THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS: IDENTIFY REFORMS TO IMPROVE TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY AND QUANTIFY RETURNS IN UGANDA

1.0? Abstract

This project examined the effectiveness of public transport investments, identified recommendations for reforms to improve transport efficiency, quantified returns and how to maximise returns in Uganda. The authors planned green public transport investments in walkways, vehicle charging stations, and roads upgrade in selected areas. The conversion of vehicles from fuel to gas engines will reduce carbon emission and negative externalities. This research uses datasets of seven (7) selected groups of 1,000 interviews per group during the pilot study i.e. seven thousand (7,000) interviews. The project uses descriptive statistics to estimate the number of persons directly affected by transport investments, and baseline survey to quantify the investments requirements. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis to establish the relationship between investments and efficiency, and returns. This project uses randomised control trial (RCT), because it is considered to be one of the most valued research methodologies for examining the effectiveness of interventions. Proposed sample data is from: Motor parks1, producers of raw materials2 and finished goods3, rural communities4, start-up firms5, healthcare6 and education7 sectors. The authors will use a firm of statisticians to carry out the interviews to eliminate research biases. Coded data is analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The authors will employ the use of machine learning (MI) and artificial intelligence (AI) too. This project evaluates the microeconomic and macroeconomic impacts. At Macroeconomic level the authors assess the effects of public transport investment on household income and, at microeconomic the impacts on selected sectors. The project uses robust ?qualitative? and quantitative techniques. Financial modeling will be during investments appraisals: Net present value (npv), discounted pay-back period, discounted cash flow, sensitivity analysis, socio-cost-benefit analysis, project ranking, value for money analysis and project externalities, to determine investible sum(s). Use findings to formulate policy, and advice policymakers. The project will draw conclusion on the feasibility and viability of public transport investments in Uganda. Recommend the escalation of the findings to other developing countries.

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2.0? ????? Introduction

Transport infrastructure deficit in Uganda impacts development and growth, household income, and industrial activities. Transport is crucial for efficient movement of people, goods and services, accessibility to commercial and social activities, and transforming subsistence farming into a commercial system. Farmers rely on roads for transporting agricultural products; accounting for 70% of available jobs. The authors argue that implementing road safety and improving transport conditions minimise accidents. In Uganda, one in ten (10) deaths in 2018 were due to road accidents. The Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities has not focused on road construction despite government efforts to increase tourism. Uganda transport system is inadequate and substandard to meet population demands. Cars in Uganda contribute to carbon emissions.

This project is the evaluation of the effectiveness of public transport investments, quantifying investments requirements, identifying recommendations for reforms to improve transport efficiency, quantify returns and returns maximisation in Uganda. This research is predicated on the need to establish the nexus between the efficiency of public transports investments and returns and productivity, and citizens’ wellbeing. Eneka es al. (2023) opined transport infrastructure projects promote economic activities and growth. Transport as derived utility, has multiplier effects on both microeconomic and macroeconomic activities, investing in public transport will accelerate multiplier impacts. To International Growth Centre (IGC) (IGC, 2023), the density of Uganda cities will increase demands on public transport infrastructures with likelihood of traffic congestion, climate shocks and environmental externalities. Investing in efficient public transport infrastructures help to optimise urban productivity, innovation and reduce negative externalities. Increasingly, urban population expansion put pressure on transport infrastructures. To (Cass, Schwanen & Slove, 2014; Brookes, 2015; Locatelli, Invernizzi & Brookes, 2017) transport infrastructure projects enhance societal transformations. To (Dangote, 2018; Mogaji, 2020; Mohammad-Ali et al. 2023) urban public transportation plays important role in economic development of countries. Eneka (2018) argued that Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a veritable tool for public infrastructure investments. Government revenue is inadequate to meet this demand, it is therefore, essential to develop optimal transport investment framework which guarantees returns, crowd in private investments. Barshold (2020) posited that traffic congestion affects property values. He argued the relationship between traffic congestions, property value and household disposable income. While Hume (2021) opined that gender inequality in transport infrastructure projects execution exist. This project will explore these researches and how to optimize public investments in Uganda.

To (Agwor, Zurita & Munro, 2023; Sunil, et al. 2023; Huwe, 2021) the lack of adequate transport theoretical frameworks creates challenges. Three major theories underscore this study which are – accelerator theory of investment, internal fund theory of investment and neoclassical theory of investment. The authors will explore these theories during the research. Barsbold (2020) formulated model to determine impacts of transport investments on properties. The authors contend that transport is the driving engine of developments; facilitating the movement of goods and services, enhancing specialisation and comparative advantage, mobility of labour and skills, healthcare delivery and global trade. The study examines social-economic indicators, risks and financial factors in the allocation of public investment resources to transport projects in Uganda. Adeniyi (2018) argued public loans should be optimised to reduce negative externalities. Fagbe es al. (2020), posited traffic congestion has both positive and negative impacts.? To (Chukwurah es al., 2023; Imanche, 2021; Agwor es al. 2023; & Adeniyi, 2023), efficient transportation provides cost-effective delivery of goods and services. This project will explore the intersections of transport infrastructure projects with societal transformation in Uganda. (Aurelien, Nchofoung, & Ntang, 2020; Barbara & Hans, 2010; & Bivens, 2014) posited that public investments have impacts on employment and economic activities. According to Eneka es al. (2023), transport infrastructure projects enhances growth of any nation. Dadvar (2016) argued that China role in African infrastructure investment has both positive and negative impacts. This project will explore how to minimize the negative effects on Uganda economy. A nation's cost of capital is the correct discount rate for projects that exhibit the same risks Brealey and Myers (1996). The researchers will determine the maximise returns using both quantitative and qualitative models. The project uses robust quantitative techniques to conduct public transport investments appraisals such as net present value (NPV), discounted pay-back period, discounted cash flow, sensitivity analysis, socio-cost-benefit analysis, project ranking, value for money analysis, project externalities and qualitative factors.? Use correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between public transport investments (cost) and returns (societal benefits inclusive). Equally employed is the use of marginal efficiency of capital or internal rate of return (IRR) techniques.

The authors will use findings from datasets to determine the efficiency gains, quantify the investments requirements and maximise returns. They will measure various socio-economic indicators, socio-cost-benefit-analysis and project metrics on public transport investments in Uganda. The Authors will draw conclusions and make reforms’ recommendations to advice policymakers, as well as escalations to other developing countries for adoption.

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3.0? ????? Objectives of the Research Project

The aim of this project is to examine the effectiveness of various type of public transport investments, identifying recommendations for reforms that will improve transport efficiency, as well as quantify the total sum of investments required and returns to public transport investments and how to maximise returns in Uganda. IGC (2023) posited that the future of the developing countries is urban. Efficient public transport system is critical to structural transformation in Uganda, enhancing productivity of firms, trade, reduction of traffic congestions, carbon emissions and crimes, as well as improving healthcare and education sectors. The project objectives will be anchored in enhancing productivity and innovation, and the microeconomic and macroeconomic transformations that drive sustainable growth in line with IGC goals. The aim will be achieved through the following objectives.

3.1? ????? To determine the aggregate efficiency gains from public transport investments across population groups in Uganda in the context of rising urban infrastructure demand

3.2? ????? To identify and quantify the sum of investments required to fund public transport investments to achieve socioeconomic equilibrium in Uganda

3.3? ????? To formulate and recommend policy reforms in public transport systems in Uganda

3.4? ????? To establish the aggregate maximum returns from public transport investments that optimise public transport investments in Uganda

3.5? ????? To examine the socio-economic implications of public transport investments on labour markets and policy measures to address potential disruptions

3.6? ????? To ascertain the nexus between green public transport investments and climate change protection.

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4.0? ????? Research questions

The following research questions have been propounded to enable the researchers to carryout rigorous investigations of the research topic.

4.1? ????? To what extent will the aggregate efficiency gains from public transport investments across population groups in Uganda in the context of rising urban infrastructure demand affect microeconomic and macroeconomic variables?

4.2? ????? What is the quantity of the funds of public transport investments required to achieve socioeconomic equilibrium in Uganda?

4.3? ????? What are the impacts of Uganda public transport investments on policy formulations and recommendations? required to enhance policies in Uganda?

4.4? ????? What is the degree of investigation required to determine the aggregate maximum returns from public transport investments in Uganda?

4.5? ????? What are the socio-economic implications of public transport investments on labour markets, skills and mobility, and policy measures to address potential disruptions in Uganda?

4.6? ????? What is the relationship between green public transport investments and climate change impacts in Uganda?

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5.0? ????? Relevant Literature Review

The authors will carry out the review of relevant literatures such as textbooks, academic scientific journals, conference materials, magazines, government whitepapers, Uganda transport policies and the internet. It will provide sources of secondary data. This project will provide evidence-based indicators to establish efficiency gains, quantify public transport investments requirements, ????recommend policy reforms, measure returns on investments, and establish a framework to evaluate their impacts as social costs, justifying the need for public transport investment in Uganda. The project uses descriptive statistics to estimate the number persons directly affected by transport investments. Baseline survey will be used to quantify the investments funds, the authors will investigate baseline survey. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis to establish the relationship between investments and efficiency and returns, the researchers will examine various statistical tools. The project will examine the use of randomized control trials. The authors will explore the use of machine learning (MI) and artificial intelligence (AI) in research. The authors will explore the impacts of public investments at microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The project will explore various financial models for public sector investments and returns maximization(s). Efficient transport system has the potential to accelerate economic growth in Uganda. Cruz and Marques (2013) argued that largescale infrastructure has challenges. They posited that PPP has intrinsic aggregate efficiency gains from public investments. Risks are shared between private and public sectors in a typical PPP arrangement. In addition, with private sector participation bring in efficiency during project life cycle. The gains are transferred to population groups in the form of transport discount in the context of rising urban transport demand. This project will explore various tools for crowding in private sector investments to public transport infrastructures in Uganda.

To Mogaji (2020), traffic congestion causes healthcare challenges. The authors contend that this is true in Uganda. According to World Health Organisation (WHO, 2023), transport inequality contributes to about 44% of maternal mortality in women’s death at childbirth which can lead to disruptions in income distribution. There is widespread shortage of infrastructure in Africa (Eneka, Okwu-Delunzu & Nnadi, 2023). The infrastructure market in Africa is underdeveloped (Nnadi, Eneka & Okwu-Delunzu, 2023). To quantify the sum of public transport investments required to achieve socioeconomic equilibrium in Uganda, will require the use of financial modelling to conduct business case and scenario analysis. The authors will explore various public investment techniques to establish a relationship between public transport investments, socioeconomic costs and societal benefits.

(Mohammad-Ali et al., 2023; Edih & Fagbhawari, 2023) opined that transport economy affects both microeconomic and macroeconomic activities. By investing in efficient green public transport infrastructures, Uganda will be addressing Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 9 and 13: Resilient transport infrastructure promotes inclusion, sustainable industrisation and innovation, and reduce climate shocks. Okwu-Delunzu (2018) argued that environmental impacts assessment (EIA) is critical to successful project outcomes. This project will ?assess the long-term impacts of public transport investments in Uganda, propose mitigating measures to reduce climate. To (Donou-Adonsou & Lim, 2018), Chinese investments in Africa have externalities. According to Huwe (2021), there is need for gender equality in allocation of projects in the built industry. She posited that there is inequality in transport investments projects’ execution. The authors contend that to balance gender equality, as well as improve household income of women, government should invest more in public transportation. This project will explore how transport investments in Uganda can be used to enhance socioeconomic inclusion.

The authors posit that transport investment costs should not exceed the societal benefits. This project will measure the effectiveness and investment returns of efficient public transport system. Imanche es al. (2021) posited that government needs adequate funding to combat transport infrastructure deficiency. Iroham, et al. (2023) opined that transport systems impact on values of residential properties. According to (IGC, 2023), efficiency of public investments should examine the effectiveness of various type of public investments, identifying recommendations for reforms that could improve efficiency. This project will use quantitative and qualitative models to measure investments returns. The research methodology incorporates tools to measure policy and academic impacts, carry out value for money assessment and engage with local institutions and IGC team in Uganda.

According to the United Nations, Africa’s urban population will triple by 2050. This profound spatial transition, which is critical to structural transformation in these economies, creates both challenges and opportunities (IGC, 2023). Uganda as a low-income earning country, needs framework to enable her measure her limited revenue utilisations as low-income countries lack capacities to improve Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The authors contend that an understanding of how Uganda cities can be adaptive and resilient in the face of changing conditions, while providing consistent efficient public transport system is essential for her economic development and growth. Transport enhance efficient distribution of goods and mobility of skill and labour. Transport infrastructure system provide societal intersections and transformations.

Furthermore, the project will formulate and recommend policy reforms in public transport systems in Uganda. To IGC (2023) an in-depth research and informed policy interventions are essential to enhance the liveability and sustainability in urban centres. Recent research underscores the significance of transportation infrastructure. Congestion, particularly in cities within low- and middle-income countries, not only hampers urban productivity but also contributes to environmental challenges, including greenhouse gas emissions. Potential solutions encompass pricing modifications and the implementation of efficient transportation modalities, such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems, which have demonstrated economic advantages (IGC, 2023). This project will explore various transport models for investments in Uganda including electric motor systems, cycling, the use of gas to power cars, incentivize conversion of motor cars to gas, roads upgrade and the financing models will include examination of various schemes.

For example, the type of transportation infrastructure available and the distribution of sectoral activities and skills vary across cities, this research will explore this in Uganda, and their effects ???? on transport cost and internal rate of returns (IRR), return on investments, and other tools to ??? formulate policy reforms and propose recommendations to Uganda government.

To establish the aggregate maximum returns from public transport investments which can optimise public transport investments in Uganda is one of the objectives of this research. The estimated loss to Lagos’s economy is $500m (CBN, 2013) as a result of traffic congestions. Efforts have been made to examine the causes and estimate the levels of the impacts of traffic impacts on Lagos economy, as well as analysing the spatial and temporal pattern (Bashiru & Waziri, 2008; Aworemi, Abdul-Azeez, Oyedokun & Adewoye, 2009; Aderamo & Atomode, 2012; Uwadiegwu, 2013; Adetunji, 2017; Obadina & Akinyemi, 2018), as cited by Adeniyi and Oluwaseun (2022). This project will dive deep into these literatures to determine maximum returns qualitatively. Mohammad-Ali et al. (2023) and Mogaji (2020) agreed that various factors contributing to traffic congestions in modern cities. Iroham et al. (2023) posited that traffic congestion and property values have linear relationship. The impacts of public transport investments at microeconomic levels is equally important to this study. The authors will explore these areas. To Adeniyi (2023), feasibility study is essential to transport projects.

According to (Adeniyi & Oluwaseun, 2022) the socioeconomic impacts of traffic congestions have far long-term consequences on commuters. Fagbe et al. (2020) posited that traffic congestions affect the wellbeing of citizens. Imanche es al. (2021) stated that government needs adequate funding to combat transport infrastructure deficiency. Iroham, et al. (2023) opined that the impact of traffic gridlock on values of residential properties in Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria is significant. The?lack?of public investments in transportation?infrastructure?in the form of road networks has hindered economic development in?Lagos, he posited. Dangote (2018), opined a loss of profit of N27 billion annually due to lack of functional roads. Edmund (2019) argued that traffic congestions have impacts on maritime trade and Africa's economy. This project will examine to what extent are these findings relevant to Uganda transport systems. Fagbe et al. (2020) posited that health information awareness, Lagos transportation systems, road transport, infrastructure, traffic congestion and factors that may positively or negatively influence effective commuting as well as common occupational safety and wellbeing of road users relative to the users of Apapa Ports. To Adeniyi and Oluwaseun (2022), argued the effect of traffic congestion and health information on road users? safety and welling in Apapa-Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria. To Iroham et al. (2023), it is obvious that whatsoever will inhibit the free flow of movement of people on the way will attract attention for research.

Sudipta and Jin (2022) posited that most existing studies on transportation infrastructure planning focus on only one or a few critical factors. This study will focus on various factors and examine their criticality on Uganda public transport investments. To Mouhammed et al. (2023), in recent years, major regional transport infrastructure programmes have been adopted throughout the African continent. However, it has been noticed that while some programmes seem to be more effective, others have shown opposite outcomes. The authors will evaluate the degree to which East Africa regional public transport investments have affected Uganda. According to Mouhammed et al. (2023), the results of regional transport infrastructure programmes in Africa vary in their implementation outcomes. To comprehend this, stakeholders need to delve into the reasons behind the varying degrees of success among these programmes. They posited that effective transportation infrastructure is crucial for a well-functioning economy and society. Achieving efficient transportation necessitates the utilisation of both financial and physical resources. According to Agwor et al. (2023), Africa is rapidly urbanising and is likely to home some of the most populous cities within the next decade. Such rapid growth has made the prevention of urban sprawl a Sisyphean Quest in many African cities, as rural fringes are rapidly being transformed into urbanised space. A strategy proposed around the world to address some of the urban challenges is the increasing adoption of a volumetric lens to planning the city. Specifically, to use the urban underground as a strategic site to place infrastructure and free-up superficial urban surface space, in turn potentially helping to create more sustainable, livable, equitable and just urban environments. This author contends that the implementation of underground development will reduce traffic congestion in Uganda and maximum investments returns. Yet, so far, little attention has been paid to the urban underground in many African countries, Uganda inclusive. The authors will gather data from 2010 – 2022 (12 years period) of how the urban underground has remain unused in Uganda. This project will conclude the urban analysis by offering an assessment of the investments’ possibilities, propose reforms recommendations, quantify the amount of investments required and establish the maximum returns in Uganda. At current urbanisation rates, for example, it is estimated that more than 2?billion more people will live in urban areas by 2050, with 90% of this increase expected to occur in Africa and Asia they posited (WHO, 2023).

Furthermore, recent modelling conducted by the United Nations projects that the three most populous cities in the world by 2100 will be Lagos (Nigeria), Kinshasa (the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Dar es Salam (Tanzania) respectively. Rapid urbanisation and the emergence of mega-cities are thus an ongoing challenge for many governments and policymakers across Sub-Saharan Africa. They come with economic dislocations and disequilibrium in the distribution of resources (IGC, 2023). This research will examine the extent to which this takes place in Uganda.

The World Bank (2021)?have described as ‘splintering urbanism’, whereby the networked city reaches only some urban residents. While splintering urbanism is a recognisable global trend, it has been most acute in Global South cities. Adeniyi (2018) argued that transport infrastructure investments or loans should show actual projects executed. The construction of first intra-city mass transit system, known as the Lagos Rail Mass Transit System, which took over ten years to complete was eventually commissioned in 2022, but did not meet public expectation he posited.

According to Mouhammad-Ali et al. (2023), based on transportation system modelling assumptions, they express the problem definition within transport system. They discussed a model extensively; with the initial definition of the problem and the assumptions associated with it, modeling is performed for situations that a passenger transportation terminal exists. This project will explore the adaptation of this model in public transport investments in Uganda. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can work with the big data to highlight the areas of congestions and plans for future projects posited (Dwivedi et al., 2019) as cited by (Mogaji, 2020). The authors will use artificial and machine learning in data mining and draw conclusions during the research work.

Moreover, Eneka (2023) posited that conceptually, tools, equipment, knowledge, skill, and experience (collectively known as infrastructure) are required to execute Transport Infrastructure Projects (TIP). There are hard and soft aspects of TIP. For example, the concept of transport systems includes roads, rail tracks, aero-planes, airways, buildings, cars, systems, devices, skills, and knowledge collectively termed ‘transport infrastructure’. Transport provides the basis for all other forms of activities (mobility). This concept will be further expanded during the research. Various concepts in transportation system affects the development of projects. The concept of transport investment financing is the weighing of optimal returns versus risk to investible funds. Financing costs and structures are essential for meeting these objectives (Eneka, Okwu-Delunzu & Nnadi, 2023). To Nwachukwu (2016), a phase implementation in projects undertaking (transport) is essential to success. The authors agreed that phase implementation enhances transport project delivery.

Contract management is central to successful public transport investments in transport infrastructure projects’ outcomes (Gomes-Casseres, 2016). The researchers will explore this area and establish its relevance to Uganda investments in public transport infrastructures. Public funds are limited to financing transport projects (Cruz & Marques, 2015). Jeffrey (2011) contended that policymakers understanding of transport concepts is essential. The author will investigate these concepts in relation to the study. Adisu, Sharkey & Okoroafo (2010) proposed three mapping important questions about TIPs. They posited, that African nations have received investment inflows, but there is no linearity between loans and transport improvements (Asongu & Aminkena, 2013; Aureline et al. 2020). To Isakasson and Kotsadam (2018), there is widespread corruption in foreign transport loans. According to Nnadi (2021), project planning should incorporate comprehensive cost control mechanism. Chen, Dollar and Tang, (2015) argued that foreign investment in Africa has boosted the continent's growth, but has generated controversies. The researchers will examine various financing options during the project execution.

Helmy (2011) carried out the investigation of critical success factors for PPP projects in Kuwait; Harenstam (2019) dealt with investment strategy framework for PPP rental income; Locatelli, Invernizzi, and Brookes (2017) worked on megaprojects characteristics and performance in Europe and Yescombe (2007) identified essential components in delivering infrastructures. To (John, 2017; Grimey & Lewis, 2002; & Le-Hoai et al., 2008) they presented varying infrastructure experiences among countries. To Eneka (2018), PPP implementation is critical to Infrastructure development in Nigeria, as government cannot fund TIPs. This research project will examine these concepts in relation public transport investments in Uganda.

Furthermore, this project examines the socio-economic implications of public transport investments on labour markets and recommend policy measures to address potential disruptions in Uganda. To IGC (2023), the density of urban areas facilitates interactions between people and firms that catalyse innovation and productivity growth. This density also intensifies challenges like traffic congestion, contagious disease and environmental externalities. The authors examine the extent to which this is relevant in Uganda’s public transport investments. Designing urban policies that capture the benefits of urbanisation while addressing its challenges, particularly the environmental ones, is increasingly important.

Moreover, this project will ascertain the nexus between green public transport investments and climate change protection. To Nnadi es al. (2023), the high cost of road building and maintenance in Uganda is gradually posing a danger to the country's strategy to improve its transportation infrastructure. Due to the nation's unique characteristics a landlocked territory with hilly terrain in the west and the effects of climate change. Projections made by Africa Finance Corporation (AFC) (AFC, 2021), the cost of infrastructure due to climate change in the transport sector - primarily roads accounts for 8 to 10% of those costs, or about US$250 million by 2050.

This project carries out a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of public transport investments, quantify investments requirements, identifying recommendations for reforms to improve transport efficiency, quantify ??? returns and returns maximisation in Uganda: Through the collection of data from different seven (7) economic groups such as motorists, commuters and drivers; healthcare sector; local markets and traders; private and public sectors workers; producers of raw materials and finished goods, and schools. The pilot project will consist of 1,000 interview per group making seven (7,000) thousand datasets.

6.0? ????? Research design and methodology

This project examines the effectiveness of public transport investments, quantify investments requirements, identified recommendations for reforms to improve transport efficiency, quantified returns and how to maximise returns in Uganda. The authors planned green public transport investments in walkways, vehicle charging stations, and roads upgrade in selected sectors. The conversion of vehicles from fuel to gas engines will reduce carbon emission and negative externalities. This research uses datasets of seven (7) selected groups of 1,000 interviews per group i.e. seven thousand (7,000) interviews. The project uses descriptive statistics to estimate the number of persons directly affected by transport investments, and baseline survey to quantify the investments requirements. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis to establish the relationship between investments and efficiency and returns. Structured questionnaire administered on targeted audience using randomised control trials (RCT): Sample data is from: Motor parks1, tourism2, producers of raw materials and finished goods3, rural communities4, start-up firms5, healthcare6 and education7 sectors. This project? uses a firm of statisticians to carry out the interviews to eliminate research biases. Coded data is analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The authors will employ the use of machine learning (MI) and artificial intelligence (AI) too. This project evaluates the microeconomic and macroeconomic impacts. At Macroeconomic level the authors assess the effects of public transport investment on household income and, at microeconomic the impacts on selected sectors. The project uses robust? qualitative? and quantitative (financial modeling) during investments appraisals such as Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Pay-Back Period (DPBP), discounted cash flow (DCF), sensitivity analysis, socio-cost-benefit analysis (SCBA), project ranking, value for money (VfM) analysis, Viability Gap Funding (VfG) and project externalities. The authors document the findings of the study in comprehensive reports – structured in logical sequence.

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7.0? ????? Expected Findings, conclusion and recommendation

7.1? The efficiency gains from public transport investments

7.2? The aggregate financing/funds required to carry out the public transport investments

7.3? The impacts of policy formulated and recommendations effects on Uganda’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Uganda

7.4? The optimum and maximum returns from public transport investments that will encourage private sector investments

7.5? To establish various mechanisms to maximum returns from public transport investments

7.6? Use financial modelling to determine returns at varying degrees of investments with various business cases and scenarios

7.7? To demonstrate the use of public transport investments as a tool to accelerate economic activities and growth

7.8? To show the relationship between investments in green public transport infrastructures and reduction in carbon emission

7.9? The effectiveness of of underground development as a vehicle for labour mobility, specialization, and a safeguard to climate changes shocks.