How Big Should Hydraulic Tank Be?

When it comes to sizing a hydraulic reservoir, a motto and advice is the bigger the better. Because the greater the tank volume the longer the dwell time the oil has to give up contaminants - particles, water and particularly air. Size DOES matter.

The rules of thumb for reservoir size - and that's all they are - differ for open and closed circuits. For open circuits the general rule is a tank oil capacity of 3 to 5 times the flow of the pump(s) per minute plus a 10 percent air cushion. For HFC and HFD fire-resistant fluids the general rule is 5 to 8 times pump flow per minute.

These ideals are easy enough to achieve on a stationary hydraulic machine in an industrial setting. In a mobile application it's a lot harder due to space and weight restrictions. For this reason, 1.5 to 2 times pump flow-rate is often a more realistic target for mobile machines.

Realistic, but not necessarily ideal. So, for example, if I was designing a mobile hydraulic machine and it was possible to squeeze in a tank volume of say 2.5 times pump flow rate per minute - I'd definitely do it. Like I say, the bigger the better.

That takes care of open circuit systems. But what about closed circuits (hydrostatic transmissions)? If the transmission pump has a flow rate of 100 gallons per minute, should the target tank volume be 300 to 500 gallons? No, that would be overkill. The flow rate of 100 gallons per minute is not passing through the tank. It is circulating in the transmission loop - pump to motor and back to pump.

But the charge pump on a hydrostatic transmission is open circuit, right? So how about 3 to 5 times the flow-rate of the charge pump per minute? If the transmission pump has a maximum flow-rate of 100 gallons per minute, then the charge pump would need to have a flow rate of at least 20 percent of that or 20 gallons per minute. Based on the 3 to 5 times rule, that equates to a tank volume of between 60 and 100 gallons. Certainly no harm in having a tank that size - if it can be accommodated.

Once again, in a mobile application, 1 to 2 times charge pump flow per minute is probably more realistic. And even that's extremely generous compared to what some hydrostatic transmission manufacturers recommend. Here's what Sauer-Danfoss recommends for their Sundstrand 90 Series transmissions:

"A suggested minimum total reservoir volume is 5/8 of the maximum charge pump flow per minute with a minimum fluid volume equal to 1/2 of the maximum charge pump flow per minute. This allows 30 seconds fluid dwell for removing entrained air at the maximum return flow. This is usually adequate to allow for a closed reservoir (no breather) in most applications."

Well, 30 seconds of dwell time isn't much. And unless I've been living in a cave all these years, closed or pressurized reservoirs are the exception rather than the norm. So while having a definitive recommendation like this from the manufacturer is reassuring, I'd say 1/2 to 5/8 of charge pump flow per minute is being ridiculously stingy in the majority of closed-circuit applications. 

The above is another Brendan Article, I wanted to pass along.

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