Future of Internet
Ashutosh K.
Ex banker, Now self-employed, MD &CEO of Kumar Group of companies, Author of many books.
HOW THE INTERNET WORKS:
?
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web, electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
?The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), fifty years ago launched a packet-switching network and the first?applying the TCP/IP protocols that have become the technical backbone or bus topology or line topology of the internet. It describes the necessary steps intricate the basic functions for using the internet. where ARPANET first connected on October 29, 1969. We will discuss the same somewhere in the following.
Dr. Cecilia Aragon, a top-ranked science programming elucidated the steps as "the browser sets up a connection between you and somebody else, some other server somewhere else in the world . The similarity is seen in a telephone network for data instead of voice. Every piece of information a user gets, when he download an article from the server, there is another human on the other end producing that information. It is broken into packets which are the basic units of communication over a TCP/IP and forward ?over wires and made visible onto the computer of the person who is reading it.” The step-by-step process of doing something as basic as reading an article on the Internet is not so easy but complex.
All begin with a computer, a device already designed to take bits of zeroes and ones and convert them into pixels. ( In digital imaging, a?pixel(or picture element) is the smallest item of information in an image. Pixels are arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, represented using squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three or four components such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The word?pixel?is based on a contraction of?pix?("pictures") and?el?(for "element").on a screen so humans can comprehend the information. This is the start a computer launches an operating system, like, ?Windows, macOS, Linux, etc, on which a browser works. The browser, such as Safari, Mozilla Firefox, ??Google Chrome, internet explorer, Microsoft Azure which serve as special programs designed to collect packets and make connections to other computers to get information.
?STEP ONE. To begin, the user browser sends a request to read the article user is engrossed in right now via your Internet Service Provider (ISP) that can connect to the internet. That message included your browser sending a request, without the computer’s Internet Protocol (IP) address, to the server holding all the information from the Popular Mechanics’ website, basically saying as a different “I’m interested, send me that collection of packets.”
If we like to get information from the Domain Name Server (DNS) of the internet site,?but computers think much more black and white.
?STEP TWO- , As the browser turns the DNS into an IP address of, in this case, the Popular Mechanics website’s server.
?STEP THREE: A browser needs a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection with the Popular Mechanics server, basically permission to send messages happens.
STEP FOUR:?Allow the server to respond to the request by saying "sure, we can send that along" — known as a?message — or a "sorry, we don’t have those bits any longer," commonly rendered as a?404 Document Not Found. This is the way the conversation is initiated and the request accepted.
?STEP FIVE: ?creating a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that will start levels of packets of information (an FTP server, uses the file transfer protocol, that commands the basis that servers use to operate as part of the internet). Every packet contains a header of bits of info that tell servers and browsers where the packet requires to go and its purpose.
“It gets very swiftly complicated as ?a packet as a piece of information stored as a series of high and low voltage, essentially binary because all information can be represented in binary form.”
?STEP SIX, as the packets of information must forwarded by that TCP protocol. These TCP packets—collections of bits placed essentially into the digital version of a complex envelope—get passed on diagonally wires, cables or WiFi in the form of low-volt and high-volt data. The packets, using the IP address so they know where to go, move from router to router, across cables, fiber optic cables, phone lines and WiFi until they run through but many routers are needed to arrive at?a physical location, always moving at the speed of light and generally navigating the world. Occasionally these packets hit slowdowns of heavily congested areas along the way and must change course and sometimes they can find a direct route back to you.
Every router understands its own function. The first router does not know the final destination of the packets of information, but it knows part of the way. The subsequent router knows the next place it needs to go till it ultimately the packets get back to you.
STEP SEVEN?kicks into place, allowing the browser to convert all those words and images from the packets back into a humanly readable article.
Some get lost and be resent, but that goes through a number of routers back and forwards until it gets back to your ISP and then your ISP sends the packets back to the router through Wifi to a port on your computer and then your browser, which is listening for those packets, takes the data and displays them as a human-understandable form.
This whole mechanism is incredibly oversimplified.
?
All those internet cables and radio frequencies can be controlled so that information can move at different speeds. Servers can also control the time consumed how quickly they respond to requests for packets and sometimes websites go down because there is a physical limitation of how many high and low voltage signals a server can send out at one time. Maybe a server can handle millions of requests for connections at one time, but not billions.
With physical wires and radio frequencies and their bandwidth limitations, we are already now starting to run into some physical limitations. Even IP addresses, which can account for something in the range of four billion addresses, have met an issue because of the eight billion network-connected devices
IGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) BROADBAND
Plug a DSL line splitter into the wall jack that you’re using for your DSL modem connection. The splitter splits the jack’s services into two, one for the telephone and one for the modem. Plug a telephone wire into one of the splitter jacks. Plug the other end of the wire into the jack on the rear of the DSL modem. Plug an Ethernet cable into the rear of the DSL modem, and then plug the other end of the cable into an available Ethernet port on your computer. Plug the power cord of the modem into a nearby outlet. Turn on your computer and wait for the computer to launch the desktop screen. Turn on the modem and wait for it to make a connection with your ISP. The online indicator light should light up when the connection is made. Navigate to the "Start" button on your computer, and then select the “Control Panel.” Click “Network and Internet” followed by “Network and Sharing Center” then “Set up a connection or network.” Click "Connect to the Internet" to utilize the new Internet connection on your system. Plug a DSL line filter into the second jack of the splitter to filter out any noise from the connection. Plug the second telephone wire into the filter and, then into the telephone to allow you to use phone service along with your Internet service.
??Over the last fifty years, technology and the functionality of the internet have transformed to become the suitable systems of our daily life we use in our daily lives. The user of the internet from 2000 to now is astonishing.
To know the answer of the increase of use of internet the following, we have to take into perspective as under:
1.???how does the internetwork?
2.???Where did this all get started?
3.???How did the internet evolve into the ubiquitous system we know it as today?
To comprehend thoroughly the internet works and how we got here, we’ll need to start from the beginning.
A Brief History of the Internet
It is an interesting story of coining the word Internet. On October 29, 1969, an organization called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency) launched the first iteration of the internet 29.10.1969 ?connecting four major computers at The University of Utah, UCSB, UCLA, and Stanford Research Institute. It facilitated these above universities not only able to access files and transmit information from one organization to the other, but also internally. As researchers developed the system, they continued to connect computers from other universities, including MIT, Harvard, and Carnegie Mellon. Ultimately, ARPANET was renamed “internet which was initially evolving stage,??the internet was only used by computer experts, scientists, engineers, and librarians who had to learn a complicated system in order to use it, but as the technology improved and consumers adapted, now it is an essential tool of common people worldwide.
The 1970s was a special time of transition for the internet. The email was introduced in 1972, libraries across the country were linked, and notably, information exchange became more seamless using ?Transport Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) architecture. The development of these protocols facilitated standardizing sending and receiving information over the web, making the delivery more reliable and constant irrespective of the place of accessing the internet.
The National Science Foundation took the development of the internet to the next height by funding NSFNET in 1986, a network of supercomputers throughout the country. These supercomputers laid the groundwork for personal computing, bridging the gap between computers being used exclusively for academic purposes and computers used to perform daily tasks. After five years ?The University of Minnesota technologically advanced the first user-friendly internet interface, making it easier to access campus files and information. The University of Nevada at Reno continued to develop this usable interface, introducing searchable functions and indexing.
As the internet’s development continued to evolve and shift focus, the National Science Foundation discontinued its sponsorship of the internet’s backbone (NSFNET) in May of 1995.
This change boosted all commercial use restrictions on the internet and finally, allowed the internet to spread and grow rapidly. Taking a lead, AOL, CompuServe, and Prodigy associated ?Delphi to offer commercial internet service to consumers. The unveiling of WiFi?and Windows 98 in the late nineties marked the tech industry’s commitment to developing the commercial element of the internet. This next step offered companies like Microsoft access to a new audience, consumers.
Interruption of chronological sequence (as in a film or novel) by the interjection of events of future occurrence; ?assessed that three billion people as a new users of the internet, many of whom use it on a daily basis to help them get from Point A to Point B, catch up with loved ones, collaborate at work, or to learn more about anything which is important. As technology advanced and the internet interlaces its way into just about every aspect of our lives, even more people are expected to use it. In 2030, researchers project there will be 7.5 billion internet users and 500 billion devices connected to the internet. It is presently termed as a daydream. .
?
The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and media across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP).
TCP and IP work together to ensure that data transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable, no matter which device you’re using or where you’re using it. When data is transferred over the internet, it’s delivered in messages and packets. Data sent over the internet is called a message, but before messages get sent, they’re broken up into tinier parts called packets.
These messages and packets travel from one source to the next using Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP). IP is a system of rules that govern how information is sent from one computer to another computer over an internet connection. Using a numerical address (IP Address) the IP system receives further instructions on how the data should be transferred. The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) works with IP to ensure transfer of data is dependable and reliable. This helps to make sure that no packets are lost, packets are reassembled in proper sequence, and there’s no delay negatively affecting the data quality.
We also learn ?how the internet works from browser launch to search results by r the process step-by-step :
As we type in a web address into our browser...
Step 1:?The PC or device is connected to the web through a modem or router. Together, these devices allow you to connect to other networks around the globe. A router enables multiple computers to join the same network while a modem connects to ISP (Internet Service Provider) which provides you with either cable or DSL internet.
Step 2:?Type in a web address, known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Each website has its own unique URL that signals to your ISP where you want to go.
Step 3:?The query is inserted to ISP which connects to several servers which store and send data like a NAP Server (Network Access Protection) and a DNS (Domain Name Server).
Next,?the browser looks up the IP address for the domain name as typed into your search engine through DNS. DNS then translates the text-based domain name you type into the browser into the number-based IP address.
· Example: Google.com becomes 64.233.191.255
Step 4:?Browser sends a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the target server to send a copy of the website to the client using TCP/IP.
Step 5:?The server then approves the request and sends a “200 OK” message to our computer. Then, the server sends website files to the browser in the form of data packets.
Step 6:?As our browser reassembles the data packets, the website loads allowing us to learn, shop, browse, and engage.
Step 7:?We get our search result.
?conclusio:
?Internet has come a long way. Still so much cope of potential to increase to mprove.
?
领英推荐
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
Whether we search information on how the internet works, streaming your favorite movie, or browsing the internet for travel deals, it’s undeniable that the internet?takes us places, and it’s going to continue to do so.
While it might not seem like the internet is changing?now, chances are, we’ll look back and see how far we’ve come, the differences in how we use this technology, and ultimately, we’ll find that we, too, are a part of the internet’s history. Philosophers and authors have conceptualized a shared repository of world knowledge for centuries.
The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and media across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP).Messages + Packets
· Data sent over the internet is called a message
· Before messages get sent, they’re broken up into tiny parts called packets
Internet Protocol (IP)
· Rules that govern how information is sent from one computer to another computer over an internet connection
· Specifies how computers should send information to other computers by sending data with an attached numerical address (IP Address)
o??Public IP Address:?Accessible over the internet
o??Private IP Address:?Assigned to a device on a closed network such as a home or business network that’s not accessible over the internet
Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
· Works with IP to ensure transfer of data is dependable and reliable
· No packets lost, no delay negatively affecting data quality, packets reassembled in proper sequence
What happens when we browse ?the internet...
?
Step 1:? PC or device is connected to the web through a modem or router, which allows it to connect to other networks around the globe. A router allows for multiple computers to join the same network while a modem connects to?Internet Service Provider (ISP) which provides either cable or DSL internet.
Personal PC is called a client as opposed to a server.
· Client computers connect to the internet through an ISP.
o??Example:?As ?phone connected to a mobile network or laptop connected to WiFi.
· Servers are computers directly connected to the internet.
o??Example: Computers that store web pages, sites, or applications.
Step 2:?Type in a web address, known as a URL. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
Step 3:?The query is processed and inserted to your ISP. Since ISP has multiple servers which store and send data like a NAP Server (Network Access Protection) and a DNS (Domain Name Server).
Our browser looks up the IP address for the domain name?typed into?browser through DNS.
· DNS translates the text-based domain name you type into the browser into the number-based IP address.
o??Example:?Google.com becomes 64.233.191.255
Step 4:?Browser sends a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the target server to send a copy of the website to the client using TCP/IP.
· HTTP:?Language used for internet communication.
· HTTPS:?Secure version of HTTP, all communications between your browser and website are encrypted.
Step 5:?Server approves request and sends a “200 OK” message to client computer. Then, the server sends web page files to browser in the form of data packets.
Step 6:?Web page loads as your browser reassembles packets.
Step 7:?We get the result.
Technology is evolving from a long period but now got momentum and rapidly changing enabling quicker change and progress, causing an acceleration of the rate of change. However, a lots more changes due to ?outbreak of COVID-19 making IT professionals realize that their role will not remain ?the same in the contactless world tomorrow. And an IT professional in 2021-22 will constantly be learning, unlearning, and relearning not just as option but necessity. Program in AI and Machine Learning
?It means staying current with emerging technologies and latest technology trends by keeping our eyes on the future to know which skills needed to know to secure a safe job tomorrow and even learn how to get there. All are the effect of the worldwide pandemic, most of the global IT population are ?sitting back, working from home. Thus it is pertinent to observe some of the emerging technology trends to be watched ?in 2022, and possibly secure one of the jobs that will be created by these new technology trends, that includes:
1.???Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
2.???Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
3.???Edge Computing
4.???Quantum Computing
5.???Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
6.???Blockchain
7.???Internet of Things (IoT)
8.???5G
9.???Cyber Security
1.