible with tape as if we are making a homemade OZK suit

Turn on the detector, and measure the background. Anything above 100 μR/h is no longer good. But in our situation, this is acceptable, perhaps it will be higher.

And remember: first – we put on protection, and then – dosimeters and everything else.

Now there are two variants of events. If you have a supply of water-food, you are in a safe shelter but do not have the dosimeter and protective equipment described above, I advise you to stay there for the next 12-24 hours because you do not know where it is more dangerous - in the middle or outside. And then we go out and go to the evacuation.

If the dosimeter detector works, there is protective equipment - in an hour we can start leaving the affected area.

We take a backpack with us, after wrapping it in a garbage bag and go to the surface. Next, we determine where the epicenter was, and move away from it.

How to calculate? There is no unambiguous mechanism here. Most likely, where the bulk of the fires will be visible, there was an epicenter. Also, by the nature of the destruction, you can see where the shock wave came from.

Then everything is like in practical classes on geography at school: map, compass, and forward.

The idea is this: to move as far as possible from the epicenter, 10-15 kilometers at least, and wait there for evacuation. Or move on, if possible.

We move like this:

• Every 3 hours we change the mask, and every 8-10 hours — a raincoat. If the raincoat is torn, change immediately.
• We remove the mask only in order to drink and eat and nothing else.
• If it so happened that you had to get your hands or face dirty, wipe it with paper napkins moistened with a nail wash (if you find half a liter of acetone, it's bingo). This will be our analog of the good old IPP-8.
• Changing clothes should be done indoors, and even better - basements where there are no drafts.
• If you find yourself in the rain, immediately go to the shelter and change clothes (raincoat, mask, mittens)

If we entered the zone where the detector showed a rolling level, we return in the same way back to the point where the level will drop, and begin to look for a new passage.

Keep priorities in mind: your personal safety, family safety, and the safety of others.

Almost all water, especially closer to the epicenter, will be contaminated, and therefore?water in plastic bottles will be the most valuable resource. Thirst will be the greatest pain, especially due to a large number of fires and injured burns. Sharing water with someone or not is your business.

Drinking water from open sources is absolutely possible.

Looking for water in batteries or drain tanks is left for scripts for post-apocalyptic films.

Periodically wipe the dosimeter detector with a washout, because dust is collected on it and it can begin to "lie".

Napkins after wiping, as well as used raincoats, gloves, and masks – we throw away.

We adhere to the principle:

a) clean and dirty - separately,

b) clean can become dirty, but never vice versa.

Finally, the key objectives are:

1. Survive.?Your task is to stay alive with minimal harm to health.

2. Hold out for 2 days.

3. Leave the danger zone and get to the evacuation points,?which will definitely be organized by our Ministry of Emergencies and our allies.

Okay, what if I'm somewhere on the road/at work/in the park and that's where it all started and?I don't have that backpack with me?

So, there are two absolutely two basic tasks here:

1. Survive the blow itself: we hide in any gap, as I wrote above.

2. Protect respiratory organs: carry a sealed FFP2/3 mask with you, preferably even two. It weighs 10 grams, they can be laid out in the pockets of all jackets. Because inhalation of radioactive dust is the greatest harm to the body because after settling in the lungs, it will poison you all your life. And then look for water and head from the epicenter towards evacuation.

And finally. Our task is to survive. At any cost. Whatever happens. If this instruction is ridiculous and inappropriate for you, it is certain that when they conduct a pre-flight briefing on an airplane, you are also very funny.

We believed that Russia would not overcome us. And she can't! Also, let's believe that no "nuclei" will destroy us!

There are no practical experts on survival in a nuclear explosion. And I really hope that it won't.

Like, repost, donut on the Armed Forces of Ukraine!

Source: How to survive a nuclear strike and how to prepare for it (novynarnia.com

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