Fixed Speeds Vs Variable Speeds

Electric induction motors run at fixed speeds and are ideally suited to applications where a constant motor output speed is required. However, there are some applications where varying motor output speeds are preferable, better meeting the requirements of the load.

While equipment like conveyors may be fine for a fixed speed, there are some applications which are better suited to running at variable speeds, such as fans, pumps, winders and precision tools.

Historically, there have been a number of different methods of controlling processes without changing the fixed speeds of the motors driving them. For example: The flow rate produced by fans and pumps can be controlled by opening and closing dampers and valves or the speed of winders and stirrers can be controlled by gears and pulleys.

Although the flow or speed is reduced by using these methods, the consequent power reduction of the motor is small and so the method is not as energy efficient as it could be.

So, in applications where variable control is desirable, slowing down a motor with a VSD does reduce energy use substantially.

A VSD works by converting the incoming electrical supply of fixed frequency into a variable frequency output. This variation in frequency allows the drive to control the way in which the motor operates – a low frequency for a slow speed, and a higher frequency for a faster speed.

The output can also be changed to enable the motor to generate more or less torque as required. So, the motor and drive combination might be used for turning a large load at fairly slow speeds, or turning a lighter load at high speeds, maximizing efficiency.

VSDs are supplied in a wide range of sizes from 0.18 kW through to several MW and may be optimized to suit particular applications.

Source : electrical-engineering-portal.com