Five options for early large galaxies

v. 6 n. 34

NOTICE

1. Cover image and video presentation by Sabine Hossenfelder providing two options for early galaxies: Webb Falsified Dark Matter Prediction – And No One Cares
2. The complete archive to these Letters is not available in the "newsletter" category but can be accessed in the "posts" category, or by clicking on the "Fundamental Physics Letters" title next to the "book/candle/window" logo for a more direct access.

Latest findings of the James Webb telescope observations of the early Universe (see cover image) indicate that large galaxies were formed earlier than expected, contradicting conventional dark matter predictions (dashed lines in image). Ordinarily a rival Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) predicts early large galaxies (solid lines in image).

Commenting on the video, it is possible that MOND is not presently heralded regardless of apparent support from this recent James Webb data, because other studies disfavor MOND.

Conventionally, dark matter is hypothesized to be particles that have not yet been identified adjacent to visible matter that tends to stabilize galaxies and make them behave as rigid discs instead of whirlwinds. With whirlwinds the outer aspects tend to lag behind the more rapid central aspects.

MOND, on the other hand, assumes no such dark matter and that gravity does not follow classical Newtonian behavior. [1]

However, there are other possibilities. What about variable dark matter, with more in the early Universe? Conventionally, dark matter is assumed to be constant from the outset. Variability might be suspected because dark energy was erroneously assumed to be constant according to initial findings. So far, then, these options are apparent --

1. Conventional Lambda CDM (constant dark energy or constant cosmological constant; constant Cold Dark Matter).
2. Lambda CDM with variable Lambda (dark energy or cosmological constant) because of dark energy survey DESI. [2][3]
3. Lambda CDM with variable dark energy and variable dark matter, because of DESI and early large galaxy formation respectively. [2][3][4]
4. MOND, because of early large galaxies. [4]
5. Something else, as follows:

In these Letters it is proposed that dark matter is dark energy at a smaller scale and that dark energy is a fundamentally repulsive gravity. [1] Therefore, dark matter in these James Webb observations of large early galaxies is supported in an unconventional way. It is hypothesized that an additional "something" is adjacent to galaxies that make them behave like rigid discs, but that something is not particulate in nature, rather in field form. And that field is an enhanced gravitational field seated at larger scales, the realm of dark energy, where recent preliminary data from the DESI dark energy survey indicates that there was more dark energy in the early Universe than presently. [1][2][3] This implies there was more "dark matter" in the early Universe than presently because of the proposed equivalence of dark energy and dark matter, possibly explaining early large galaxy formation without MOND.

Therefore, a viable possibility has not been considered given the limited conventional options of unmodified Lambda CDM and MOND. Item 5 supports "dark matter" in gravitational instead of particulate form which could explain why dark matter particles have not been identified after decades of effort.

[1] Includes quantitative comparison of Newtonian gravity, Lambda CDM and MOND. An explanation of dark matter and dark energy from unmodified Newtonian gravity* | LinkedIn

[2] (3) DESI, and comparing Einstein's modified and reseated Newton's gravity | LinkedIn

[3] (3) Is "dark energy" the basis of gravity? | LinkedIn

[4] Formal paper for the conventional "no dark matter" interpretation -- ignoring the possibility of variable dark matter, the DESI dark energy survey while overlooking the possibility of dark matter and dark energy as being of the same in kind at different scales. Accelerated Structure Formation: The Early Emergence of Massive Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies - IOPscience

Related article: (3) Cosmic inflation, coasting, dark energy; or gravity from the start? | LinkedIn