ESL Learner's Problems in Using Tenses

Introduction

Nowadays, English has become a worldwide language, allowing people from all over the world to connect with each other. The purpose of English has been emphasized as not being confined to international purposes, but also for local purposes. As a result, the importance of using English has spread throughout the world. It's possible because the impact of English as an international language has successfully moved the English role's dominance globally. Kachru (1992) pointed out that the role of English might be employed in non-English speaking nations for academic reasons, particularly in the process of learning English, based on the spread of the role of English.

Nonetheless, not all language acquisition techniques are always successful. Along the way, there are still some obstacles to overcome. Students who learn English as their second language often face some common difficulties. ?The potential hurdles of the English learning process may be greater in non-English speaking countries than in English-speaking countries when learning English. Some elements, such as learners' ability, motivation, environment, practices, and prior knowledge of learning foreign languages, influenced the problems (Thompson, 2014). Furthermore, linguistic distinctions, such as variances in phonology, word order, phrases, and verbal system, could be another element that contributed to the problem. Proper use of tense is one of them.

Tense, in grammar, expresses the time of an action. Whether an action has been done, or is being done or yet to be done, these expressions are expressed with the help of Tense. Hence, ‘Tense’ is an important aspect that ESL learners have to be well aware of to be a skillful writer and a good speaker as well. However, most students face numerous problems in using tenses properly. Also, teachers find it difficult as well to help the students gain accuracy on this particular grammar item. According to Noam Chomsky for the native speaker, grammar is somewhere in their brains and they can use it to make sentences. Chomsky maintains that language activity is an activity unique to human beings’ experience, so that learning a language involves mental processes. But for second language speakers it becomes slightly difficult to learn the grammar and tense is one of the major ones of them.

The Problem

Learning English is about more than just vocabulary and grammar. For ESL students, the social components of language use can be even more difficult than the linguistic aspects. A communicative competency barrier also exists for students learning a second language. The students are unsure about the new language's functions and when it is suitable to use it in specific situations. This incapacity causes stress and dissatisfaction in the student, as well as a decrease in the desire to participate in the community; this is referred to as the affective filter (Dulay & Burt, 1974). Teachers can be frustrated by their students' incapacity to communicate. Dr Cho identifies a variety of reasons why overseas students studying in an English-speaking country face significant stress and challenges when completing coursework. After going through some research journals previously conducted by other scholars and data analysis, the following problems can be considered as the vital ones.

Different directions in the methodology of teaching foreign languages understood the role of grammar in different ways. With a communicative-cognitive approach, the importance of grammar is great. We learn grammar for communication. As it has already been mentioned that the importance of tense is much vital in learning English, therefore the problem regarding tense incompetency of the students need to be taken seriously. In many cases it is seen that ESL students are not being able to use the tenses properly. They end up using, let’s say, present perfect tense in place of past indefinite and vice versa. Besides, students sometimes also make errors in the structure of the proper tense.

Data Analysis

Purpose of grammar: The main purpose of studying grammar is the formation of grammatical skills as the main components of speech skills (listening, reading, writing, speaking) so that people can communicate. This highlights the importance of grammar at all stages. Grammar can be understood as an adequate understanding and correct use of words in the act of communication, that is, infinite knowledge of the grammar of the language. By grammar, we also mean the system of language, the discovery, and description of the nature of the language itself. Grammatical habit is the most important component of conscious activity. By grammatical habit, we mean the ability to correctly use grammatical means in various contexts, situations of speech activity. A grammatical habit, once acquired, must be constantly improved. They should learn to use grammar, not grammar knowledge. The best way to learn grammar is through practice and communication.

The method: One of the most used methods to teach English as second language is Grammar Translation Method, also abbreviated as GTM. In this method teachers usually focus on the grammar rules. The grammar rules are taught deliberately and, in many schools, students have to memorize the rules. However, the applications of these rules are overlooked. Therefore, almost every ESL student know the structures of the tenses but they do not know when to use a particular tense. Therefore, while speaking they often end up using wrong tenses in wrong situation. Students need to have exposure where they can learn to use the tenses properly according to the context.

Students’ misconception: Students often take English as a subject rather than taking it as a language. Their primary focus remains on getting a good grade instant of learning the language by developing the linguistic skills. So, they do not care much how much they are actually learning the language, they keep memorizing the rules so that they can get good marks in the exam. When it finally comes to the act of using the grammars, they fail. Therefore, many students especially those who are from Indian subcontinent cannot use tenses properly while speaking and writing.

Lack of practice: A research conducted by Ismail Cakir shows that students do not just make errors in tenses, they also sometimes “slip”. They know the rules, they know the structures and their usages, still while speaking, they say in the wrong format. Ismail concludes that this is not actually an error but a slip. And this slipping actually happens due to lack of practice of the students. As the classes are held in the native languages, students do not get much exposure to the target language. And students themselves are often reluctant to practice the target language. Thus, when they are told to speak the language, they slip and make mistakes out of nervousness and fear.

Tense being tricky: It is not just the methods or the lack of practice, English Tense itself is kind of tricky. Most students struggle to distinguish the difference between past indefinite, past perfect and present perfect. To be able to use these tenses properly students need to have a proper idea about the aspects of tenses.

Different backgrounds: For starters, students may come from a variety of cultural backgrounds in which they are fully dependent on teachers. They have also not been taught to think critically, and because they are second language learners, they may have lower expectations than their teachers. Writing professors with high expectations may believe that students are qualified to produce correct pieces of writing, and they may give challenging topics that students may find difficult to write about (Al Murshidi, 2014). And as a result, they don’t justify the beliefs of the teachers because of an unexperienced knowledge of the Tenses. It may also be hampered by a lack of linguistic skills.

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Mistakes in learning grammar

Simplification of the grammatical form is the most common form of erroneous grammatical actions of students, manifested in the replacement of complex grammatical constructions with simpler ones - the replacement of a complex verb predicate with a simpler one. Incomplete application of the grammatical rule is demonstrated in cases when students who implement all the necessary changes do not completely change the form when structuring the utterance.

Ignoring the restriction of the rule. Example: using an affirmative sentence as a question without changing its structure, or using a question without changing its structure, or using an infinitive with the particle "to" after modal verbs.

Creative construction of grammatical forms demonstrated in a creative erroneous form conducted by students.

Discussion

The articles that have been gone through to write this research journal had surveyed data over students from high school to honors of different countries including Pakistan and Turkey. In these cases, the common thing was that all the students were taught in GTM. The rules are taught in bits and pieces mostly through GTM which enables the learners to develop their linguistic skills. The rules are taught in bits and pieces mostly through GTM which enables the learners to develop their linguistic skills. However, communicative competence is always pushed to the background. As communication of the students is not trained, they do not develop the skill and thus often fail to have meaningful proper conversation. And this flaw is reflected in their incompetence of using tense properly. They may memorize the forms of verbs but when it comes to use they often make errors or they just slip. This study further shows that students are good at translating isolated sentences and know about the rules of the tenses well but do not know about the applications of the tenses. If they are asked to translate a sentence of a particular tense, they do it quite easily but placed in the real situation where the application of a particular tense is required, they quite often commit mistakes. Therefore, teachers need to apply other methods along with GTM so that students become more competent in conversation.

There will be a clear image of the most successful and efficient programs to be adapted in their curriculum once the learners' academic learning issues and demands have been identified. Teachers, of course, try their best and put in a lot of time and effort to help their students learn more. Unfortunately, in the vast majority of cases, the ultimate product falls short of expectations. As a result, the majority of instructors consider grammatical skills to be the most hardest to teach (Al Murshidi, 2014).

Conclusion

English is an international language that is used and studied not only by native speakers but also by non-native speakers. As a result, basic learners will have difficulty learning English. Students mostly face problems on grammar as they take English as a subject and do not focus on developing their linguistic competence. Also, tense as a grammar item is often overshadowed by other grammar items like narration and voice changing. However, teachers and students fail to understand that without proper knowledge of tense, it is not possible to become accurate speakers of the English language. Language learners who want to get the most out of their language learning should know the tense system and how to use it. Without grasping the tense system of that language, learners will not achieve flawless or satisfactory results. It also occurs to Malaysians who wish to master the English language. Therefore, tense should be given more importance.

Recommendations:

To solve students’ problems regarding tense, the following steps are recommended:

? Students are needed to be suggested to take English as a language instead of considering it as a subject

As Sadiku (2015) said, there are problems with the productivity in student’s learning abilities. When a person has difficulties in understanding any type of material, he loses the motivation and interest in the given topics. Negative attitudes about writing, such as boredom, a lack of passion, and sloth, were among the factors influenced by the process of generalizing the notion.

? Teachers may apply other teaching methods as well along with GTM

The arrangement of program delivery is referred to as the program structure. According to Bell and Bogan, high-quality programs retain a framework that is appropriate for the learner: how language education is delivered. Dual Language or Bilingual, Pull-Out, or Push-In English language training are examples. Bilingual education is the most effective paradigm for teaching young EFLs, according to high-quality programs and best practices (Zehler, 1994). Teachers with specialized training and preparation in working with EFLs are hired and used by high-quality programs. Teachers are prepared to support ELLs' special learning requirements. Teachers also receive continual training to help them develop the skills they need to work with this demographic.

? Error Handling: Error treatment is a very complex and serious problem. Several correction methods can be used.

? Self-correction: After the student understands what is wrong in his/her answer, he/she should be able to correct himself/herself. Self-correction is the best technique because the student will remember it better.

According to S.A. Abdigali, in the process of mastering foreign languages, the skills of the native language come into contact with the newly acquired skills of the language being studied. The result of this can be positive (positive transmission) or negative (interference).

When an individual's understanding of one language influences his or her understanding of another language, that individual experiences language transference. There may be negative transmissions, otherwise known as interference when understanding one language complicates understanding another language. Alternatively, there may be positive translations, such as knowledge of one language can help in the development of second language skills.

? Students should be taught with examples from real life situations

Use of the student's first language in a strategic way. Supporting and maintaining the ELL's native language aids in their English learning. Teachers in high-quality programs discover ways to show respect for students by using their native language and providing examples to help them improve their first language skills. As a result, the original language can serve as a frame of reference for the second language, and pupils become more enthusiastic learners.

? English should be taught more as a language than as a mere body of rules.

? Organized and supportive environment.

Environments of high quality are clean, well-organized, and supportive. Learners feel safe and may focus their cognitive attention on content and language rather than the environment when the setting is helpful and predictable. Positive conversations and learning opportunities are promoted and demonstrated in high-quality programs. Furthermore, teachers' relationships with students display caring and respect while remaining educationally engaged.

? Some additional steps students should follow to improve English

·??????Concentrate on grammar. Learn the rules and practice new knowledge in writing.

·??????Read English texts and practice speaking.

·??????Expand your vocabulary.

·??????Do not ignore the correct pronunciation of English words and phrases.

·??????Try to immerse yourself in the language environment, watch movies without translation, listen to music, mentally translate the text, try to find a person in your environment who is ready for free communication in English.

On the way to learning English, you will face many difficulties and mistakes, but if you do not give up and confidently go to the goal, you can achieve the best results and become an advanced user of foreign speech!

? Cognitive intellectual orientation:

It is very important to use the principle of cognitive-intellectual orientation, which forces students to activate their previous knowledge. At all stages of working with grammatical material, we must be careful to prevent interference that may be caused by differences in English and native languages.

Knowledge of grammar can be declarative and procedural. Declarative knowledge is something that can be demonstrated as knowledge of rules and/or examples. Procedural knowledge is something that can be applied in the process of communication.?

The main types of grammatical exercises: training exercises (preparatory), speech, and communication. These exercises should correspond to the set goal. The ability to express grammatical meaning is necessary so that students can move on to a meaningful exercise, i.e. convey a message in a situational setting with a certain grammatical orientation, for example, comment on what people are doing in photos from a family album, and focus on the present moment.?

Grammar assessment can be carried out by working with questions and answers, oral exercises, and grammar tests. In grammar tests, the object of control in the form, meaning, functional testing methods can be different: multiple-choice technique, matching technique, thorough testing technique (filling in gaps).

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References:

* Shaukat Ali, Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Malakand, Pakistan, Difficulties in the Applications of Tenses Faced by ESL Learners, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2021 (January – March).

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* ?smail ?ak?r, Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Education, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey,?Problems in Teaching Tenses to Turkish Learners, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 123-127, February 2011

* Lobzang Nima, Ministry of Education, Bhutan, Tenses with ESL Writing Tenses: A case study of Bhutanese Secondary Students, September 2011.

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* W. Sundari, "The Difficulties of Learning English for the Beginner English Learners," Culturalistics: Journal of Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 34-41, Feb. 2018.

* Cho, H., & Brutt-Griffler, J. (2015). Integrated reading and writing: A case of Korean English language learners. Reading in a Foreign Language, 27(2), 242.

* Thompson, I. (2014, March 11). Language Learning Difficulty. Retrieved from About WorldLanguage (AWL): https://aboutworldlanguages.com/language-difficulty

* “Methods and Techniques of Foreign Language Education: Basic School”, Galiya M 61Zhumabekova, Marina Savankova, Balzhan Toktamyssova, Dinara Tulekenova /- Almaty, 2018 – 232 p.

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