DOMINANCE OF ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AN ORGANIZED SECTOR

Abstract

A proper organized sector is acknowledged only when all the employers and employees working have a good sense of work ethics. There should be business ethics so that business will be conducted to certain self-recognized moral standards. It is essential to confer and implement consumer rights, to check upon malpractices like adulteration, unfair trade practices and to make the working of business consumer oriented. Ethics in business helps to understand the difference between the good and the bad. In other words, it is the do's and don'ts by the business users in the business. A businessman should be aware of ethics and the associated responsibilities and should follow them in order to maintain ecological balance in the society. With the idea of ethics one develops the sight of social responsibility; the duty which is directed towards serving the society at large. 

Introduction

 An organized sector is one in which employment terms are secured and employees have assured work with regular monthly salary, where the working hours are fixed and they get remuneration for overtime. However, in today's date an organization is not considered to be a proper one if it does not carry a code of ethics. According to the dictionary meaning, “Ethics is set of principles concerning right and wrong and how people should behave.”

 If speaking about the exact meaning then ethics is used in a lot of different ways and, the history of business ethics will vary depending on how one perceives the term under a given deliberation. In a broader sense the history of business ethics goes back to the origin of business, again taken in a broad sense, meaning commercial exchanges and later meaning economic systems as well. Ethics has been considered as a branch of philosophy which defines what is good or bad for individual and society. Ethics are a set of moral principles. They help people decide how to lead their lives. The term 'ethics' is not a novelty, since the very beginning of humankind, there has been some impact. As has been said ethics is mainly known to be a part of philosophy. The very concept of ethics justifies a man what to do exactly in a given situation. Great philosopher Aristotle believed that, “Virtue is not merely a state in conformity with the right principle, but one that implies the right principle; and the right principle in moral conduct is prudence.” There are different sources of ethics like religion, cultural experience and the legal system. The oldest source of ethical inspiration is religion. More than 100,000 different religions exist across the globe. But despite the different doctrines, the major religious group strongly believe that ethics is an expression of divine that reveals the nature of right and wrong in business and other areas of life. The principle of reciprocity towards one’s fellow human beings is found in all paramount religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Confucianism.

 On the other hand, laws are rules of conduct, approved by legislatures that guide the human behaviour in a society. Cultural experience refers to the set of values, rules and standards transmitted among generations and are acted upon to produce behaviors that fall under the acceptable limits. Whatever ethics that law codifies, it is binding on business organizations. The society expects business to abide by law and obeying the law is assumed to be an ethical behaviour.

 Social Responsibility is concerned with the elimination of corruption, irresponsible or unethical behaviour which might bring harm to the community, its people and the environment. Social responsibility is a duty every individual has to perform so as to maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystems. Any entity, be it an organization or an individual, has a commitment to act for the benefit of the society at large. Basically in organizations social responsibility is termed as 'Corporate Social Responsibility' or commonly known as CSR, referring to a way that businesses are managed to bring about an overall positive impact on the communities, culture, societies and environments in which they operate. Today, there’s a slight change in the perception of people regarding corporate social responsibility. For many years, business models have been assumed to be necessarily harmful to the society and resources.

 In order to understand the present Indian CSR, India's long tradition has been taken into account. Its impact is nearly linked with political and economic history. In addition, there are four phases of CSR development which took place in India. The first phase was during (1850-1914) CSR activities were mainly operated outside companies and included donations to temples and various other social welfare schemes. The second phase (1914-1960) saw a major impact by Mahatma Gandhi's theory of trusteeship, the aim of which was to consolidate and amplify social development. Some of them included programmes like abolishment of untouchability, empowering women and developing rural areas. The third phase of CSR (1960-1980) dealt with the element of ''mixed economy'', following a large form of the legal regulation of business activities and/or the assistance of public-sector undertakings (PSUs). The fourth phase (1980-2013), companies started to abandon the traditional philanthropic approach with CSR and integrated it into sustainable business strategy.

 CSR policies, practices and programs are being comprehensively integrated by an increasing number of companies throughout their business operations and processes. A growing number of corporate feel that CSR is not just another form of indirect expense but is important for protecting the goodwill and reputation, defending attacks and increasing business competitiveness. It is rather a matter of fact that the knowledge of ethics assists in fathoming the duty which an individual or a company has to perform for serving the society or environment.

 An article about 'WHAT IS ETHICS?' appeared in 'Issues in Ethics IIE V1 N1 (Fall 1987), Revised in 2010 states Ethics is described in two things. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what the humans tend to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. It is necessary to constantly inspect one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct. Ethics has a definition of its own given by every individual, to know and to understand the morals of life and how to follow them, striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-based. Social responsibility and ethics go side by side. It is up to the individual what he is willing to do for the society as a whole which also includes him.

 The basis of what we consider to be the modern definition of CSR is rooted in Archie Carroll’s “Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility.” The pyramid of social responsibility intends to describe about the various kinds of responsibility which occurs in a society, or in a business. According to Caroll, “Corporate social responsibility involves the conduct of a business so that it is economically profitable, law abiding, ethical and socially supportive. To be socially responsible then means that profitability and obedience to the law are foremost conditions when discussing the firm’s ethics and the extent to which it supports the society in which it exists with contributions of money, time and talent”.

Non- ethical issues in business sector

 The examination of moral and social responsibility in relation to the business practices is regarded as “Business Ethics”. A business has always been regarded as social institution forming an integral part of social systems. In older times the basic objective of any business was profit maximization but the present notion on business objectives are not maximization. It is profit maximization in long run alongside the idea of accomplishing the ethics in business. Over the years, every organization sector has developed a culture of its own. The need and rise of ethics and social responsibility have substantially changed.

The Council For Fair Business Practices (CFBP) established in 1966 by leading private sector industrialists in Western India have managed to adopt the following code of ethics for fair business activities :

•    To charge the customers only fair and reasonable prices.
•         Invoice of goods exported or imported at their right price.
•        To ensure maximum transparency to the satisfaction of consumers and other stakeholders.
• Not to use media to mislead consumers.
•    Not to knowingly support activities which are against the laws of the land.
•          Honoring the fundamental rights of the consumers- Right of Safety, Right to Choose, Right to Information and Right to be Heard.
•   To ensure that the goods supplied are not adulterated.

Regardless of such establishment, we still find unethical behaviour in different organizations. Consumer is known as the center of attraction of all business activities. In fact, business organizations are built as a prerequisite for the satisfaction of consumer wants. The idea of adopting ethics helps in the protection of consumer rights, as the consumers are the most exploited group. Moreover in present scenario, most of the companies’ main objective deals in customer satisfaction rather than profit maximization. Business groups invest most of their time studying the behaviour of the customers.

 Customers are often divided according to their demographic age, race, sex, ethnicity, income level and geographic location thus forming an image of “ideal customer” for most of the business groups. This information helps an organization approach demographics where they are already strong and it intensifies ties with loyal customers and help expand their business.

 In a report titled: 'Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance punches holes into drug pricing policy implementation' published in April 2017 on the website www.financialexpress.com, shows how a body of major domestic pharmacy firms, the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance(IPA) has hit out at the government over drug price control issue. The IPA states that over the last couple of years the pharmacy industry in India have been facing unjustifiable drug pricing policies. The alliance, which has members including major home-grown companies such as Sun Pharma, Dr Reddy’s, Lupin, Glenmark, Cipla and Cadila, among others, further questioned the government’s measures “that do not help customers nor the industry”. IPA Secretary General D G Shah had mentioned that the industry is baffled with such arbitrary drug pricing system, doubts whether the country is following the laws of the pharmaceutical industry. The report also highlights in the last one year, about more than 400 MNCs have approached courts to resolve their matters related to the price change implementation, disorganized banning of fixed dose combinations (FDCs), and non-compliance with law in price fixation. Needless to say, this event of pricing policy does not show a good sign, there is an evocative trust deficit among the administrative agency. The alliance also argued that many leading multinational drug companies are following unethical practices to justify their actions in case of drug pricing scheme. Such high-priced policy system might obstruct the patients to access affordable drugs and deprive the patent protection. The argument still continues over this theme whether the government is taking any measures to reduce the pricing standards set for the general public.

 A survey which was published on the site www.businesstoday.in, in April 2017, represents that India rank 9th in bribery and corruption in business practices, as per the India and Africa (EMEIA) Fraud Survey 2017. The study highlights that India ranks ninth among 41 countries in case of corruption and unethical practices widely in the area of business. Nevertheless, the ranking has slightly shown a marginal positive shift from the survey findings in the year 2015 when India stood at the sixth position in bribery and corruption, owning to better legal inspection and transparency governance. However, unethical behaviour still continues in almost every workplace, the matter being more serious for the people who are born between 1980s-90s, known as Gen Y as per the EY India's Partner and National Leader, Fraud Investigation & Dispute Services, Arpinder Singh. The report states that uncertainties in the business environment, augmenting pressure to meet financial targets and aspirations to achieve unprecedented career growth are driving employees to justify unethical workplace behaviour. Furthermore, over 13 per cent of Indian employees are prepared to provide invalid information in order to improve their career or pay, while 58 per cent stated that loyalty towards company prevents employees from reporting fraud, bribery or corruption. The main concern remains in this context is what exact precautions are to be taken in order to bring about a sense of ethics in the mindset of the people. One important dimension of diversity in organizations is gender diversity. The Workforce 2000 studies point out that the workforce is rapidly moving from being male-dominated tone of equality in numbers between men and women. In addition, many women still face sexual harassment in the workplace as compared to men. Sexual harassment “is one of the true international issues”; this was according to Constance Thomas who is a civil rights lawyer with the International Labour Office (ILO). The ILO reported on surveys in 23 countries and disclosed that 15% to 30% of the women polled had experienced sexual harassment by supervisors or co-workers. In a recent report according to National Crime Records Bureau, 70% of working women do not report workplace sexual harassment in India. The Federation of Indian Chamber and Commerce Industry (FICCI) showed about 50% of more than 120 companies' internal complaints committee (ICC) members were not ethically trained.

 Ethical and Socially Responsible Activities; the influence

 The foremost importance of ethics in an organized sector is that it encourages in generating ecological consciousness. This includes consideration of plant, animal and human population in terms of rate of population growth, food habitat, living habitat, reproduction habits and ultimate death. The effect of climatic change on human systems, mostly due to the ozone depletion has necessitated the need for environmental responsibility.

There might be pessimistic impact in companies which do not follow the code of ethics and are not fully responsible towards the society at large, it is of course a shame and it is a matter of big concern as ultimately the environment and its people are being affected. Social responsibility is not a new concept in India. Ever since their initiation, firms like TATA Group, the Aditya Birla Group, NALCO and Indian Oil Corporation, to name a few have been involved in serving the community. Since the last three decades, HDFC contributes 7% of its income to support community needs. Mahindra Tech employees donated one day salary to help victims of Bihar floods (2016). The dominance of ethics and social responsibility can be widely manifested. In Odisha, NALCO has set up a lot of social responsibility activities as well. The company promotes education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills especially among children, women, elderly, and the disabled and livelihood enhancement projects, eradicates hunger, poverty and malnutrition and promotes the availability of safe drinking water. NALCO in the year 2015 had signed to spend over 5% of its CSR money on skill development. The move was taken in sync with the skill ministry’s aim to rope in state-owned companies for skill-development activities and utilise their unused assets for an asset-light model of vocational training in the country.

 The Odisha Healthcare Investment Promotion Policy-2016 envisages promotion of private sector investment in the healthcare sector through strategic partnerships besides policy interventions. The policy aims at ensuring improved access and affordability of secondary and tertiary healthcare services. It will provide impetus for growth of private sector healthcare investments to ensure alignment with public health goals and enable making healthcare systems more effective, efficient, rational, safe and ethical. (The Indian Express, 2016). Many entrepreneurs and/or companies consider profit and social-environmental benefit to be inseparable.

One recent project like the RISHTA Project which is the flagship CSR project of Tata Steel, Kalinganagar, Odisha, which is aimed to enhance the adolescents’ knowledge of ARSH (Adolescents’ Reproductive and Sexual Health). It is being fulfilled in 101 hamlets of Kalinganagar, 20 villages of Gopalpur, 20 villages of Sukinda and 68 hamlets of Joda Township. The project was started in Kalinganagar, Gopalpur and Sukinda in November 2013, followed up in Joda from September 2015 onwards. A total of 18769 adolescents have been reached out by the project in Odisha so far, of which about 9,000 adolescents are in Kalingangar. A total of 32 YRCs (Youth Resource Centres) have been set up to give platform to adolescents to raise their personal and community issues and find solutions. Major activities of the project are building YRCs, knowledge enhancement on SRH issues, youth leadership, linkages with stakeholders, vocational training etc. The company also provides community cares like infrastructure for healthcare, which is a multi-speciality hospital set up at Kalinganagar, education projects and clean drinking water specialities.  Wipro has set up a foundation named Azim Premji Foundation to help improve education of the elementary schools in rural India.

Vedanta Limited (Formerly known as Sesa Sterlite Ltd.), a Vedanta Group company is one of the world’s largest global diversified natural resource, with operations across zinc-lead-silver, oil and gas,, iron ore, copper, aluminium and commercial power, which supports the country’s industrial growth. Its operations are also globally found in countries like South Africa, Namibia, Ireland and Australia. The company aims for sustainable development as a core requirement to strategically improve the value of their business. Vedanta has invested US $37 million towards community development in 2015-2016 and its CSR projects, profiting over 2.25 million people across the globe. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) ranked Vedanta Limited and its subsidiary Hindustan Zinc among the top ten sustainable firms in India. Vedanta focuses on women empowerment through its CSR initiatives. The company has merged into a Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) with the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India in order to reach out for the construction of Anganwadi (rural care centre for women and children) in India. Social media platforms have definitely changed the game by believing they will make money by sustainable solutions; by designing economic apps which in time will help reduce the waste and inefficiency of a post-war economy myopically geared toward individual customer.

 In recent time, the National Consumer Helpline (NCH), a joint enterprise of the consumer affairs department and Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) have brought about a huge change in terms of ethics. Consumers are happy as the government helpline promises various firms to resolve grievances in a swift move. The total complaints received by NCH during August 2016 – March 2017 is 2, 12,852. The report says, maximum complaints were from top 3 states of the country, and that is, Maharashtra holds about 13.72%, Uttar Pradesh is 13.63% and Delhi 13.57% including top sectors like – 78 (consumer durable and electronic products), 43 (insurance), 41 (e-commerce), 15 (telecom and internet) and 14 (banking). The NCH runs its operation from IIPA with an exact 60 telephone lines.

Depending upon a fresh report, the NCH stated that it receives about 3.5 lakh grievances annually. The highest number of complaints was received relating to e-commerce, which overtook all other sectors since September. As more number of Indian customers changed their preferences to the internet to shop for their daily essentials, complaints are piling up about e-commerce companies. The post mentions there are 5 different types of e-commerce complaints. 

•  Paid amount not refunded – 23%
•  Delivery of Defective product – 18%
•  Non- Delivery of product – 16%
•  Deficiency in Services – 12%
•  Delivery of Wrong product – 11%

The rising number of consumer grievances is not ignored by the government. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has shown deep concerns over the large number of consumer complaints relating to e-commerce issues covering booking of tickets and hotel reservations. He ordered a number of officials for a review of the nature of circumstances and had asked the consumer affairs ministry to list the number of complaints against each company. (The Times of India, 2017)

Ethics and social responsibility is not confined to India alone but throughout the world. Here is an example set by this renowned company CNW, which helps in delivering innovative products and services to communications, social and content marketing professionals. The company is based in Canada.

 QUEBEC CITY, MARCH 2017 /CNW Telbec/ -iA Financial Group presented its 2016 Social Responsibility Report, which describes the company's environmental, social and governance-related commitments and achievements.

 Highlights of the 2016 Social Responsibility Report:

 

•                    Introduction of the iA Financial Group Supplier Code of Conduct, under which companies that wish to establish a business relationship with iA Financial Group or its subsidiaries must agree to respect ethics, integrity and honesty principles. This code of ethics covers many aspects, including governance, work, health and safety, and the environment and sustainable development.
•                     Creation of a sustainable development committee which includes employees from the various departments and business lines across Canada. This committee's mandate is to carry out projects in line with the elements of sustainable development.
•                     $152 million invested in renewable energy.
•                     Launch of a new socially responsible investment fund, IA Clarington Enhance Bond SRI Fund, which is fossil fuel-free.
•                     $4 million in donations to close to 500 organizations.

 It goes without saying, global warming has become one of the major reasons which let an organization function in an ethical way. Many business zones are trying to eradicate wasteful practices, the emission of pollutants and/or the use of harmful chemicals from their manufacturing processes. Ethical companies are seeking ways to improve their products. Utility providers, for example, are increasingly supplementing their services with alternative energy sources, including solar, wind, and geothermal power. Some of the world's biggest pension funds, including Canada's top pension fund managers – Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB), Caisse de depot et placement du Quebec (CDPQ), and Ontario Teacher's Pension Plan (OTPP) are investing on solar power generation. This idea is initiated by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi, where he aims to target $100 billion investment in the next five years. The primary focus is to curb pollution with the help of global investors. India reckons peak electricity demand, as the economy is growing and more people move into the cities. There are other international investors who have already teamed up with India's renewable energy sector; such as Dutch fund manager APG, Canada's Brookfield Asset Management, the private equity arms of Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan and Morgan Stanley, and European utilities EDF, Engie and Enel. According to Alok Verma, an executive at Kotak Investment Banking, suggests companies on renewable deals, expecting at least 5 GW of solar power to be added from next year. He also mentions that solar power generation capacity in India has more than tripled in less than three years to over 12 GW, by lowering the module prices and borrowing costs. (The Times of India, 2017).

 Ethics and social responsibility have far reached. Nearly all companies which take ethics seriously are providing training in ethics for their managers and employees. Nearly 70% of U.S companies provide employees ethics training facilities. Ethics training is essential because employees' actions eventually reflect on the business and a company can be legally and financially responsible for workers’ decisions. A number of organized workplace have ethics training programs, which are considered advantageous that helps new employees to identify and deal with ethical problems developing their moral knowledge. It also may involve an employee's manager; his personality and beliefs and whether he cares about personal standards or only the bottom line. The second factor in this case may be the organization and its overall culture of valuing profit above all else. Such training facilities acquaint company personnel with the official company policy on ethical issues, and they show how those policies can be translated into the specifics of every day decision making. Ethics committees are also made a requirement in most of the organized sectors. The group consists of board of directors, mainly ruled by the top management of the company. The committees’ field questions from the working employees help the company establish policy in new or uncertain areas, giving them specific guidelines and over see the enforcement of the code of ethics. Most top managers of the company feel the need to respond to their employees' wants, as it gives them a genuine satisfaction for the company which they are directing. These are the basic ethical needs which compel the organization to be ethically oriented.

 The Anti- Corruption Academy (ACA) is one best example, which provides ethical workplace training in India. The training involves modules on compliance, integrity and fairness, diversity and respect, information and security, handling conflicts of interest, health and safety, alcohol and drug abuse, sexual harassment, political activities, workplace violence, bribery and kickbacks, anti- competitive conduct and dealing with ethical violations. In addition, many companies have ‘ethics committees’ to give advice on ethical situations to their employees. It is a high-level committee comprising of board of directors, chaired by the CEO of the company. More and more companies from Aetna Life & Casualty to Alden Merrell Dessert Co, a cheesecake maker in Newburyport, Mass are helping employees resolve work and family conflicts with quench, they are increasing productivity, reducing absenteeism and turnover, and reinventing how work is accomplished. Ethics committee in India as on August 1, 2016 there were 1083 registered ethics committees, of which 841 (77.7%) were institutional and 242 (22.3%) were independent. According to the Accreditation Standards for Clinical Trial in India, ethics committee seek to competently assess risk and scientific validity of trails. They follow documented procedures for self-assessment and follow strict rules in the presence of board meeting. They have formulated draft accreditation standards for clinical trial sites, where the inspectors are trained.

Conclusion

Ethics and social responsibility have become a leading issue as both the business and public sectors acknowledge the damage done to the environment in the past. It is functioning in almost every other organization present. Today’s generation are increasingly demanding that all business institutes take a wide responsibility for their actions and how they influence the environment. Business ethics have become a necessity in order to safeguard the interests of business firms. It builds a bridge of mutual trust between business and society. The relationship of business with society has various dimensions such as its association with shareholder, employees, consumers, distributors, competitors and government. It also brings a sense of honesty, sincerity, fairness and a human touch to all business activities. Needless to say, society has been benefited by the introduction of business ethics and social responsibility. Over a period of time, there has been a structural change in the case of business. The concept of profit maximization has been gradually taken over by the idea of consumer satisfaction.

 Ethics does correspond to basic human needs. It is has become a human trait that a man desires to be ethical not only in his personal life but also at his workplace. Moreover, most employees seek to be a part of the organization where they get respect and appreciation for their work, because they perceive its purpose and activities to be honest and valuable to the society. Ethics is found almost everywhere, besides business ethics there are various kinds of ethics or in particular specialized fields such as engineering ethics, bioethics, geoethics, public service ethics, machine ethics, military ethics, animal ethics etc. Employees need some guidance in their life and that is only achieved through ethics. It is important to notice that, with current technology, environmental responsibility requires trade-offs. Society must weigh the huge costs of limiting or eliminating pollution against the health threat posed by the pollution. Nature causes pollution enormously, which are pollution of air, water and soil. Without a genuine idea of ethics it can lead to such following impact;

•                    Natural pollution
•                     Population explosion
•                     High standard of living of people
•                     Deforestation
•                     Vehicular traffic

 Another reason being, ethics hold a vital role in a society as the government, law and lawyers cannot do everything to protect the society. Technology grows rapidly than the government can regulate. Employees working in industry often know about the dangers in a specific technology better than the regulatory agencies. Further, it is wise enough to say that the government cannot always regulate all operations which are harmful to society. The world needs a change and that change starts by doing activities for the good cause of the society. As organizations are part of the communal, it becomes a compelling reason for them to look after the community. To retain a positive image, business must be committed to operating on ethical grounds. An ethical oriented management takes every measure possible enough to prevent pollution and protect workers’ health even before being mandated by the law. Firstly, the HR should focus more on ethics training programs and brief the employees about the merits of work ethics. Secondly, the government too can come up with more number of ethics training institutes and committees. In today’s world, every corporation is trying to carry out a vast array of social actions. The span includes programs for education, public health, employee welfare, housing, urban renewal, resource conservation and many others. Perhaps, the main fundamental reason why the notion and scope of ethics and social responsibilities have expanded is that accelerating industrial activity continuously changes the society and business is socially responsible towards shareholders, to the employees, to the consumers and to the community.

 The supremacy of globalization undoubtedly has led to the need of ethics for the future generation. Sadly, there are few organizations which do not follow the code of ethics and have no urge of social responsibility in them. Arguably ethics and social responsibility is rapidly increasing, but on a smaller ratio. The ratio needs to be enlarged with more and more number of notable initiatives and development schemes.

References

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 Carroll, Archie B; “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management  of Organizational Stakeholders, Business Horizons”, July- August 1991. Available  from; https://faculty.wwu.edu/dunnc3/rprnts.pyramidofcsr.pdf

 Chahoud, Dr. Tatjana; Johannes Emmerling; Dorothea Kolb; Iris Kubina; Gordon Repinski; Catarina Schl?ger (2007). "Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility in India - Assessing the UN Global Compact's Role"

 Dipak.Dash “Consumers cheer govt helpline as resolve grievances in a jiffy” report; The Times of India (May 1, 2017), Bhubaneswar Edition.

 Draft Accreditation Standards for Clinical Trial Sites, Ethics Committee and Investigators. Available from; https://www.cdsco.nic.in/writereaddata/finalAccreditation%20Standards.pdf

 Issues in Ethics IIE V1 N1 (Fall 1987), Revised in 2010. Available from; https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/what-is-ethics/

Mackie, J. L. (1990) Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin.

 “Odisha Healthcare Investment Promotion Policy” report; The New Indian Express (November 28, 2016), Bhubaneswar Edition

 “Pension Funds seek deals in solar power” report; The Times of India (May 1, 2017), Bhubaneswar Edition.

Richard T. De George; “The Status of Business Ethics: Past and Future” Journal of Business Ethics, 6 (1987).

 Singer, P. (2000), Writings on an Ethical Life, Harper Collins Publishers, London.

 “Vedanta resources to invest $30 million in R&D: Anil Agarwal”

Available from; https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/vedanta-resources-to-invest-30-million-in-rd-anil-agarwal/339751/

Waldman, D, Siegel, D & Javidan, M, 2004, “CEO Transformational Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility”, Working Paper, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

 Virtual links;          

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_corporate_social_responsibility_in_India

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corp-social-responsibility.asp

https://www.nalcoinida.com

https://www.businesstoday.in

https://www.newswire.ca

https://www.acaindia.net/ethics-compliance-training/#

 https://vedantalimited.com/know-us.aspx