Electronic Engineering Devices, Circuits and Systems

I. Preface

Let us all judge ourselves through his quote! Are we working hard? Are we creating leaders? Yes, by giving our students the best of the best. The books that would equip them with the most modern tool of leadership, namely, 'the information'.

It must be noted with great caution that the local market is already filled with hardcover books on the subject. However, there is a shortage of good soft copy books written by South Asian authors which assist students to appreciate the current developments in indigenous electronics-related job market and requirements of local engineers and the students related to the subject.

Moreover, Isn't it unfortunate that almost all contemporary books on electronic engineering have not befitted from the development in the very field. In other words, what if the textbook on electronic engineering is unable to show the electronic concepts through animations, online videos, and other audio-visual effects thanks to the massive developments in electronics in the last couple of decades!

There is an acute shortage of e-copy textbooks on the very subject that utilizes the animations. The majority of the hard copy books on the subject are too compartmentalized or specialized in one of the sub-areas of engineering too. This book is special in the sense that it covers almost all subjects in the undergraduate level of Electronic Engineering. Because of massive enhancement in social media as well as electronic media technologies it is efficient to employ audio-visual aids to enhance the learning of the most complex electronic and scientific phenomenon now.

The book also takes care of the latest developments in the technological scene as the MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) have emerged through advancements in print and paperless media. This being the case, there is almost no book on electronic engineering which can meet the above requirements.

There is a particularity associated with engineering courses due to the diverse nature of needs of the engineering students across Pakistan. This is due to the very special cluster of industries and services that we offer to the world. Our engineers have particular interests as well as their responsibilities too. The emergence of new developments in South Asia, as well as Pakistan, require books authored by engineers and professionals focused on the indigenous technologies particular to Pakistan. This adds to a particular set of industries and our location on the map of the world where we have a host of technological challenges particular to our interests.

The following video would set this book apart in terms of a reason why I started writing this book. A series of new developments in electronics led to a host of media and other educational facilities which a hard copy book could never suffice to.

This video is open for the readers of all ages. The globally appealing content of electronics is equally attractive to international audience shown here. Enjoy the following video you wont be bored ever!

Video #1: The video is expected to provide a fresh perspective to the reader!

After seeing this video, it wont ever be heavy for you to go through next couple of pages on the subject. This is the general fashion in which this book has been formatted.

II. Dedication

This Book is dedicated to the students of Electronic Engineering so that they will have all the contents related to Electronics together, Moreover this book will be free for any one and also E-book will be available.

This effort was never possible without inspiration and motivation. The sources of my inspiration are spread throughout the globe. It is equally hard to mention all those who have remained my inspiration.

III. Introduction

There are several books on the subject that there seems almost no need to add a new title. This is especially true in the new google era. This is a harsh reality of our times that the modern google era has completely changed how we read, write and communicate knowledge. There, however, lies a thin line where google can not help us always. That line gets very much visible when we reach areas where the internet is not accessible. In addition, there are certain areas of knowledge where mere googling is not sufficient. In other words, there is always a stage where every individual needs a formally written book which helps him/her in getting mature for googling ahead of that.

Moreover, we must not forget the fact that the whole idea of googling a scientific theory and technological discovery must take advantage of the immense vehicles of knowledge and economy(Let's have a glimpse here!). I want to say that a soft version of a book is a new phenomenon that must be introduced. 

An e-book is at the soul of modern era education in engineering as well as technology. There is something more to add here. It is an indigenous flavor to the knowledge base here in Pakistan. The video given below would help you understand the reason why this book is essential as an e-copy only! No hardcover book can beat this ever.

The video content shown here is kept at higher standards intentionally. The audience may be undergraduates in Electrical, Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering

Video #2: The video here is expected to revolutionize the way a teacher and student need to study electronics - a fresh perspective to the reader!

IV. Course Contents

The contents of the book are divided into three major sections.

Section I covers subjects taught in first-year Electronic engineering in most of the universities across Pakistan. The section starts with Basic Electronic Engineering and moves through Electronic Devices and Circuits and matures to Analog, digital integrated Circuit.

Section II covers the courses offered in mid-years of bachelor’s degree programs in Electronics. It starts with Industrial Electronics, naturally moves to Power Electronics and marches to Mechatronics, Instrumentation, and control.

The third and the last sections cover the last bunch of courses essential to complete the bachelor’s degree in Electronic Engineering. The courses like VLSI, Solid state devices and optoelectronics are covered in this section.

1. SECTION I: BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

This section is focused on the fundamentals of electronic principles, circuits, and systems. The section starts with PN Junction diode and progresses to Bipolar Junction Transistor. Later, it includes OPAMP being employed at university level projects freely by students, faculty and practicing engineers in the field.

1.1 Chapter 1:PN Junction Diode

1.1.1 List of Contents

Introduction, PN junction diode, Unbiased diode, Barrier potential, Diffusion & drift current, Forward & reverse bias, Minority carrier current. Diode models: Ideal, practical & complete, Diode characteristics, Load line, Diode current equation. Capacitive effect on diode operation at high-frequency, Transient current, Temperature effect on diode operation. Diode applications; Rectifier, Switch, Communication, Wave-shaping, Voltage multiplier etc. Breakdown diode, Voltage regulator, Power Supply

1.2 Introduction

 Impurity is also a virtue here!

Most of the students who are studying this book would probably be knowing the resistor, capacitor, and inductor (A detailed note on Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor). They would also have some idea about the conductor and insulator (The conductor and insulator lecture notes). The basic question that I would like to draw your attention is this: Can your prior knowledge on these components and properties sufficient to understand diode? The answer in the majority of the cases is unfortunately "No". Most of the existing text on this issue take familiar approach. The approach is as under: why not talk about semiconductors first? Well, it is fine as for as students understand electronics. This, however, is not always the case (The standard approach to teaching PN Junction).

This book takes another approach which may be partially novel. For example, the literature on the P N Junction diode is quite unclear (Version 1 on PN Junction diode) if it is a component(Diode as a component) or a device (Diode as a device version). We leave the debate to the reader once he/she knows about the diode. And is it easy to understand the diode by understanding the semiconductor? Most of the students would say No again (Some questions students may pose or be faced with!).

Therefore, we may talk about the models first (the most favorite site for semiconductor simulations). The models to which a student is quite clear. Then telling him the limitations of a model(Limitations of Models). Later on, the semiconductor diode is introduced through the model. The characteristics of the model are introduced first. When the teacher introduces an ideal diode, for example, the student is unable to appreciate the context of the very ideal world and why it is introduced initially (Hands-on practice problems through video). The model, however, can be ideal as well as practical.

The limitations of the diode model starting from ideal to practical diode naturally progresses to BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) and later on moves to OPAMP (Operational Amplifier)-all in the form natural sequence.

The issue of semiconductors is quite complex to be understood by an engineering student in first year . The topics like energy band gap and majority/minority carriers and other terms are based upon the semiconductor physics. The modern semiconductor physics is intricately related with quantum theory (Complex Semiconductor physics).

A student of Electronic Engineering cannot avoid understanding quantum mechanics. Therefore, a simple but comprehensive background in quantum mechanics is necessary for him/her. Presently, teachers and the text books try in vain (Why quantum mechanics (Electronics can't be understood completely for ever!) to let students cram these concepts as if there is a shortcut to quantum mechanics and hence the semiconductor physics . The Figure 01 shows the Silicon semiconductor. The figure and the video below would provide a better perspective to a general reader.

Figure 1: A piece of Silicon semiconductor.

The Crystalline Material:

The figure 1 shows a crystalline material called Si. Can we easily appreciate a simple fact that the piece shown is highly crystalline Si. What is crystal? An order that repeats itself. And a crystalline material? A material that possesses atoms located in certain periodic arrangement Crystal! . 

Is this crystal enough to make a device. yes as well as no. Yes, because a pure Si may be present in a complex semiconductor device, no because a pure Si alone is not enough to make a device.

So, how to make (Si fabrication )an impure Si crystal that helps in making a device? And how to make a p-type and n-type impure Si P and N type Si wafers? And how a Si wafer is made from a Si boule. ( Si fabrication )

Video #3: The video here is expected to revolutionize the way a teacher and student need to study semiconductors - a fresh perspective to the reader!

This book tries to tackle above mentioned issues related with the existing textbooks in the most modern way. 

How to model a semiconductor then? A glimpse of Semiconductor model is shown below A model!

If we try on a mathematical model then it may be( Dr Walter)

Here is a complete book on the topic A book on semiconductor model! Can we see that equation as a diagram? yes, see this!

1.2 PN Junction Diode:

 The animations are a relatively new phenomenon in teaching and learning! The animation video provides a fresh perspective to learning methodologies towards complex topics in Electronics Engineering, for example, semiconductor Physics.

Video Animation # 1: The video here is expected to revolutionize the way a teacher and student need to study semiconductors - animation: a fresh perspective to the reader!

Video Animation # 2: The video here is expected to revolutionize the way a teacher and student need to study semiconductors - animation: a fresh perspective to the reader!

1.2.1 PN Junction Diode Physics(The ultimate Physics to be understood):

 Impurity is also a virtue here!

If you have clicked the above hyperlink you would be demotivated to know how difficult it is to understand the physics of the simple P N Junction diode! Let us try to understand it in a totally new way!

Here it starts! The title P (P-type semiconductor), N(N-type semiconductor), Junction(region where P-type and N-type semiconductor meet) and diode(di=two,ode=charges) is combination of two main concepts: first, the doped semiconductors, namely P- and N-type and a name that talks of two charges. 

The semiconductor, according to most of the literature available, is a material that has its electrical properties between a conductor and insulator. However, semi-insulator has not been chosen as a word for these materials which signifies a point to be noted with caution too. 

From here onward there is something special to be mentioned here. It is quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics which deals with matter at very small scale. The laws of quantum mechanics are exclusively applied to understand semiconductor physics.

However, the terms that we talk about here convey semiconductor concepts choosing terms from our real lives. Mysteriously, these are not necessarily true as is the case with most of the models that you have been studying in your earlier courses.

Figure 02: P-N junction diode

Let us start a short but mysterious journey into quantum world of semiconductors. Figure 02 shows a typical P N Junction diode.

 The animations are a relatively new phenomenon in teaching and learning! The animation video provides a fresh perspective to learning methodologies towards complex topics in Electronics Engineering, for example, semiconductor Physics.

Video Animation # 3: The video here is expected to revolutionize the way a teacher and student need to study semiconductors - animation: a fresh perspective to the reader!

1.2 P-type and N-type and pure semiconductors:

 Impurity is also a virtue here!

Video Animation # 4: The video here is expected to revolutionize the way a teacher and student need to study semiconductors - animation: a fresh perspective to the reader!

Now, why we need these impure materials as our daily lives always choose pure things. Here lies one of the greatest secrets of electronics! The impure, here, does not mean bad! Impure materials like P-type and N-type contain excess positive and negative charges.

Think of pigeon holes and pigeons sitting near the roof trying to fill in each hole. The positive here means the pigeon hole (called hole otherwise). Negative here means a pigeon, the old messenger that was employed by Mughal emperors. Isn't it a great coincidence!

This great game of pigeons and pigeon holes always seems to cross a barrier pass. The power of a pigeon to fly past the barrier lands him into a hole. The barrier is a great divide called junction-a line of demarcation between electron and the holes.

Figure 3: P and N type materials

Let us turn our attention to the most ignored! Namely, the mathematical models!

Unbiased diode(Work in progress)

1.3 Mathematical Models (Work In Progress)

Mathematics has long been known as a language of philosophers. Mysteriously, engineering is inter-wound with the former in a very complex way. So much so that it is hard to divide a fine line between the mathematics and engineering.

This being the case, the applied mathematics for engineers has dreaminess a weak area as most of the universities depend upon the teachers who are highly qualified in Mathematics without any exposure to engineering. Therefore a bridge between the engineering and mathematics has widened.

Applied Engineering Mathematics, therefore, remains a weak link here in most of the engineering universities. Knowing this all, let us try to understand the mathematical models necessary for the understanding of the fundamentals of semiconductor physics, P-, N- type materials, P-N junction diode and the circuits.

Chapter 2: BJT

Physical structure & operation modes of BJT, operation in the active mode, Large-signal model. DC analysis of BJT. BJT as an amplifier, Small-signal equivalent circuit models, Biasing techniques for discrete-circuit design. BJT as switch: Operation of npn in the cut-off & saturation modes, Basic BJT inverter

Chapter 3: Operational Amplifiers

Terminal characteristics only, ideal op-amp characteristics, inverting and non-inverting configurations, op-amp applications like weighted summer, difference amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, differentiator, integrator, logarithmic amplifier etc. Non ideal characteristics like slewing, DC input offset voltage, input biasing current etc

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Chapter 4: MOSFET

Field-effect transistor; Device, Structure & Physical operation of the MOSFET, Current-voltage characteristics. DC analysis of MOSFET circuits, MOSFET as an amplifier and as a switch, Biasing in MOS amplifier circuits, Pi model and T-model for MOSFET, basic configurations of single-stage amplifiers, MOSFET as a switch, CMOS logic inverter structure, analysis and noise margin calculations.

IC MOSFET:

Introduction: Why MOSFET surpassed the BJT? MOSFET structure facilitates its applications in analog and digital circuits due to it's IC structure with specific features and advantages of low IC space at the cost of low power. MOSFET is electrostatic in nature and being the symmetric device with Drain and Source always interchangeable. MOSFET STRUCTURE/FABRICATION: MOSFET structure consists of a Substrate, Drain, and Source regions. Due to advances in IC fabrication techniques, MOSFET has attained the smallest size as forecasted by Moore's Law. The current MOSFET channel size is approximately 10 nm. The MOSFET is virtually a surface device that exists with a few nanometers of the surface of the bulk of the Si IC chip. The N-type MOSFET consists of an N-type channel, while its Drain, source, and substrate regions are N, N and P-type Si. The drain, source are doped with implantation techniques while the drain and source are isolated using the SiO2 which is fabricated using the Deposition techniques. The quality of the IC in the region surrounding the channel is made highly clean and free of the crystalline defects in the single-crystalline Si (SCS).

The simplified MOSFET sketch in the figure is shown.

Basic MOS Amplifier Circuit:

The figure shows the simple MOSFET amplifier circuit sketch.

In order to design or analyze the MOSFET amplifier, we need to follow certain rules which are based upon the requirements concerning the MOSFET architecture. The MOSFET structure contains three terminals: Drain, Source and Gate. (The substrate contact is ignored here as a separate terminal). The MOSFET, like other amplifiers, works as the voltage-controlled current or voltage-controlled voltage source depending upon the applications.

The DC circuits control the current and voltage across the MOSFET to let it operate within a pre-determined region of operation: amplifier or switch. The ac signal supplied from a source is processed by the amplifier until it is got at the output. The ac equivalent circuits: hybrid-pi or T model represent the processing of the signal and its transformations while it passes through. The common terminal which is grounded or floating, decides the configuration and voltage, current and the power at the output. The figure shows the ac equivalent circuit of the hybrid-pi type (it shows the voltage-controlled current source in figure).

DC and ac Parameters of a Transistor circuit: Looking at the above circuit, we can look at the DC as well as ac parameters from the design or analysis point of view. The voltage source Vsig and its internal resistance Rsig (the Thevenin representation of the signal source. In the case of Norton's source here, which may be the case as well, there will be Rsig in parallel and it will reduce the voltage Vgs, which may push MOSFET to CUT OFF!) has an impact on the performance of the amplifier. The input transducer or the sensor which sends the data or signal has to be efficiently coupled with the input side of the amplifier. The voltage divider circuit at the input makes Vgs depend upon the Rg as well as Rsig! Fortunately, if RG is large enough as compared with the Rsig than Vgs stands controlled well as Rsig may have unseen variations! Vgs = Vsig. Rg/(Rg+Rsig). Therefore there will be some signal loss! The open-circuit at the gate and source is shown (a simplification here as there as a capacitance that exists between the gate and source which has been omitted for the sake of simplification!). Ig=0. So, the Vgs can be seen controlling the Id= gmVgs( a current source at the drain). As Id=Is. So, the gain =Vo/Vi=gmVgs. gm =Io/Vin (transconductance parameter). The ro is output resistance. It shows the variation in Id depending upon the Vds. In amplifiers, this dependence becomes very critical as the depletion region appears at the drain in N-type MOSFET based amplifier. (The early effect or the channel length modulation effect will be discussed later on.)

MOS Amplifier(CS ): In such an amplifier, as shown in circuit Fig1, the Zi=infinite between the gate and source-drain regions. This filters the noise and interference and makes this amplifier ideal. The RG and Rsig introduce the input side loading though. The RG in combination with Rsig makes a voltage divider that controls the Vgs and ensures the region of operation of an MOS. The Zout=ro//Rd//RL. The gain is [-gm(RD//Rl//ro)]/[Rg/Rg+Rsig)].

MOS Amplifier(CS with Rs): In such an amplifier, as shown in circuit Fig1, the Zi=infinite between the gate and source-drain regions, however, there appears the effect of Rs at the input and output impedances. The RG and Rsig introduce the input side loading though Rs now. The RG in combination with Rsig and Rs makes a voltage divider that controls the Vgs and ensures the region of operation of a MOS. The Zout=ro//Rd//RL//Rs. The gain is [-gm(RD//Rl//ro//Rs)]/[(Rg//Rs)/(Rg//Rs)+Rsig)]. The output impedance now affected and the input impedance is affected too as the signals pass through the Rs and the gain goes down![Please refer Figs. shown below!]

Continued....

Chapter 5: Differential Amplifier

MOS differential pair operation with differential and common-mode input voltage, large-signal analysis, small-signal analysis, differential and common mode gain calculations, a brief description of BJT differential pair and its analysis, Non-ideal characteristics of both MOS and BJT based differential pairs.

Chapter 6: Current Sources

Simple MOS current sources and mirrors, MOS based current steering circuits.

Chapter 7: Active Loading and Multistage amplifiers

Active loaded MOS differential pair, differential and common mode gains of actively loaded MOS differential pair, Useful cascades of single stage MOS amplifiers like CS-CS, CS-CG (Cascode amplifier) etc.

Section III ANALOG ICs(Including Analog Oscillators and Digital ICs)

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Introduction to IC processing for MOS integrated circuits, modeling and integration of passive devices.

Chapter 8: IC Packaging

Different types of packaging and their need. Wire-bond vs. flip-chip.

Chapter 9: Feedback

General consideration of feedback circuits. Two-port networks, properties of negative feedback.

Chapter 10: Output Stages

Introduction to classes (A, B, C, AB etc.).

Chapter 11: Frequency Response

Introduction, High frequency small-signal model of MOSFET, Miller’s Theorem, open circuit and short circuit time constants methods, Analysis of Common-Source, Common-Gate, Common-Drain lower and upper-cut off frequencies.

Chapter 12: Operational Amplifiers

One and Two-stage CMOS Op Amps, input common mode range, voltage gain, and slew rate.

Chapter 13: Oscillators

Introduction to Filters and their Classifications. Introduction to Oscillators, Classifications. Feedback and s-plane, Birkhausen criterion, amplitude limiter, different types of oscillators.

SECTION II: INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Chapter 14: Introduction

Industrial world, safety, preventive measurements, industrial system components, sensors in detail, actuators in detail, controllers definitions, measurement and accuracy

Chapter 15: Data acquisition and communication

V to C and C to V conversion, filters, industrial transmitter and receivers, MICROCONTROLLER based data system, industrial communication standards, and protocols

Chapter 16: Process control

Control Definition, On-off control, P control, PI control, PD control, PID control, stability, case study to control motors (actuators)

Chapter 17: PLC

Introduction, architecture, I/O s detail, memory detail, programming details, Ladder logic based control programming, interfacing with PLC

Chapter 18: SCADA and DCS

Introduction, specification, working principle, telemetry system

Chapter 19: Robotics

Introduction, history, types, transformations, Kinematics, dynamics, trajectory planning, obstacle avoidance, moving robots, case study

 POWER ELECTRONICS

Chapter 20: Introduction and scope of power electronics

Solid state devices used in power electronics, such as power diode, power transistor, power MOSFET, SCRs, DIACs and TRIACs etc. SCRs turn on techniques, elementary and advanced firing schemes of power devices, VTA analysis.

Chapter 21: Protection analysis

Safety and importance of protection for power devices, over voltage/surges/transients (dv/dt), overcurrent/surges/transients (di/dt), heat sinks and fuse etc.

Chapter 22: Uncontrolled and controlled rectifiers

Single phase half wave uncontrolled /controlled rectifiers with R, RL and Pure inductive loads, three phase and semi convertors, full convertors, dual convertor, analysis and performance parameters as harmonic factor, utilization factor, distortion factor and etc., rectifiers with pulley resistive and highly inductive and RL loads.

Chapter 23: Introductions to AC Voltage controllers:

Single phase unidirectional and bi directional AC Voltage regulators

Chapter 24: Thyristors Commutation

Self-commutation, impulse commutation, series capacitor commutation, parallel capacitor commutation and etc.

Chapter 25: DC Choppers

Principle of step up and step down choppers with their respective operations, buck regulator, boost regulator, buck and boost regulator, Cuck regulators, choppers using SCRs.

Chapter 26: Inverters

Principle of half and full bridge inverters, constant pulse width modulation (PWM), variable PW modulation, SPWM and MSPWM techniques and etc.

Chapter 27: Introduction to variable speed drives

Elementary discussion on DC/AC drives, transfer functions with open loop and closed loop control

 INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

Chapter 28: Introduction

Electronic Instrumentation

Instrumentation Methodology

Chapter 30: Analog Electronics Sensors

Analog Electronics Sensors

Analog/Digital Transitional Electronics

Digital Electronics

MECHATRONICS

Chapter 29: Introduction

Mechatronic systems engineers use precision mechanical, electrical, computer engineering, as well as math and physics, to design high performance and sophisticated products and equipments demanded by competitive marketplace.

Chapter 30: Mechatronic Devices

Modern products (such as automobiles, dishwashers, cameras, ATMs, medical equipment, space craft, communication satellites, etc.) and manufacturing equipments (such as 3D printers, CNC machines, industrial robotics and autonomous systems, etc.) contain numerous computers and mechatronics modules. Their creations require engineers to be able to combine mechanical, electric, and electronic and software subsystems using advanced scientific and engineering knowledge.

SECTION III: OPTO ELECTRONICS

Chapter 31: Basic Principles of Opto Electronics

Optical rays: Reflection, Refraction and Snell’s Law, Total internal Reflection, Diffraction, Mode propagation, Skew Waves, Acceptance angle and Numerical Aperture

Chapter 32: Optical Fiber, Modes of Optical Fiber and Fiber Losses

Modes of Optical Fiber, Step-Index: Multimode Fibers, Graded Index Fiber, Step-Index: Single-mode Fibers. Fiber losses definition, Material losses, Scattering, waveguide and Microbend losses, Dispersion, Intermodal dispersion and Intramodal dispersion.

Chapter 33: Physical Operation of LEDs, Laser, Photodiodes

LEDs and its types, modulation capabilities and conversion efficiency, LED drive circuits, Stimulation Emission in Semiconductors, Population inversion and pumping threshold conditions, Laser modes, classes of lasers, single mode operation, Lasing conditions in semiconductors, semiconductors Laser Diodes (SLDs), Types of Semiconductors Laser Diodes, Spectral and output Characteristics, SLD Drive circuits. Photo-detection in semiconductors, Semiconductor photodiodes and its response, PIN and APDs photodiodes.

Chapter 34: Power Theorem and Impedance Matching Networks using Lumped Components

Maximum power transfer theorem, matching network using lumped components (L-matching, pi-matching, T-matching and LL-matching networks)

Chapter 35 : Transmission Line theory and impedance matching using stubs

The lumped-Element circuit model for a transmission line, wave propagation on a transmission line, the lossless line, Special cases of lossless terminated lines.

Chapter 36: Smith Chart

Introduction to Smith Chart, Impedance Smith Chart, Admittance Smith Chart and Combined Impedance and Admittance Smith Chart, Impedance View point (Quarter wave transformer), Generator and Load mismatch.

Chapter 37: Microwave Network Analysis

Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and currents, impedance and Admittance Matrices, The scattering Matrix.

SECTION : SOLID STATE DEVICES

Chapter 38: Quantum mechanical tunneling

Semiconductor Material and Crystal properties, crystal structures of elemental and compound semiconductor and Fabrication processes.

Chapter 39: Energy bands and charge carriers in semiconductors

Energy bands and charge carriers in semiconductors, carrier statistics, drift, diffusion, excess carriers.

Chapter 40: PN junction and junction diodes

PN junction and junction diodes, equilibrium condition, forward and reverse biased junction, reverse breakdown, Metal semiconductor junction, Transient response, Heterojunctions, switching diodes, Tunnel diode, Photodiode, IMPATT diode, Gunn diode

Chapter 41: Field Effect Transistors

Field Effect Transistors: JFET, pinch off, Gate control and I/V characteristics, GaAs MESFET, MOS Capacitor, Threshold voltage, Volt-Amp relationship of MOSFETs.

High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT), HFETs and MODFET

Chapter 42: Selected topics

Photovoltaics (Solar cells) Wide bandgap semiconductor devicesSECTION VII: VLSI

Chapter 43: MOS Inverter Circuits

Voltage transfer Characteristics, Noise Margins, NMOS as load Device, Pseudo NMOS and CMOS Inverters.

Chapter 44: Static MOS Gate Circuits

CMOS Gate Circuits, Flip Flops & Latches

Chapter 45: High Speed CMOS Logic Design

Switching time analysis, load capacitance, Gate Sizing, Optimization.

Chapter 46: Transmission gate and Dynamic Logic: Pass Transistor, CMOS

Transmission gate Logic, Dynamic D-Latches, and Domino Logic.

Chapter 47: Semiconductor Memory Design:

Memory Organization, Address Buffers & Decoders, static RAM cell Design, SRAM Column I/O Circuits.

Chapter 48: Interconnect, Power Distribution &Timing Consideration

Interconnect RC Delays, Interconnect coupling Capacitances, Power Distribution Design, Clocking and Timing IssuesLayout of digital circuits. HDL: Programming in Verilog VLSI Architectures for digital signal processors, adders and multipliers