Exploring Nuclear Power Developments: Trajectories of US and China | What is India doing about it?
Parth Kamath
Interested in India's public policy space and intersection with water and sanitation sector | Enthusiast of geopolitics and public finance
In the past few months, I have been hearing quite a few discussions around nuclear power developments and what it means in the whole domain of energy transition and conversations about the world moving towards cleaner forms of energy. One of my favorite discussion fora that piqued my interest was the analysis by David Friedberg on the All-in podcast. His perspective on the nuclear power developments in US and China made me delve deeper into what these countries were doing. Although my analysis is at the surface level, it did give some interesting touchpoints for further research by various actors involved in the energy sector and nuclear energy in particular. This short article/brief/blogpost is what I found based on a cursory analysis of the actions taken by US and China. And more importantly, the approach adopted by India in this arena from the prism of policy and scientific research.
The United States: Renewed Commitment to Nuclear Energy
In recent years, the United States has seen a resurgence in interest in nuclear power. With ambitious climate goals on the horizon, energy leaders are re-evaluating nuclear’s role in a cleaner energy future. Existing plants are being upgraded, showcasing a commitment to maximizing this vital energy source (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2021).
One of the exciting trends is the rise of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). These compact reactors offer flexibility and reduced construction costs, making them an attractive option for diversifying energy portfolios (World Nuclear Association, 2022). However, regulatory challenges persist, often slowing down project approvals. Efforts are underway to streamline these processes, promoting an environment that fosters innovation (Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2023).
Public perception is shifting as well. While concerns over safety and waste management linger, there’s a growing recognition of nuclear energy’s potential as part of a sustainable energy mix (Pew Research Center, 2022).
China: Racing Ahead with Nuclear Ambitions
China is rapidly advancing its nuclear ambitions. The country is aggressively expanding its nuclear fleet, with numerous reactors under construction and ambitious plans for future projects (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2023). This strategy addresses soaring energy demands and aligns with efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
China is heavily investing in advanced nuclear technologies, including SMRs and next-generation reactors, positioning itself as a global leader in nuclear innovation (China Nuclear Energy Association, 2023). This focus on technology is complemented by a robust energy security strategy, aiming to diversify energy sources and mitigate vulnerabilities (State Council of China, 2021).
India: At a Steady Pace while Learning from Global Developments
India finds itself at a pivotal point in its nuclear journey, learning valuable lessons from both the US and China. The Indian government has identified nuclear energy as essential for meeting growing energy demands while addressing climate change. With ambitious targets to generate 25% of its energy from nuclear power by 2050, the stakes are high (Ministry of Power, Government of India, 2022).
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The landscape in India features a blend of indigenous technology development and international partnerships. The government is keen on adopting SMRs as a viable option for safer and more flexible nuclear solutions (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, 2023).
However, regulatory reform is crucial for India. Like the US, streamlining the approval process and enhancing public engagement are essential for building trust and fostering a conducive environment for nuclear projects. India is also focusing on effective waste management and safety protocols to align with global best practices (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, 2023).
What it means for the world and future of adopting nuclear power?
Nuclear energy sectors of US, China, and India represent a fascinating interplay of ambition and caution. While US grapples with regulatory complexities, and China surges ahead with aggressive expansion, India is taking a different approach that relies upon global learnings from both nations as well as other countries, while grounding her policy approach backed by the research from various technical and research organisations. By fostering innovation, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and engaging with the public, India has placed herself in a unique position to unlock the full potential of nuclear energy as a cornerstone of a sustainable future and achieving the larger commitment of net zero emissions by 2070.
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As stated in the introduction, this is a brief explainer based on a cursory analysis of the subject matter. I truly believe that this topic has several complexities attached to it. And they require further research and analysis supported by advocacy from several actors to inform the decision-makers in drafting policy approaches on nuclear power. I wish to read and learn more as we all should as a community to be well-informed on this subject matter. The onus lies on us to play an important role to get a deeper understanding of nuclear energy and debating the pathways for integrating it in our energy mix and power sector.