Empty Hands in Sight, Beat'em to the Fight
Hands Kill

Empty Hands in Sight, Beat'em to the Fight

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Researchers wanted to see the average time it took for a person seated in the driver's seat to shoot at a police officer. The two approach styles selected were the driver and passenger side windows. The results?

Both approach styles have very similar attack times.

The research, just published last year, supports what other action/reaction research has found previously. No matter what side of the vehicle we stand on, once the driver has initiated the act of wanting to deploy a handgun, and the handgun is already in his hand, he will be able to shoot at us in less than .7 of a second.

Research also suggests most officers can take up to 2 seconds to respond to the observation of the gun being directed at them. In our profession, this delay can be particularly dangerous. A YouTube video titled "Action Vs Reaction" highlights this point by showing how an attacker's actions can be much faster than an officer's reaction. In the video, it is clear that the officer's reaction time is slower, which gives the attacker the upper hand.

Some may wonder why it takes so long for us to respond to an unanticipated attack. Keep in mind it takes time for us to;

  1. Observe and mentally process the driver has a gun,
  2. Process the movement of the gun in our direction, and
  3. Put into motion a defense plan.

While we are doing this the driver has already shot at least once, if not multiple times in our direction.


It is crucial law enforcement officers train to observe and recognize potential cues when stopping and approaching a vehicle. These cues can include the driver's body language, the position of their hands, and unusual objects or movements within the vehicle. By missing or ignoring these cues, officers put themselves at a tactical disadvantage.

In a situation where the driver has no intention to harm, this tactical disadvantage may not have a significant impact. However, when the driver has the intent to harm, an officer's failure to recognize and respond to these cues can have dire consequences.

Hands Kill

The significance of assessing behavioral cues cannot be overstated, especially when it comes to the absence of visible hands during interactions with the driver/occupants. Concealed hands may suggest an attempt to conceal something potentially threatening, such as a weapon.

For law enforcement professionals, maintaining vigilance regarding this indicator is imperative, prompting appropriate measures to be taken. This could involve altering one's position to attain a clearer perspective or relocating to the rear of the stopped vehicle.

Moreover, a driver's resistance to keeping their hands within plain view ought to be regarded as a potential warning sign, necessitating heightened caution. Consequently, the approach path chosen when approaching a vehicle is of paramount importance. Train to learn which approach path will give you the best visibility of the driver's hands and or getting off the X the fastest.

Location! Location! Location!

Seeing hands or behavioral cues as soon as possible begins with where we stop the vehicle. We may not be able to control where we come in contact with the driver, but when we can, let's use it to gain a tactical advantage.

We know the driver/occupants can shoot at us just as fast from either side. Therefore the purpose of our approach should be which path gives us more time to observe behavior, and once near the vehicle, how soon can we observe hands?

  • Does our approach allow us to see the driver's hands as soon as possible?

  • Does our approach provide a specific angle or vantage point with a clear view of the occupant's hands?

  • Should we briefly pause during our approach to mentally process what we are seeing?

  • Can we ask the driver/occupants to place their hands in a visible location before getting to the B pillar?

Have A Plan

In addition to seeking out the hands, train to have a plan of action. For example: When/Then. When X happens, Then I will do Y. Just know, that your plan cannot be to stand there and deploy your firearm.

Get off the X!

This officer's plan of action worked out very well for him. Watch him get off the X and find center mass! Check out this officer's plan to handle business.

It is important to use research to construct evidence-based police tactics. This will ensure that we are prepared to handle real-world situations effectively. Therefore, we must train to observe and focus on the hands of the attacker as soon as possible. This will decrease our reactionary time and improve our chances of responding to the threat.

Remember, hands kill. Select a vehicle approach that allows us to see the hands. When we cannot see the hands we are at a tactical disadvantage. If you observe cues that make you feel the occupants are a potential threat, get off the X, create distance, and assess.

**This topic could be discussed for hours. There are so many variables to consider. Watching a 30-second Instagram video or reading this newsletter will not educate you about vehicle approach options. Please do your own research. Use the links below and begin to learn on your own. Then decide what is best for you! Know the pros and cons of your tactics!

Get your free cheat sheet of Non-Compliant indicators!

Do your research. Don't take my word for it!

Force Science Validates Legacy Research Findings

The Influence of Officer Positioning on Movement during a Threatening Traffic Stop Scenario

Kinematic Analysis of Na?ve Shooters in Common Law Enforcement Encounters

Reasonableness and Reaction Time

FSI’s Latest Study Pinpoints Vehicle Stop Vulnerabilities

What The “Bad Guy” Saw During FSI’s Vehicle Stop Study

Inattentional Blindness For a Gun During a Simulated Vehicle Stop

Force Science Institute: Passenger Side Approach Study

Survival Training for Law Enforcement: Find Hands / Off X


Author: Derrick Crews



Marc Ruskey

Public Safety Training & Consulting (*This is my personal page)

1 年

Training officers in decision-making is critical. We need thinkers, not robots.

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