Energy Poverty: Technology solutions

Wind, hydro, and solar can supply more than enough power to achieve universal access to electricity

 Global access to electricity has accelerated over the past two decades, with growing reliance on coal and hydropower. A wide range of electrification options can help eradicate energy poverty, from small devices deployed locally to utility-scale solutions. All renewable energy sources, including hydro, wind, and solar photovoltaic (PV), offer scalable applications in a range of locations and with a variety of grid connections and power-output capacities.

Harnessing the potential of local renewable resources could end energy poverty. Solar PV and wind have the potential to raise average power consumption per capita to at least 1,000 kWh per year in poor region, solving global energy poverty with no contributions from other energy sources (see figure 5). Small hydropower plants offer another sustainable way of enhancing electrification, especially in rural areas.

Electrification solutions range in scope from small local solutions to mini-grid interconnections and national-grid development. Grid-extension (transmission and distribution lines) or micro-grid systems are the most cost-effective solutions for electrification in areas where demand intensity is high. But considerable upfront investments are generally needed, and operation and maintenance costs might also be high depending on local conditions. For less dense urban areas, remote areas, or complex terrains, other off-grid solutions might be cheaper but will generally provide less reliable power services. Further, electrification can follow various progressive paths—from small local solutions and mini-grids interconnections to national grid development (see figure 6).

Electrification strategies and the choice of technologies depend on more than economics. Other important factors include local geography, the environmental impact of the selected technologies, and social acceptance. Criteria that determine cost-effectiveness typically include distance to the existing grid, population size, affordability, and generation potential. Off-grid systems, mini-grids, and grid extensions all have pros and cons that must be carefully evaluated within the local context (see figure 7).

Eliminating household air pollution will depend on the use of better technologies and cleaner, more efficient fuels. Eradicating non-clean fuels for cooking would not only reduce dangerous pollution but also reduce primary energy demand since non-clean fuels are extremely inefficient. Modern stove and fuel technologies generate health and economic benefits.

This is the third of a four-part series on Energy Poverty. To learn more, download the Energy Poverty FactBook.