FURNITURE AND THE ERA OF SIMPLICITY 家具设计与极简化的世纪
DESIGN FOR ABETTER WORLD (Part 5)
设计，让世界更美好
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As Architecture made big changes in the first half of the 20th?Century, furniture design followed the same way.
20世纪上半叶，建筑学发生了巨大的变化，家具设计也发生了同样的变化。
In the search for much cleaner and simpler pieces of furniture, this design field needed to break with the previous year’s tendencies.
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在寻找更干净、更简单的家具时，这个设计领域需要打破前一年的趋势。
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OLD ORNAMENTAL FURNITURE
旧装饰家具
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Chippendale Desk- Source Antiques Trade Gazette
齐本德尔式家具
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The 18th century had witnessed some very quick changes in furniture design tendencies with a wide range of new styles arising as a consequence of the geographical expansion of the western countries. The contact with the colonies and far territories in Asia and America brought the explosion of decoration, the passion for colors, finished with lacquer.
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在18世纪，由于西方国家的地理扩张，家具设计趋势发生了一些非常迅速的变化，出现了各种各样的新风格。与亚洲和美洲的殖民地和遥远的领土的接触带来了对装饰和颜色的热情。
Louis Style Sofa?路易斯式沙发?- Source Pinterest
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New textile materials were incorporated into the furniture designs, like velvet, silks, and needlework as a symbol of good taste and distinction.
Although there was a general attraction for ornamental furniture, the last part of the XVIII century brought some reaction to the excesses of Rococo decoration and trying to find inspiration in the Classical art, based on straight lines and rectilinear forms.
This came together with the need of experimenting with cleaner materials and more simple solutions.
家具设计中加入了新的纺织材料，如天鹅绒、丝绸和刺绣，作为良好品味和高贵的象征。尽管人们普遍喜欢装饰家具，但在十八世纪的最后一部分，人们对洛可可式装饰的过度产生了一些反应，并试图在以直线和直线形式为基础的古典艺术中寻找灵感。这与试验更清洁的材料和更简单的解决方案的需要结合在一起。
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Neoclassical Table?新古典主义的桌子- Source National Gallery of Art
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The 19th century was marked by the Industrial Revolution, which brought radical changes in society and design. Cities grew as the population did, with the rise of a new?social class that demanded new furniture pieces. This demand pushed the mass production and the decay of traditional craftsmen and artisans.
19世纪的标志是工业革命，它给社会和设计带来了彻底的变化。随着新的社会阶层的兴起，需要新的家具，城市随着人口的增长而增长。这种需求推动了大规模生产和传统手工艺人的衰落。
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The industrialization and the transportation improvements meant globalization of the furniture styles, although in general, the introduction of machinery in furniture production meant a loss of quality.
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工业化和交通运输的改善意味着家具样式的全球化，尽管一般来说，在家具生产中引入机械意味着质量的下降。
Senaste Chairs?近现代的椅子·?- Source Bukowskis
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PANDEMICS AND THE NEW SIMPLICITY
疫情与新极简主义
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As it happened in the architecture field, Cholera, Tuberculosis, and some other epidemic?outbreaks suffered at the beginning of the 20th?Century forced the change of the design paradigm. Instead of ornamental elements based on rich textile finishing and complex carved wood pieces, the new times demanded more simple pieces that could not accumulate dust and dirtiness, were easier to be cleaned, to be manufactured, and healthier for the new social demands.
20世纪初，霍乱、肺结核等传染病的爆发迫使建筑领域的设计范式发生了改变。新的时代不再需要以丰富的织物整理和复杂的雕刻木片为基础的装饰元素，而是要求更多的简单的不能积尘和脏，更容易清洁，更容易制造，更健康的新的社会需求。
Barcelona Chair - Bauhaus, Mies Van der Rohe
巴塞罗那式椅子?-?包豪斯，凡德罗
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The Bauhaus school and disciples?made the biggest impact in the industry and the future generations concerning not only architecture but also furniture design. As?pieces of?art and sculptures, furniture pieces produced in the Bauhaus became some of the most influential designs until present times.
包豪斯学派不仅在建筑方面，而且在家具设计方面，在行业和未来几代人中产生了最大的影响。作为艺术和雕塑作品，包豪斯的家具作品成为当今最具影响力的设计之一。
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These pieces were reduced to the maximum simplicity and were shown stripped, aiming to become functional instead of decorative elements.?The resulting objects were aesthetically pleasant but mostly easy to be produced and manufacture, making them more accessible.?The Bauhaus brought the experimentation with new materials such as steel, glass, plywood, fiberglass, and plastic, mixed in many cases as experimental pieces.
这些作品被简化到最大程度，并被剥离，旨在成为功能性而不是装饰性元素。由此产生的物品美学上令人愉悦，但大多易于生产和制造，使它们更容易接近。包豪斯带来了新材料的实验，如钢、玻璃、胶合板、玻璃纤维和塑料，在许多情况下混合作为实验品。
Dymaxion Design?最大限度利用能源设计?(1930) - Source CNN
领英推荐
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The multidisciplinary role of designers in the central years of the 20th?Century brought experimentation to all the design fields. With the only purpose of making life more practical, designers devised new products, appliances, and even cars with a lower impact on the environment and a touch of innovation.
设计师的多学科角色在20世纪的中心年代将实验带到所有的设计领域。为了让生活更实用，设计师们设计出了对环境影响较小、带有些许创新的新产品、新电器，甚至新汽车。
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Wassily Chair - Source Connox com
瓦西里椅
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Continuing with this new wave based on a cleaner and simpler furniture industry, the second half of the 20th?century witnessed the origin of the Functionalist movement, led by some?disciples?of the Bauhaus, especially in some Scandinavian countries. There, the strict consideration of function led to more simple furnishing schemes that relied on natural wood grains, clear coloring, and texture for their effect.
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延续这一以更清洁、更简单的家具行业为基础的新浪潮，20世纪下半叶见证了由包豪斯的一些信徒领导的功能主义运动的起源，特别是在一些北欧国家。在那里，对功能的严格考虑导致了更简单的家具方案，依赖于自然木纹、清晰的着色和纹理的效果。
Marcel Breuer Long Chair?马塞尔·布鲁尔长椅子?- Source Doyle Auctions
Architects experimented with new objects for daily use, suitable to be standardized and mass-produced. Simplicity and geometry set up a new line of design that would be the milestone of furniture in the coming years.
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建筑师对日常使用的新对象进行了试验，适合标准化和批量生产。简单和几何形建立了一个新的设计线，这将是未来几年家具的里程碑。
Storage Casiers Standard?存储单元柜子?- LeCorbusier, Cassina
This Scandinavian Modern style was considered modern and functional with a touch of minimalism. It also turned to be sustainable, accessible, easy to handle and comprehend. In this context, Ingvar Kamprad set the basis of one of the most renowned furniture empires that would dominate the market from the last part of the 20thcentury.?Influenced by the architect Le Corbusier and his Casiers Standard storage unit, Kamprad?designed in 1925and the IKEA VALJE storage unit that became the beginning of the IKEA furniture empire.
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这种斯堪的纳维亚现代风格被认为是现代和功能性的极简主义。它也变成了可持续的、可访问的、易于处理和理解的。在这种背景下，英瓦尔·坎普拉德建立了一个最著名的家具帝国的基础，从20世纪的最后一部分支配市场。受建筑师勒·柯布西耶和他的存储单元柜子的影响，坎普拉德于1925年设计了宜家VALJE存储单元，成为宜家家具帝国的开端。
IKEA Valje Natural Shelf?宜家天然原木货架?- SourceKaiyo
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The 1980’sand 90’s manifested a new plurality of styles with a transformation from high-tech and elaborated pieces to a new time of bricolage and furniture self-assembling.
20世纪80年代和90年代表现出了新的多元化的风格，从高科技和精细的作品到一个拼接和家具自组装的新时代的转变。
The last years of the 20th?Century supposed the boom and confirmation of these new self-assembled cheap pieces of furniture that invaded the market. Furniture was eventually accessible and affordable for almost anyone.
在20世纪的最后几年，这些新的自组装的廉价家具进入了市场。最终，几乎所有人都能买得起家具。
Bamboo PC Mouse?竹制电脑鼠标?- Source Amazon
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The recent years supposed the consolidation of standardized furniture and the rise of a new sustainable wave aiming to design and manufacture eco-friendly furniture pieces and devices for our daily life. Beyond any style, there is a general purpose of reducing the impact on the environment and making the planet a healthier place.
近年来，标准化家具得到巩固，旨在为我们的日常生活设计和制造环保家具的新浪潮兴起。除了任何一种方式，我们还有一个共同的目标，那就是减少对环境的影响，让地球成为一个更健康的地方。
IKEA Furniture?宜家家具?(IKEA Catalogue)
This new tendency, copied and reproduced under many brands and different style variations, accomplished to be more sustainable, clean, and functional, following the International Architecture paradigm.
这种新的趋势，在许多品牌和不同的风格变化下复制和复制，实现了更可持续，清洁和功能，遵循国际建筑范例。
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This tendency for minimalism had a group of devotes aiming to bring it to its final and more radical expression. As Le Corbusier had quoted, furniture could not be anything but a pigeonhole box in architecture volumes.
这种极简主义倾向有一群致力于把它带到最终和更激进的表达。正如柯布西耶所说，家具只能是建筑体量中的一个鸽子笼。
House in Fontinha?丰提尼亚的房子 ?- Manuel Aires Mateus
Furniture became a part of the architecture process and was reduced to holes in walls and tectonic elements with some other technical functions.
家具成为建筑过程的一部分，被简化为墙壁上的洞和具有其他技术功能的构造元素。
Houses became clean and far from the fully ornamented and decoration recharged ones that witnessed the outbreak of pandemics in the early years of the 20th?Century.
房屋变得干净，远离了20世纪早期大流行病爆发时的装饰和装饰。
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Next Chapter (6):?Covid-19 and the space’s design to come.
下一章:?新冠疫情和未来空间设计
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