From SQL Injection to Zero-Day Exploits: Understanding 100 Web Vulnerabilities

?? Injection Vulnerabilities:

1. SQL Injection (SQLi): Example: An attacker injects SQL commands through a web form input field, causing unauthorized access to a database. Use/Effect: Bypasses authentication, retrieves, modifies, or deletes data.
2. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Example: Injecting a malicious script into a comment field on a website, which then executes in other users' browsers. Use/Effect: Steals session cookies, defaces websites, or spreads malware.
3. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF): Example: An attacker tricks a logged-in user into submitting a request to change their account email address via a malicious link. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions on behalf of a user without their knowledge.
4. Remote Code Execution (RCE): Example: Uploading a malicious file that gets executed on the server, allowing full control over the system. Use/Effect: Complete takeover of the server, data theft, and service disruption.
5. Command Injection: Example: Injecting shell commands into a vulnerable web application that executes system commands, like a poorly sanitized input field. Use/Effect: Unauthorized system command execution, data theft, and server compromise.
6. XML Injection: Example: Injecting malicious XML data into an application that parses XML, such as submitting harmful data in an API request. Use/Effect: Data manipulation, unauthorized access, or denial of service.
7. LDAP Injection: Example: Manipulating an LDAP query through a vulnerable search field to gain unauthorized access to user data. Use/Effect: Bypasses authentication, retrieves or modifies directory information.
8. XPath Injection: Example: Injecting crafted input into an XPath query to access unauthorized parts of an XML document. Use/Effect: Unauthorized data retrieval or manipulation within XML data stores.
9. HTML Injection: Example: Injecting malicious HTML code into a user-generated content field, which then gets displayed in other users' browsers. Use/Effect: Defacement, phishing attacks, or spreading malware.
10. Server-Side Includes (SSI) Injection: Example: Injecting malicious SSI directives into a web page that gets executed on the server. Use/Effect: Unauthorized code execution, data disclosure, or server compromise.
11. OS Command Injection: Example: Manipulating input that gets passed to a shell command, like submitting ; rm -rf / in a vulnerable field. Use/Effect: Arbitrary command execution, potentially leading to total server compromise.
12. Blind SQL Injection: Example: An attacker probes a database by sending queries that don’t return visible results but alter behavior or timing. Use/Effect: Data exfiltration through inference, despite no visible feedback.
13. Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI): Example: Injecting malicious payloads into template engines like Jinja2, leading to RCE. Use/Effect: Execution of arbitrary server-side code, leading to full system compromise.

?? Broken Authentication and Session Management:

1. Session Fixation: Example: An attacker sets a session ID for a user and then hijacks the session once the user logs in. Use/Effect: Allows the attacker to impersonate the user.
2. Brute Force Attack: Example: Repeatedly trying different passwords against a login form until the correct one is found. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to accounts if passwords are weak.
3. Session Hijacking: Example: Stealing a session cookie via XSS and using it to impersonate the user. Use/Effect: Full access to the user's session and data.
4. Password Cracking: Example: Using tools like John the Ripper to crack hashed passwords from a compromised database. Use/Effect: Compromise of user accounts, leading to unauthorized access.
5. Weak Password Storage: Example: Storing passwords in plain text in a database, which is then compromised. Use/Effect: Exposure of all user passwords in the event of a breach.
6. Insecure Authentication: Example: An application using weak password policies and no multi-factor authentication. Use/Effect: Easier for attackers to compromise user accounts.
7. Cookie Theft: Example: Capturing cookies via a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack and using them to hijack sessions. Use/Effect: Attacker gains access to the victim’s session.
8. Credential Reuse: Example: Using the same password across multiple sites, leading to multiple account compromises after one breach. Use/Effect: Attackers gain access to multiple services using the same credentials.

?? Sensitive Data Exposure:

1. Inadequate Encryption: Example: Sensitive data transmitted over HTTP without TLS/SSL. Use/Effect: Data interception and theft via MITM attacks.
2. Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR): Example: Accessing unauthorized data by manipulating the URL to reference another user’s data, like changing /user/123 to /user/124. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to other users’ data.
3. Data Leakage: Example: Logging sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers in application logs. Use/Effect: Exposure of sensitive data if logs are compromised.
4. Unencrypted Data Storage: Example: Storing sensitive data like credit card details in a database without encryption. Use/Effect: Complete data exposure if the database is breached.
5. Missing Security Headers: Example: Absence of HTTP headers like Content-Security-Policy or Strict-Transport-Security in a web application. Use/Effect: Increased risk of XSS, MITM attacks, and data leakage.
6. Insecure File Handling: Example: Uploading files without proper validation, leading to execution of malicious scripts. Use/Effect: Remote code execution, data leakage, or system compromise.

?? Security Misconfiguration:

1. Default Passwords: Example: Using default credentials like admin/admin on a newly installed web application. Use/Effect: Easy compromise by attackers using known default passwords.
2. Directory Listing: Example: Leaving directory listing enabled, allowing attackers to see all files in a directory. Use/Effect: Exposure of sensitive files, potentially leading to information disclosure.
3. Unprotected API Endpoints: Example: Exposing internal API endpoints that are accessible without authentication. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to backend services or data.
4. Open Ports and Services: Example: Leaving unnecessary ports open on a server, such as port 23 for Telnet. Use/Effect: Increased attack surface for unauthorized access or exploitation.
5. Improper Access Controls: Example: Failing to enforce user roles, allowing unauthorized users to access restricted areas. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access and potential privilege escalation.
6. Information Disclosure: Example: Revealing sensitive information like version numbers or stack traces in error messages. Use/Effect: Attackers gain useful information for further attacks.
7. Unpatched Software: Example: Running outdated versions of software with known vulnerabilities, like an unpatched Apache server. Use/Effect: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities leading to system compromise.
8. Misconfigured CORS: Example: Allowing all origins in a CORS configuration, exposing APIs to unauthorized cross-origin requests. Use/Effect: Cross-origin attacks, leading to data theft or manipulation.
9. HTTP Security Headers Misconfiguration: Example: Missing or misconfigured headers like X-Frame-Options, leading to clickjacking vulnerabilities. Use/Effect: Increased susceptibility to web-based attacks.

?? XML-Related Vulnerabilities:

1. XML External Entity (XXE) Injection: Example: An attacker exploits a vulnerable XML parser to access local files or conduct SSRF. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to files, server compromise, or information leakage.
2. XML Entity Expansion (XEE): Example: Crafting XML with nested entities to exhaust resources, causing a denial of service. Use/Effect: Denial of service, crashing the server.
3. XML Bomb: Example: A small XML payload that expands exponentially, overwhelming the parser. Use/Effect: Denial of service, taking down the application or server.

?? Broken Access Control:

1. Inadequate Authorization: Example: Users accessing administrative functions by directly accessing the URL without proper checks. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions and potential data breaches.
2. Privilege Escalation: Example: Exploiting a vulnerability to gain higher privileges, like a normal user becoming an admin. Use/Effect: Full control over the system, leading to severe security breaches.
3. Insecure Direct Object References: Example: Manipulating a request parameter to access another user’s data. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to data or functions.
4. Forceful Browsing: Example: Manually entering URLs to access restricted resources that are not properly protected. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to resources or data.
5. Missing Function-Level Access Control: Example: A user accessing sensitive functions by modifying the request or through a direct URL. Use/Effect: Unauthorized execution of sensitive functions.

?? Insecure Deserialization:

1. Remote Code Execution via Deserialization: Example: Exploiting a deserialization flaw to execute arbitrary code on the server. Use/Effect: Full server compromise, data theft, or system manipulation.
2. Data Tampering: Example: Altering serialized data to modify application behavior or gain unauthorized access. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions or access, leading to data breaches.
3. Object Injection: Example: Injecting malicious objects during deserialization that affect application logic or control flow. Use/Effect: Manipulation of application behavior, potentially leading to RCE.

?? API Security Issues:

1. Insecure API Endpoints: Example: Exposing internal API endpoints without proper authentication and authorization controls. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to backend systems or data.
2. API Key Exposure: Example: Accidentally including API keys in public code repositories. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to APIs, leading to data theft or service abuse.
3. Lack of Rate Limiting: Example: Failing to implement rate limiting on API requests, allowing brute force attacks. Use/Effect: Denial of service or unauthorized access via brute force.
4. Inadequate Input Validation: Example: Allowing unvalidated or unsanitized input in API requests, leading to injection attacks. Use/Effect: Exploitation of the API for data theft, RCE, or other attacks.

?? Insecure Communication:

1. Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack: Example: An attacker intercepts unencrypted communication between a user and a server. Use/Effect: Data theft, unauthorized access, and session hijacking.
2. Insufficient Transport Layer Security: Example: Using outdated SSL/TLS versions like SSL 3.0, which are vulnerable to attacks like POODLE. Use/Effect: Weak encryption, leading to data interception and unauthorized access.
3. Insecure SSL/TLS Configuration: Example: Misconfiguring SSL/TLS settings, such as allowing weak ciphers or not enforcing HTTPS. Use/Effect: Increased vulnerability to SSL/TLS attacks, compromising secure communication.
4. Insecure Communication Protocols: Example: Using HTTP instead of HTTPS for transmitting sensitive data. Use/Effect: Data interception and unauthorized access.

?? Client-Side Vulnerabilities:

1. DOM-based XSS: Example: An attacker injects a script into a web page's client-side code, which is then executed by the user’s browser. Use/Effect: Stealing session cookies, defacing the website, or spreading malware.
2. Insecure Cross-Origin Communication: Example: Allowing unrestricted cross-origin requests, exposing sensitive data to unauthorized domains. Use/Effect: Data leakage or unauthorized actions performed by malicious domains.
3. Browser Cache Poisoning: Example: Manipulating browser cache to store malicious content, which is served to users on subsequent requests. Use/Effect: Serving malicious content to users, leading to data theft or malware distribution.
4. Clickjacking: Example: Embedding a legitimate website inside a hidden iframe to trick users into clicking buttons without their knowledge. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions performed on behalf of the user, such as changing settings or making purchases.
5. HTML5 Security Issues: Example: Exploiting features like WebSockets or localStorage to bypass security controls or leak data. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access, data leakage, or exploitation of browser vulnerabilities.

?? Denial of Service (DoS):

1. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS): Example: An attacker overwhelms a website with traffic from multiple sources, rendering it unavailable. Use/Effect: Service disruption, loss of revenue, and reputational damage.
2. Application Layer DoS: Example: Sending numerous resource-intensive requests, like complex searches, to overwhelm the server. Use/Effect: Slows down or crashes the application, leading to denial of service.
3. Resource Exhaustion: Example: Consuming all available memory or CPU resources on a server, causing it to crash. Use/Effect: Server unavailability and potential data loss.
4. Slowloris Attack: Example: Keeping multiple connections to a server open and slow, exhausting its resources and causing a denial of service. Use/Effect: Server unavailability and disruption of service.
5. XML Denial of Service: Example: Using XML entity expansion or XML bombs to exhaust server resources and cause a denial of service. Use/Effect: Crashing the server or making it unavailable.

?? Other Web Vulnerabilities:

1. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF): Example: Forcing the server to make unauthorized requests to internal services or external URLs. Use/Effect: Internal network scanning, data exfiltration, and server compromise.
2. HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP): Example: Manipulating HTTP parameters to inject or overwrite query string parameters, leading to unexpected behavior. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access, manipulation of data, or application logic bypass.
3. Insecure Redirects and Forwards: Example: Redirecting users to malicious websites by exploiting insecure redirect logic. Use/Effect: Phishing, malware distribution, or unauthorized data access.
4. File Inclusion Vulnerabilities: Example: Including remote or local files through manipulated input, leading to RCE. Use/Effect: Remote code execution, data theft, or system compromise.
5. Security Header Bypass: Example: Exploiting missing or misconfigured security headers like CSP to bypass security controls. Use/Effect: XSS, clickjacking, or other web-based attacks.
6. Clickjacking: Example: Embedding a legitimate website inside a hidden iframe, tricking users into clicking on buttons or links. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions, data theft, or spreading malware.
7. Inadequate Session Timeout: Example: Sessions remain active for extended periods without auto-expiring, allowing attackers to hijack them. Use/Effect: Session hijacking and unauthorized access.
8. Insufficient Logging and Monitoring: Example: Failing to log important security events like failed login attempts or unauthorized access attempts. Use/Effect: Difficulty in detecting and responding to security incidents.
9. Business Logic Vulnerabilities: Example: Exploiting flaws in the application’s workflow, like manipulating order processing to obtain items at a lower price. Use/Effect: Financial loss, fraud, or unauthorized access.
10. API Abuse: Example: Misusing public APIs to scrape data, bypass rate limits, or conduct brute force attacks. Use/Effect: Service disruption, data theft, or unauthorized actions.

?? Mobile Web Vulnerabilities:

1. Insecure Data Storage on Mobile Devices: Example: Storing sensitive data like passwords in plain text within a mobile app. Use/Effect: Data theft if the device is compromised or lost.
2. Insecure Data Transmission on Mobile Devices: Example: Transmitting sensitive data over unencrypted connections (HTTP). Use/Effect: Data interception and unauthorized access.
3. Insecure Mobile API Endpoints: Example: Exposing APIs used by mobile apps without proper authentication, allowing unauthorized access. Use/Effect: Data breaches or unauthorized actions via mobile apps.
4. Mobile App Reverse Engineering: Example: An attacker decompiles a mobile app to discover vulnerabilities or sensitive information. Use/Effect: Exploitation of discovered vulnerabilities or theft of intellectual property.

?? IoT Web Vulnerabilities:

1. Insecure IoT Device Management: Example: Default credentials used for IoT devices, allowing attackers to take control. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to IoT devices, leading to potential privacy invasions or service disruptions.
2. Weak Authentication on IoT Devices: Example: IoT devices using weak or no authentication, making them easy to compromise. Use/Effect: Device takeover, leading to data theft, privacy issues, or integration into botnets.
3. IoT Device Vulnerabilities: Example: Exploiting firmware bugs or unpatched vulnerabilities in IoT devices. Use/Effect: Full control of the device, data theft, or using the device as a launch point for other attacks.

?? Web of Things (WoT) Vulnerabilities:

1. Unauthorized Access to Smart Homes: Example: Hacking into a smart home system to control lighting, heating, or other devices. Use/Effect: Invasion of privacy, unauthorized access to sensitive information, or physical harm.
2. IoT Data Privacy Issues: Example: Collecting and transmitting personal data from IoT devices without user consent or encryption. Use/Effect: Privacy invasion, data breaches, or unauthorized surveillance.

?? Authentication Bypass:

1. Insecure "Remember Me" Functionality: Example: Implementing "Remember Me" without proper encryption or protection, allowing session hijacking. Use/Effect: Unauthorized access to user accounts.
2. CAPTCHA Bypass: Example: Using automated tools or techniques to bypass CAPTCHA challenges. Use/Effect: Automated attacks such as brute force or spam submissions.

?? Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF):

1. Blind SSRF: Example: Using a vulnerable server to make requests to internal services without seeing the response. Use/Effect: Network scanning, accessing restricted resources, or exploiting internal services.
2. Time-Based Blind SSRF: Example: Measuring response time to infer information about the internal service. Use/Effect: Gathering information about internal services, leading to further exploitation.

?? Content Spoofing:

1. MIME Sniffing: Example: Manipulating HTTP headers to trick the browser into interpreting content as a different MIME type. Use/Effect: Execution of malicious scripts, data theft, or user redirection.
2. X-Content-Type-Options Bypass: Example: Bypassing the X-Content-Type-Options header to perform content spoofing attacks. Use/Effect: Injection of malicious content, leading to XSS or other attacks.
3. Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass: Example: Finding ways to bypass CSP rules to execute malicious scripts. Use/Effect: XSS attacks, data theft, or spreading malware.

?? Business Logic Flaws:

1. Inconsistent Validation: Example: Different parts of an application apply different validation rules, allowing attackers to bypass controls. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions, data manipulation, or exploitation of application logic.
2. Race Conditions: Example: Exploiting a timing issue to perform multiple transactions before the system updates the state. Use/Effect: Financial loss, unauthorized access, or data corruption.
3. Order Processing Vulnerabilities: Example: Manipulating order details to change prices or quantities without proper validation. Use/Effect: Financial loss, fraud, or unauthorized actions.
4. Price Manipulation: Example: Changing product prices by intercepting and modifying requests before they reach the server. Use/Effect: Fraud, financial loss, or business disruption.
5. Account Enumeration: Example: Exploiting differences in error messages to determine if a username or email exists in the system. Use/Effect: Brute force attacks, unauthorized access attempts, or phishing.
6. User-Based Flaws: Example: Exploiting logic flaws related to user roles, like a standard user being able to perform admin functions. Use/Effect: Unauthorized actions, data theft, or system compromise.

?? Zero-Day Vulnerabilities:

1. Unknown Vulnerabilities: Example: Exploiting a previously unknown vulnerability in software or hardware. Use/Effect: Full system compromise, data theft, or widespread attacks.
2. Unpatched Vulnerabilities: Example: Exploiting a known vulnerability that hasn't been patched in a system. Use/Effect: System compromise, data breaches, or network intrusion.
3. Day-Zero Exploits: Example: Using an exploit for a vulnerability on the day it's discovered, before patches are available. Use/Effect: Full system compromise, rapid spread of attacks, or data theft.