Financial Accounting: Meaning, Principles, and Importance

What Is the Difference Between Accounting and Financial Accounting?

“Accounting” encompasses all of a company’s financial transactions. A well-managed accounting department will have set policies and procedures for expenses, data management, and the generation of financial reports.

Financial accounting is concerned specifically with the generation of these reports, that they are based on accurate information and follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (otherwise known as GAAP).

What Are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?

GAAP is a set of financial statement reporting rules set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It covers a wide array of topics, including accounting practices and how financial statements are presented.

All publicly traded companies are required to follow GAAP. Private companies may follow GAAP or prepare financial statements based on another comprehensive basis of accounting, such as tax-basis or cash-basis financial statements.

What Are the 4 Basic Financial Statements?

The 4 basic financial statements used in financial accounting are the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of owner’s equity.

Income Statement

An income statement shows a company’s net income over a certain period of time. It is a company’s total revenue minus its total expenses.

You may also hear the income statement referred to as the profit and loss statement.

Balance Sheet

A balance sheet shows what a company owns (its assets) and owes (its liabilities) on a particular date, along with its owner’s equity or shareholders’ equity.

Assets can include:

• Cash
• Prepaid expenses
• Accounts receivable
• Notes receivable (money owed to the company within 1 year)
• Inventory
• Investments (including real estate)
• Buildings
• Machinery and equipment
• Vehicles
• Intangible assets (such as patents)

Liabilities can include:

• Accounts payable
• Loans payable
• Notes payable (money the company owes within 1 year)
• Unearned revenue (a product or service a client has paid for but the company has not yet provided)
• Deferred tax
• Current taxes
• Payroll (owed but not yet paid)
• Warranty obligations
• Mortgages

Owner’s equity or shareholder’s equity can include:

• Stocks (preferred and common stocks)
• Retained earnings (money to be invested back into the business)
• Comprehensive income (profit or loss in a company’s investments during a specific time period)

On a balance sheet, assets and the sum of liabilities and equity must balance each other out:

Cash Flow Statement

The cash flow statement, also known as the statement of cash flows, documents in detail all of a company’s cash inflows and outflows over a specific period of time. It is only concerned with cash. The statement doesn’t account for depreciation and amortization costs or expenses financed with debt (like an income statement would).

A cash flow statement reflects the short-term viability of a company by indicating whether the operation has enough working capital on hand to pay its employees and debts.

Statement of Owner’s Equity

The statement of owner’s equity shows the total value of the business held by its owner or owners for a reporting period. This includes income and owner contributions, minus any expenses or owner withdrawals.

While you can see total owner’s equity on your balance sheet, this more detailed report can indicate the cause of increases or decreases in owner’s equity.

For corporations, the report is called a statement of shareholders’ equity (or stockholders’ equity). And it would also document share capital from issuing stocks, as well as retained earnings, which shows the accumulated profits left over after paying dividends or distributions to stockholders.