God is Dead, Philosophy is Dead, and Science is Dead: The Rise of Real AI
"The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race... Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't compete and would be superseded", Stephen Hawking
First we were said that “God is dead”, then “Philosophy is dead”, and now “Science is dead” as well due to emerging Real Superintelligence (RSI).
Philosophy buried Religion, Science buried Philosophy, AI buried Science and Technology
God is dead
God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it? Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra
Philosophy is dead
Philosophy is defined as "the study of general and fundamental questions, such as existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language".
It has four pillars: theoretical philosophy (metaphysics and epistemology), logic, semantics and applied philosophy (philosophy of science, mind and language, ethics, social and political philosophy, aesthetics, etc.).
Why is it dead?
Speaking to Google’s Zeitgeist Conference in Hertfordshire, Hawking said that fundamental questions about the nature of the universe could not be resolved without hard data such as that currently being derived from the Large Hadron Collider and space research. “Most of us don’t worry about these questions most of the time. But almost all of us must sometimes wonder: Why are we here? Where do we come from? Traditionally, these are questions for philosophy, but philosophy is dead”.
“Philosophers have not kept up with modern developments in science. Particularly physics.”
Prof Hawking stated that “Scientists have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge” and that new theories “lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it”.
Real philosophy should be about an ultimate theory of everything as the world as a whole and reality, in any forms and kinds, transcendent, physical, mental, biological, social, digital or virtual.
Science is dead
Science has two parts, basic science and applied science. Basic research, also called?pure research?or?fundamental research, advances fundamental knowledge about the world, focusing on creating and refuting or supporting theories that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, but not all of them.
Applied science is often contrasted with basic science, which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict events in the natural world. It includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine.
Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in natural sciences?but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes?information?to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas?applied science?uses portions of basic science to develop?interventions?via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes.
Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which deal with symbols governed by rules a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Science is about scientific models of reality and its phenomena, which knowledge consists of “networks of?world pictures?that explain?observations?by connecting them by?rules?to concepts defined in?models”.
Science suggests that we cannot know "reality-as-it-is-in-itself", but only an approximation of it provided by the intermediary of models.
It is plain and clear, all fundamental assumptions and categories of science are coming from metaphysics and ontology and physics, transformed to Natural Philosophy (Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) to modern Natural Science, which is stuck in fragmentation and narrow-minded monodisciplinarity.
Science is divided in different ways, as?STM?(science, technology, and medicine),?STEM?[science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]), STS?(science, technology, and society), etc., instead of being a single unified intellectual enterprise, transdisciplinary research and development.
Why is Transdisciplinary Research So Critical for Critical Threats to the World?
No single issue, environmental or social, exists as isolated from the others. Each issue or risk or opportunity is part of the global network of causes, factors, issues, or risks, or opportunities, where there are primary factors, subordinary factors and contributory factors. And each causal variable is marked by its category, parameters, impact, and likelihood. It is like the WEF’s Global Risks Network of Economic, Environmental, Geopolitical, Societal and Technological Risks.?
For example, global environmental issues involve the following changes: Overconsumption; Overpopulation; Biodiversity loss; Deforestation; Desertification; Global warming/climate change; Habitat destruction; Holocene extinction; Ocean acidification; Ozone depletion; Pollution; Waste and waste disposal; Water pollution; Resource depletion; Urban sprawl.
Habitat loss and climate change and biodiversity loss are mutually adversely affecting each other. Deforestation and pollution are direct consequences of overpopulation and both, in turn, affect biodiversity.
Why are Transdisciplinarity, Transdisciplinary Research, or Transdisciplinary Science and Technology?
Transdisciplinarity tops several distinct levels of?knowledge, research, education, theory, practice, and technology:
Interdisciplinarity is about the interactions between specialised fields and cooperation among special disciplines to solve a specific problem. It concerns the transfer of methods and concepts from one discipline to another, allowing research to spill over disciplinary boundaries, still staying within the framework of disciplinary research.?
In the context of?the?unprecedented worldwide?pandemic-enhanced?crises, the transdisciplinarity?appears as?an all-sustainable?way of?solving complex real-world problems?pursuing?a general search for a “unity of knowledge”?or Real-World AI.
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Transdisciplinarity is radically distinct from interdisciplinarity, multidisciplinarity and mono-disciplinarity.?
Transdisciplinarity analyzes,?synthesizes and harmonizes links between disciplines into a coordinated and coherent whole, a global system where all interdisciplinary boundaries dissolve.
It is about?addressing?the world’s most pressing issues?and?seeing the world?in a?systemic,?consistent, and?holistic?way at three levels:
(1) theoretical, (2) phenomenological, and (3) experimental (which is based on existing data in a diversity of fields, such as?experimental science and technology, business,?education, art, and literature).
Transdisciplinarity is a way of being radically distinct from interdisciplinarity, as well as multi-disciplinarity and mono-disciplinarity.
Transdisciplinarity integrates the natural, social, and?engineering?sciences in a?unifying?context, a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts?and transcends their traditional boundaries.
Transdisciplinarity?connotes a research strategy that crosses many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach.
Transdisciplinary research integrates information, data, concepts, theories,?techniques, tools, technologies, people, organizations, policies, and environments,?as?all sides of the real-world problems.
Transdisciplinarity takes this integration of disciplines on the highest level. It is a holistic approach, placing these interactions in an integral system. It thus builds a total network of individual disciplines, with a view to understand the world in terms of integrity and unity and discovery.?
As noted, “Addressing societal challenges, as embedded in SDGs, using transdisciplinary research” considered a “mainstream modus operandi for research” by the OECD Global Science Forum (GSF). The Recommendations for Governments, research agencies,?research institutions and international bodies?follow below.
The Trans-AI as the Most Sustainable Transdisciplinary Solutions of Global Threats
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is set up to change how the world works, being?the engine of digital revolution, as well as all transdisciplinary science and technology, including community science and its projects.?
The?COVID-19 pandemic?global crisis has accelerated the need for transdisciplinary solutions, of which one of the most disruptive innovations could be a Transdisciplinary AI (Trans-AI) or Real-World AI.
?It is designed as the human-machine digital intelligent platforms facilitating integrated knowledge, competences, and workforce skills to meet massive technological unemployment. As mentioned, addressing societal challenges, as embedded in SDGs, using transdisciplinary research is considered a “mainstream modus operandi for research” by the OECD Global Science Forum (GSF).
In the AI and Robotics era, there is a high demand for the trans-disciplinary knowledge, competence, and high-technology training in a range of innovative areas of exponential technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and robotics, data science and big data, cloud and edge computing, the Internet of Thing, 6G, cybersecurity and mixed reality.
The combined value – to society and industry – of digital transformation across industries could be greater than $100 trillion over the next 10 years. “Combinatorial” effects of AI and Robotics with mobile, cloud, sensors, and analytics among others – are accelerating progress exponentially, but the full potential will not be achieved without collaboration between humans and machines.?
Given that, the Trans-AI is proposed to integrate disciplinary AIs, symbolic/logical or statistic/data, as ML Algorithms (Deep Learning (DL),?Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)), aiming to augment or substitute biological intelligence or intelligent actions with machine intelligence.
?The Trans-AI is to be developed as a Man-Machine Global AI (GAI) Platform to integrate Human Intelligence with Narrow AI, ML, DL, Human-level AI, and Superhuman AI. It relies on fundamental scientific world’s knowledge, cybernetics, computer science, mathematics, statistics, data science, computing ontologies, robotics, psychology, linguistics, semantics, and philosophy.
Since it is widely recognized that the lack of reality with causality is the “root cause” of development problems of current machine learning systems, the Trans-AI is designed as a Causal Machine Intelligence and Learning Platform, to be served as Artificial Intelligence for Everybody and Everything, AI4EE.
The Trans-AI technology could make the most disruptive general-purpose technology of the 21st Century, given an effective transdisciplinary ecosystem of innovative business, government, policy-makers, NGOs, international organizations, civil society, academia, media and the arts. The Trans-AI Knowledge Graph covers ERC’s fields of research: Physical Sciences and Engineering (PE), Life Sciences (LS), and Social Sciences and Humanities (SH).?
The Trans-AI is an advanced digital technology transdisciplinary project beyond discipline-specific approaches, involving ontology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, data science, physics, cognitive sciences, psychology, linguistics, semantics, cybernetics, and general philosophy, among others, as well as an AI citizen science.
Conclusion
Today, we might say as well that as “God is dead” and “Philosophy is dead”, so “Science is dead” due to the emerging Superintelligent Man-Machine AI.
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