Gerber File Ultimate Guide-A Beginner's Guide to Gerber

Gerber files are the standard format used in the PCB manufacturing industry to transfer PCB design data to manufacturing. Named after Gerber Systems Corporation (now part of Ucamco), these files contain all the necessary information for PCB fabrication, including copper layers, solder mask, silkscreen, and drilling data.

Understanding Gerber Files

Basic Concepts

Gerber files are vector-based format files that describe PCB layers using:

1. Apertures (shapes used for drawing)
2. D-codes (aperture definitions)
3. G-codes (operation commands)
4. Coordinate data

File Format Evolution

Gerber File Types and Extensions

Standard Layer Extensions

Layer Stackup Organization

Creating Gerber Files

Essential Export Settings

Required Output Files

Minimum File Set

Gerber File Specifications

Format Parameters

Command Structures

Common G-Codes

Common Mistakes and Solutions

Manufacturing Issues

Export Checklist

1. Layer Selection All copper layers Solder mask layers Silkscreen layers Drill files Board outline
2. File Settings Correct units Proper format Include zeros Embedded apertures

Verification and Validation

Verification Tools

Validation Process

Critical Checks

Industry Best Practices

File Organization

Quality Assurance

1. Pre-submission Checks Layer count verification Drill file alignment Board outline presence Solder mask definition
2. Documentation Requirements Stack-up information Special requirements Material specifications Finish requirements

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What is the difference between RS-274X and Gerber X2 formats?

The key differences include:

• X2 includes layer attributes
• X2 supports component information
• X2 has improved metadata
• X2 allows for better automation
• RS-274X is still widely used but being phased out

Q2: How do I verify my Gerber files are correct?

To verify Gerber files:

• Use a Gerber viewer
• Check layer alignment
• Verify drill file correspondence
• Validate against design rules
• Compare with original design

Q3: What are the essential files needed for PCB manufacturing?

The minimum required files are:

• All copper layers (.GTL, .GBL)
• Solder mask layers (.GTS, .GBS)
• Drill file (.XLN or .DRL)
• Board outline (.GKO)
• Stack-up information (README)

Q4: How should Gerber files be organized for submission?

Organize files by:

• Using clear naming conventions
• Grouping related files together
• Including a README file
• Zipping all files together
• Following manufacturer guidelines

Q5: What common issues can cause manufacturing problems?

Common issues include:

• Missing or incorrect layers
• Improper file format settings
• Unit mismatches
• Missing drill files
• Incorrect aperture definitions