A Guide to Reinforcing Multiple Openings in Cylinders, Cones, and Heads (UG-42)
Abhishek Singh
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In today’s article we will look out the key point about "Reinforcing multiple Openings in Cylinders, Cones, and heads".
Let's begin
UG-42: Reinforcement of Multiple Openings in Cylinder/ Cones/ Heads
Reinforcement of Multiple Openings can be done in the following ways:
* If there are two openings then using UG-42(a)
* If there are more than two openings then using UG-42(b)
* If there is a series of openings then using UG-42(e)
UG-42(a): Two Openings
To Reinforcing multiple openings, the limits of reinforcement can either overlap or be far away from each other. If they are far away from each other, they are as good as a single opening. If the openings overlap, the reinforcement area will be divided in the same ratio as the diameter of the openings. If the area of reinforcement between the two openings is less than 50% of the total required area for the two openings, then supplemental rules of 1-7(a) and 1-7(c) shall be used.
UG-42(b): More than Two Openings
Multiple openings with multiple overlaps can be classified into two categories:
- Distance between centers ≥ 1? * Average Diameter
- Distance between centers < 1? * Average Diameter
When, Distance between two centers ≥ 1? * Avg Dia
The area of reinforcement between any two openings shall be at least equal to 50% of the total required reinforcement for the two openings.
When, Distance between two centers < 1? * Avg Dia
We need to assume one opening that encloses all the openings, and then reinforce it using rules of single opening reinforcement.
UG-42(e): Series of Openings
When a series of two or more openings in a cylindrical or conical shell are arranged in a regular pattern, reinforcement of the openings may be provided per the rules of ligaments in UG-53.
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