The fourth dimension
v. 6 n. 3
The dimensions are usually thought of in terms of those of relativity -- length, width, height and time. But since the Universe is observed to be expanding (from a contracted state), what about length, width, height and expansion/contraction? [1]
This fourth dimension was recently discussed in terms of the "density of space" and distinguished from the "curvature of spacetime" of general relativity. [2] This is not just an alternate description, rather a different description of the fourth dimension. As mentioned, conventional gravity is opposed to expansion, and proposed gravity is identical with accelerated expansion. Density and curvature are entirely different concepts. Dark matter and dark energy are implicit in density, while completely excluded in curvature, which relates directly to adjacent condensed matter; curvature must be bolstered with Lambda Cold Dark Matter (Lambda CDM) for a more complete description.
This fourth dimension of space is not a mere incidental. There seems no limit on how much space can expand from the inception of the Universe or from any finite section of "normal space." Implied within any section of normal space is an infinite amount of space that may eventually emerge. Where is all this space coming from? [3] This would be before the recent results of the dark energy survey, though, DESI. It would seem in order to expand space, energy is required, commonly referred to as dark energy, and initial DESI results suggest that the supply of this energy is not inexhaustible, being more of it in the past than now.
Space and the energy it contains seem to be closely related. No energy, no expansion? Perhaps even, no energy, no space? There is a question in physics drifting in the background about the definition of "energy." What is energy? Sure, "the capacity to do work." But this is a practical engineering view. What is energy? ... The motion of particles? Which particles? Molecules, and their movement, describing heat. But go a little deeper -- movement of electrons in atoms, then run into probability instead of little planets around little sun of the nucleus, where the planets never fall into the sun for some quantum reason. What is energy? Not so simple.
What about, energy is space? They are coincident. And space can be seen as the intervals among condensed matter at various scales. In a way, then, energy can be seen as "space doing its thing" undergoing accelerated expansion from less space ... but not forever.
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Space itself, then, has this almost inexhaustible character of growth. Each practically infinitesimal section acts like a seed that may expand seemingly without limit. Such a fourth dimension contains the other three.
[3] (1) Where do ground-state virtual particles get their energy (disregarding uncertainty)? | LinkedIn
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2 周May we consider 5, Warren Frisina? That would be 4 interpretative dimensions (length, width, height, and time) plus an orthogonal, causal one (causal impedance): https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/space-time-redefined-generalrealitymedia-aty6c
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4 个月Time as the fourth dimension of geometric space is a gross geometric error (see my published articles). Famous physicists have made a gross mistake. Young physicists repeat this stupidity.
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4 个月I agree with much of your writings. The IEEE Sensors Journal has accepted for publication the peer reviewed article?Resolving the extra dimensions for gravity. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10570196 The?Resolving the extra dimensions for gravity preprint?available free for download at TechRxiv. https://www.techrxiv.org/users/692156/articles/682435-resolving-the-extra-dimensions-for-gravity
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4 个月space is the foundation of dimensions, origin of all origins, absolute zero.
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4 个月Some questions 1. Is the universe empty? 2. How does science know that there is an expansion? 3. Are the results of other scientists ignored? A1. There is very little matter in the space between stars and galaxies. But there is a lot of light from every direction and light is traveling in every direction. A2. The redshift and brightness of a supernova are checked. A3. CERN has discovered that photons can collide with each other in rare cases. Let us assume that in every fraction of a second a package of 100,000 photons is sent to us from a supernova. If one photon is deflected by a collision every 100,000 years, then after a few million years there will be no problem. but after 13 billion years 13% is missing. This causes the distance to be calculated incorrectly. We can only calculate the distance correctly by measuring angles. Everything else is speculation.