HOW TO DIAGNOSE EMERGING AND REEMERGING INFECTIONS MOVING FROM PAST TO FUTURE NEEDS ? Formulated by Dr.T.V. Rao MD

HOW TO DIAGNOSE EMERGING AND REEMERGING INFECTIONS MOVING FROM PAST TO FUTURE NEEDS ?

Formulated by Dr.T.V. Rao MD

Emerging and reemerging pathologies associated with infections still considered to be dangerous to humanity because of the unique nature of these diseases: it is the encounter between organisms that have coexisted for millions of years within the people on the same planet without being previously recognized. These infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, pose no threat to humans. But only a few hundred can i Many different types of laboratory tests can identify microorganisms. Laboratory tests use a sample of blood, urine, sputum, or other fluid or tissue from the body. This sample may be processed from traditional to newer methods

Stained and examined under a microscope

Cultured (placed in conditions that encourage the growth of microorganisms)

Tested for antibodies (molecules produced by the person's immune system in response to the microorganism)

Tested for a microorganism's antigens (molecules from the microorganism that can trigger an immune response in the body)

Tested for genetic material (such as DNA or RNA) from the microorganism inflict damage to the human host.

The diagnostic principles in clinical medicine still apply when using molecular methods of diagnosis. Patients and populations are evaluated clinically and epidemiologically, and case definitions are created so that test parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, can be defined. Likewise, understanding the concept of screening versus confirmatory testing is also important. Several reports indicate that ecology or etiology of EIDs or REIDs are very complex, requiring a sophisticated, interdisciplinary response to reduce disease impact. One strategy to address these complexities has been coined ‘One Health’ . One Health is an approach for designing and implementing programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. One Health aims to address health challenges more holistically. This approach is especially important in tackling zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. What aspect of One Health intrigues you the most?

How to start identifying the newer and less known Infectious disease start evaluating with following steps

New methods for identifying infectious diseases

Introduction ...

Array systems ...

Next-generation sequencing ...

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization: time of flight mass spectrometery ...

New technologies and the future .. In the last few years however, there have been several developments that radically alter the way that microbiology and other diagnostic laboratories are advancing. Clinical microbiology will have the opportunity to intervene at the public health level as well as at the individual patient.

New Technologies and the Future

Emerging Technologies: Mention other promising technologies like point-of-care testing (POCT) and artificial intelligence (AI).

Impact: Discuss how these technologies can transform clinical microbiology and public health interventions. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) is revolutionizing the diagnosis of emerging infections by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, speed, and efficiency. Here are some key ways AI is being used:

Pattern Recognition: AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns that might indicate an emerging infection. This includes analyzing patient symptoms, lab results, and even genetic information1.

Predictive Modeling: AI can predict outbreaks by analyzing data from various sources, such as social media, travel patterns, and climate data. This helps in early detection and timely intervention.

Image Analysis: AI can analyze medical images (like X-rays or MRIs) to detect signs of infection that might be missed by the human eye.

Genomic Sequencing: AI helps in analyzing genetic sequences of pathogens to identify new strains and predict their behavior, which is crucial for developing targeted treatments.

Clinical Decision Support: AI systems can assist healthcare professionals by providing real-time insights and recommendations based on the latest data and research.

Antimicrobial Resistance: AI can predict which antibiotics are likely to be effective against a particular infection, helping to combat antimicrobial resistance.

AI is a powerful tool, but it also comes with challenges such as data privacy concerns, potential biases, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. Despite these challenges, the potential of AI in diagnosing and managing emerging infections is immense

Sources of Information

Emerging and Re merging infections in Humans World Health Organization

Journal of Emerging Infections by CDC

Web based OPEN resources on infectious diseases CDC / NIH /WHO

Formulated by Dr.T.V.Rao MD