Glossary of Automation Terms

If you are wondering what investing in robotics and automation can do to improve your warehouse operations, but find yourself getting lost in a maze of buzzwords and acronyms, i'm here to help. I've compiled a running list that explains what many of the terms related to robotics, automation and fulfilment mean, so you can better understand the benefits of these technologies and make an informed decision about what system is right for you.

AGV

AGV stands for Automated Guided Vehicle. AGVs are used to transport heavy items such as stacks of pallets, rolls of paper or metal, and auto parts along a defined route in a factory or warehouse.?

AMR

AMR is short for Autonomous Mobile Robot. AMRs use technologies like advanced sensors, computer vision, and machine learning to navigate a warehouse, avoid obstacles and deliver items to a picking station.

AMMR

AMMR stands for Autonomous Mobile Manipulator Robot. AMMRs combine the autonomy of an AMR with the ability to manipulate goods on a shelf and bring them to the pick station. This significantly cuts down one of the biggest expenses incurred by fulfilment centers: walking time.

AS/RS

AS/RS is short for Automated Storage and Retrieval System. These systems are designed to automatically place and retrieve items from defined storage locations in a warehouse.

Automation

Automation is the technology by which a process or task is performed with no assistance from a person. Automation can refer to machines like robots or programs that carry out repetitive tasks in software applications (see RPA below).

Autonomous

Many people use the terms "autonomous" and "automated" interchangeably, but automated machines perform specific tasks within pre-defined parameters, while autonomous machines learn and?adapt to dynamic environments.

C

Cobot

Cobot is short for Collaborative Robot. A cobot is a robot intended to physically interact with people in a shared workspace.?

Cube Movement

Cube movement is a calculation of the physical dimensions of the items you sell and how many cubic feet of space they occupy as they move through the warehouse.

Cycle Counting

Cycle counting is a procedure where a small section of warehouse inventory in one area is counted at a specific time to forecast the total amount of inventory of that item.

D

DC

DC stands for Distribution Center. While many use the terms "warehouse" and "distribution center" interchangeably, a traditional warehouse is for stockpiling inventory, while a distribution center stores products for shorter periods of time and offers services like order fulfilment and packaging.

Degrees of Freedom

A degree of freedom refers to a thing’s ability to move in a single independent direction of motion. Moving forward & backward is one degree, moving right & left is another, and up & down is another.

Dimensioning

Dimensioning is the process of measuring either the area or the volume that an object occupies. It's the method used to calculate capacity for the storage, handling, transporting and invoicing of good.

E

End Effector

An end effector is a device at the end of a robotic arm, designed to interact with the environment, such as our patented suction picker.

ERP

ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. The term typically refers to a suite of integrated software applications that companies use to manage day-to-day business processes, such as accounting, HR, project management and supply chain operations.

F

Fiducial

A fiducial (or fiducial marker) is a point of reference. They also facilitate robots' ability to navigate using machine vision, which lets them work completely autonomously.

FMCG

FMCG is short for fast-moving consumer goods. They are products that are sold quickly and at a relatively low cost.

G

GTP (or G2P)

GTP stands for Goods to Person. It’s a method of order fulfilment utilizing an automated storage and retrieval system (fixed conveyors or autonomous mobile robots) to deliver SKUs to a pick station.?

I

Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 refers to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is being driven by technological breakthroughs in fields such as quantum computing, biotechnology, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, and robotics.

K

Knapsack Problem

The Knapsack Problem is an optimisation problem that is centered around finding the most desirable combination of items—each with its own weight and dollar value—that will fit inside a container and not exceed a weight limit. The goal is to load the most value into the knapsack.?The Knapsack Problem belongs to a class of problems known to mathematicians as?NP-Complete, meaning that no efficient algorithmic solution has been identified. The best we can hope for is an approximate solution that will be reasonably close.

L

LMS

LMS is short for Labor Management System. LMS software monitors employee activity and reports productivity levels. It helps warehouse managers track workers’ performance and allocate resources accordingly. An LMS can also provide incentive-based tracking and analytics to award performance-based bonuses.?

LIDAR

LIDAR is short for Light Detection and Ranging. It’s a 3D mapping technology that uses pulses of laser light to measure distances. If you’ve ever seen an autonomous car, it’s that thing on the roof.

Localization

Localization is the process of determining where a mobile robot is located with respect to its environment. It's how robots navigate autonomously throughout a warehouse picking items.

M

Machine Learning

Machine learning is the science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed. It’s a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.

Machine Vision

Machine vision is the use of a camera (or cameras), computer hardware and software algorithms to automate visual inspection tasks or to precisely guide equipment such as autonomous mobile robots.

Motion Planning

Motion planning is the use of algorithms to determine the sequence of moves that enable?an autonomous mobile robot to travel to a distant waypoint inside a warehouse without running into walls or shelving units.

O

Orders, Lines & Units

An order is the shopping cart filled with items a customer purchases. Lines are the different items within the order. Units are the quantity of each line.

OMS

OMS stands for Order Management System. At the fundamental level, an order management system is software used for order entry and processing. In broader terms, an OMS tracks orders, sales, inventory, and fulfillment operations—every process needed to get products to the customers that bought them.

P

Pareto Principle

The Pareto Principle (aka the 80/20 rule) in e-commerce fulfillment means that 80% of your orders are composed of 20% of your products, so when configuring warehouse inventory, you should place that 20% closest to the packing area to speed order picking.?

Picking

In an e-commerce order fulfillment warehouse, picking is the process of gathering the items in a customer’s order. There are several strategies to maximize efficiency, including batch, wave, and zone picking.

Pick-to-Light

Pick-to-Light is an e-commerce order fulfilment method that uses light modules mounted on shelves or racks to guide pickers to the product locations and quantities needed to fill orders.?

Putback

Putback is the process of returning products into the warehouse, whether they are customer returns or mispicks.

Put Wall

A put wall looks like a large shelf unit that’s divided into slots. Each slot is assigned an order. Pickers retrieve items for the order from the warehouse and put them in the slot. When all the items in the order are in the slot, they’re boxed and shipped.

R

RaaS

RaaS is short for Robotics-as-a-Service. With Raas model, you pay for the services our robots provide, not for the robots,?so you don’t incur big, upfront CapEX that delays ROI and negatively affects your cash flow.

Replenishment

Replenishment is the process of moving items (SKUs) from storage to picking locations. When inventory falls to minimum pre-defined levels, Robotics Management System (RMS) directs automated robots to deliver those totes to the replenishment station. The totes are then refilled, and the robots return them to their places in the picking path.

Returns

Customers return items, and processing those returns can be costly. Return rates for online purchases are around 30%, with clothing returns closer to 40%. Robots can manage the flow of returning products to the warehouse. They carry them back to the right location, and our RMS updates inventory data to ensure all products are accurately accounted for.

RFID

RFID is short for Radio-frequency identification. RFID uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects, like totes, boxes or individual items in a warehouse, providing real-time updates of inventory.?

Robot

A?robot?is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer— capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control?may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed on the lines of human form, but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to their aesthetics.

Robotics

Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.?These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes. (see The 3 Ds of Robotics below)

ROC

ROC stands for Robotics Operations Center.

RPA

RPA stands for Robotic Process Automation. RPA has nothing to do with physical robots. Instead, RPA is a way to automate business processes by creating software “robots” to perform the tedious tasks that people get stuck doing instead of spending their time focusing on more meaningful work.

S

SLAM

SLAM is short for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping. SLAM algorithms allow things like autonomous mobile robots and self-driving cars to map their environment and determine their location within it.

Scissor Lift

A scissor lift is a mechanism comprised of linked, folding supports in a criss-cross pattern (known as a pantograph) that is used to raise and lower platforms. Picker robots have a scissor lift that extends up to 8 feet to pick totes from warehouse shelves.

SKU

SKU is short for Stock Keeping Unit. An SKU is a unique alphanumeric code generated by vendors that refers to distinct items for sale. SKUs allow vendors to automatically track the movement of inventory into and out of the warehouse. An SKU is different from a UPC (Universal Product Code), which is a standardized barcode system.

T

The 3 Ds of Robotics

The 3 Ds of robotics are dull, dirty, and dangerous. Those are the 3 types of jobs that no person wants to do, but they still need to be done.

Transfer Learning

Transfer learning is the process of taking what an algorithm has learned in one context and applying it in another. It could be used to teach cheap robots to perform as well as expensive ones.

Travelling Salesman Problem

The Travelling Salesman Problem (or TSP) is a?classic algorithmic problem?in the field of computer science that’s focused on optimization. The TSP asks the question: “If you have a list of cities you need to visit, and the cities are different distances from one other, what‘s the shortest possible route that will take you to each city and get you back to your point of origin?” The TSP belongs to a class of problems known to mathematicians as?NP-Complete, meaning that no efficient algorithmic solution has been identified. The best we can hope for is an approximate solution that will not be optimal but will be reasonably close. Solving it could change everything from e-commerce to encryption.

Triage

When a customer’s order is incomplete or contains incorrect or duplicate items, the process of fixing it is known as triage. The triage area is like the ER of a fulfilment warehouse—it’s where orders go to get repaired.

U

UPH

UPH stands for units per hour and is a standard metric of throughput. An online order is comprised of different items (lines), and the quantity of each item (units). An order of 3 hats and 5 shirts is 2 lines and 8 units.

V

Velocity Slotting

Velocity slotting is the practice of placing the most frequently ordered items in the most accessible locations—or slots—in the warehouse to reduce walking time and speed order fulfilment.

Visual Servoing

Visual servoing, also known as vision-based robot control, is a technique which uses feedback information extracted from a vision sensor to control the motion of a robot.

W

Wall of Shame

When items are returned to a retailer's warehouse, they often wind up in a place known as the "Wall of Shame." That's where items sit in limbo on shelves because it's too difficult and expensive to process them back into inventory.

WES

WES is short for Warehouse Execution System. WES software organizes, sequences and synchronizes the resources necessary to complete the shipment of products. A WES is a hybrid system that combines specific warehouse management system (WMS) functionality with warehouse control system (WCS) functionality to track and control processes in real-time.

WMS

WMS stands for Warehouse Management System. It’s a software application that’s designed to manage the day-to-day operations of a warehouse or distribution center, including receiving inventory, storage, picking, packing, shipping and replenishment.

3

3PL

3PL is short for Third-Party Logistics. A 3PL provider is used by an e-commerce business to outsource part or all of its distribution and fulfilment services.

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