High-Performance Sport and Process Goals: When will we learn?

In high-performance sports, success is traditionally measured by tangible results, winning races, securing medals, or breaking records. While these outcome goals are undeniably significant, research reveals that an overemphasis on them can undermine athletes' long-term development, well-being, and performance (Grylls & Spittle, 2008; Bicalho & Da Costa, 2018). Instead, process goals, specific, controllable steps aimed at refining performance, are increasingly recognized as the foundation of sustainable excellence (Ollie et al., 2022).

Despite this growing awareness, many athletes and coaches continue to struggle with fully embracing process-oriented approaches. The question remains: When will we learn that greatness lies in mastering the "how" rather than obsessing over the "what"?

The Hidden Costs of Overemphasizing Outcome Goals

Outcome goals provide clear benchmarks for success, such as a podium finish or a personal best. However, they come with inherent risks. Athletes often face immense pressure to deliver results, which can lead to stress, burnout, and even injury. Grylls and Spittle (2008) found that elite Australian athletes frequently experience psychological burnout when placed in high-pressure environments that prioritize outcomes over processes.

Similarly, Bicalho and Da Costa’s (2018) systematic review identified a direct link between excessive performance expectations and athlete burnout, particularly when autonomy and self-direction are restricted. While high expectations can drive short-term performance gains, they can simultaneously stifle the development of skills essential for long-term success (Aoyagi et al., 2018).

This relentless pursuit of results often overshadows the critical importance of continuous learning and growth, which are the true drivers of elite performance.

Unlocking Potential with Process Goals

Process goals focus on incremental progress, improving technique, enhancing physical conditioning, and cultivating mental resilience. These controllable objectives empower athletes by shifting the emphasis from results to the quality of their efforts (Ollie et al., 2022).

For example, a cyclist striving for time trial excellence might target cadence optimization, refine breathing techniques, or enhance aerodynamic awareness. By concentrating on these smaller, manageable goals, athletes can reduce performance pressure while building resilience, key attributes in high-stakes environments.

This approach aligns with self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), which emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as pillars of intrinsic motivation. Athletes who perceive control over their progress are more likely to stay engaged, motivated, and consistent in their efforts.?

The Coach’s Role in Shaping Mindsets

Coaches are instrumental in fostering a process-oriented mindset. Operating within results-driven systems, they must strike a delicate balance: motivating athletes to achieve while ensuring their development remains sustainable.

Aoyagi et al. (2018) advocate for mastery-oriented coaching, which prioritizes effort, skill development, and personal growth over external achievements. Coaches who celebrate small improvements, personalize training goals, and frame setbacks as opportunities for growth can help athletes cultivate resilience and maintain long-term motivation.

Additionally, research by Mageau and Vallerand (2003) highlights the importance of autonomy-supportive coaching. When athletes feel that their input is valued and their individuality respected, they are more likely to thrive in high-pressure environments.

Mental Health and the Psychological Power of Process Goals

Athletes focusing on process goals are less likely to experience the anxiety that accompanies uncontrollable outcomes. Mindfulness-based training, as demonstrated by Kabat-Zinn (2003), equips athletes with tools to remain present, reducing stress and improving focus during competition.

Moreover, adopting process goals fosters a growth mindset (Dweck, 2006), where athletes view challenges as opportunities rather than threats. This perspective is vital in elite sport, where setbacks are inevitable. Athletes with a growth mindset demonstrate greater adaptability, persistence, and the ability to learn from failure, traits that are essential for sustained success.

A Call for Cultural Change

The shift from outcome-driven to process-oriented approaches requires a cultural transformation across all levels of sport—from early development programs to elite training environments. Athletes, coaches, and support staff must collectively embrace the philosophy that success is not solely defined by results but by the consistent effort, learning, and self-improvement that pave the way to excellence.

As high-performance sport evolves, it’s time to recognize that focusing on process goals isn’t merely a strategy for achieving success. It is the essence of building champions in every sense of the word.

Marco van Bon - Pro Cycling Coach

?