Is gravity fundamentally attractive or repulsive (a retrospective)?

v. 5 n. 13

While mainly for new subscribers, this concept of repulsive gravity (without regard to negative mass) is so radical and central in these Letters that a review in general is in order.

Figure 1 is a not-to-scale computer generation of the large-scale structure of the universe. The black spherical voids in this two-dimensional representation are surrounded by a web of galactic superclusters. The proper scale is indicated in the cover image, where the blue circle represents a shell of galactic superclusters surrounding a large-scale void in a single basically spherical cell of the large-scale structure. The thickness of the blue circle is from 100-300 million light years, which is also the typical size of a galactic supercluster; the void is typically 10-100 times the shell thickness.

Recall the distinction between a "galactic supercluster," and a "cluster of galaxies." A galactic supercluster takes part in the accelerated Hubble expansion. For instance, the blue circle in the cover image is increasing in circumference and thickening (clusters of galaxies are separating from other clusters). On the other hand, the galaxies making up a cluster of galaxies do not take part in this Hubble expansion and remain in close proximity to one another in mutual orbits.

A brief quiz. [1]

The Figure 2 image is a general schematic for any section of the universe where a cluster of galaxies borders a galactic supercluster. This border, naturally indistinct, is represented by the circle. The space outside the circle represents the supercluster and above where the accelerated Hubble expansion is in effect. The space inside the circle represents a cluster of galaxies where the individual galaxies in the cluster remain in close proximity and do not take part in the Hubble expansion.

The two bold rectangles in this two-dimensional drawing represent any two bodies within the cluster, each body being from the galaxy scale to the elementary particle scale.

The fine radial spokes represent the predominant gravitational field. [2][3][4] This field is from the centers of the large-scale voids to the shells of galactic superclusters (see Figure 3). Conventionally, these arrows indicate the "dark energy" field driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. This field, which has been quantified, is the proposed repulsive gravitational field responsible for inertia and Mach's principle, and apparently attractive effects at the smaller scales; note that opposing arrows at the tangents point toward the smaller scales, tending to push particles between the arrowheads together, indicating locality of particles and large-scale space (no gravitational locality among particles).

1. In Figure 2, are the two bodies attracted to one another from within the circle or pushed toward one another from outside the circle?
2. Or, is gravity fundamentally attractive or repulsive respectively?

The repulsive view provides Mach's principle with locality and quantification as well, aside from conventional qualitative relative motion between the particle and the visible matter in large-scale space. The scale is above that usually considered with Mach's principle; the conventional scale is within any of the shells (100-300 million light years), where the large-scale voids are completely ignored, but the void fields are the primary effectors in the more comprehensive view.

* Cover Image by Author. Data from: Large Scale Structure of the Universe, Alison L. Coil, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093 [email protected] June 21, 2012 ?https://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.6633.pdf

[1] Is gravity fundamentally attractive or repulsive? | LinkedIn

[2] (3) How Mach's Principle exposes dark matter and dark energy | LinkedIn

[3] (3) Is inertia really dependent on the larger scales? | LinkedIn

[4] (3) An approach to the quasar alignment puzzle | LinkedIn