From URL to IP

From URL to IP

Rajesh Muthusamy Rajesh Muthusamy

Rajesh Muthusamy

Platform Engineering Manager | CKA | 2x AWS | 3x GCP

发布日期: 2023年4月17日
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Dear Friend,

Enterprise applications to simple websites are powered by a computer and it has an IP, not a name. And imagine if we had to type an IP address for every website we wish to browse. Surely there could be lots of apps would be in place to store and retrieve IPs with their name just like a password manager.

But luckily we were saved from countless smart apps, How?

With the help of DNS!

DNS translates the human-readable domain name into a machine-readable IP address that identifies the server hosting the website.

DNS resolver will send a query to the root server, then to the TLD name server, and finally to the authoritative name server to obtain the IP address.

Illustration of what happens when you type a URL

  1. The client device sends a DNS query to the resolver, requesting the IP address for a domain name.
  2. The resolver checks its cache to see if it has the IP address for the requested domain name. If yes, it returns the IP address to the client.
  3. If the resolver does not have the IP address in its cache, it sends a query to a root server to obtain the name server information for the TLD of the requested domain.
  4. The root server responds with the name server information for the TLD, and the resolver sends a query to the TLD name server to obtain the name server information for the requested domain.
  5. The TLD name server responds with the name server information for the requested domain, and the resolver sends a query to one of the authoritative name servers for the domain to obtain the IP address.
  6. The authoritative name server responds with the IP address, and the resolver caches the IP address and returns it to the client device.


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Terminologies

DNS Resolver

A DNS resolver is a server or software that receives DNS queries from client devices and retrieves the corresponding IP address for the requested domain name.

DNS Root Servers

The DNS root servers are the top-level servers that store the authoritative information for the root zone of the DNS hierarchy. There are 13 root servers located in different parts of the world, each with a unique IP address. DNS resolver sends a query to a root server to obtain the name server information for the top-level domain (TLD) of the requested domain.

TLD Name Servers

TLD name servers are the authoritative servers that store the DNS records for the TLDs, such as .com, .org, .net, and country codes like .uk, .fr, and .cn. When a DNS resolver receives a referral from a root server, it sends a query to the TLD name server to obtain the name server information for the requested domain.

Authoritative Name Servers

Authoritative name servers are the servers that store the DNS records for a specific domain name, such as?www.github.com. Every domain name has at least two authoritative name servers, which are responsible for maintaining the DNS records for the domain. When a DNS resolver receives the name server information for the requested domain, it sends a query to one of the authoritative name servers to obtain the IP address for the domain.

What's Next?

Read further about DNS here

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