Does Islam Truly Oppress Women?

By Khalidha Naushad

Today, discussions around gender equality and women’s rights often intersect with the topic of Islam. The question of whether Islam is inherently sexist or anti-feminist is a contentious one, sparking heated debates between those who believe in the religion and those who do not. This issue is complex and multifaceted, influenced by historical interpretations, cultural practices, and media portrayals. While some argue that Islam oppresses women due to practices like the hijab and restrictions placed on women in certain Muslim-majority societies, others maintain that these beliefs are misconceptions rooted in cultural biases.

But does Islam really oppress women, or is this a misunderstanding born of cultural and historical contexts? Are the rights and roles of women in Islam being misrepresented by those who view the faith through a narrow lens? How do Islamic teachings compare to the cultural practices that have emerged over centuries?

Understanding ‘gender equality’ in Islam

To grasp the concept of equality more deeply, it’s important to move beyond the notion of absolute equality—an idea that most of us don’t advocate for.

A recent controversy at the Paris 2024 Olympics highlighted this issue. Female boxer Imane Khalif, who reportedly has male chromosomes, competed against Italian boxer Angela Carini. Carini withdrew from the match after just 46 seconds, citing safety concerns. This decision sparked significant criticism directed at both Khalif and the Olympic Committee, with accusations of unfairness. Despite Khalif being biologically female, her participation in the women’s boxing category was met with backlash.

Following these events, IOC spokesman Mark Adams addressed the situation, and Carini issued an apology to Khalif, expressing regret over the gender controversy. However, Carini’s withdrawal and statements suggesting Khalif’s biological sex as male-led to uncomfortable questions and speculation about Khalif’s gender and medical status. This debate intensified online, with claims that the situation was unfair to female athletes.

However, why did all these critics come up? Because, despite our pursuit of ‘equality,’ scientific research shows that men and women have distinct biological, physical, and emotional differences. To address these differences and ensure fair competition, sports maintain separate categories for men and women. These categories are designed to balance the playing field according to these scientific realities, aiming to uphold fairness in athletic events.

Likewise, Islam regards men and women as equal in terms of their value and worth but it teaches specific guidelines for gender roles and relationships, but these roles are designed to reflect equality in their own ways. It’s important to note that Islam does not restrict women or men from pursuing their dreams just because they have to adhere to these roles.

Traditional roles have often placed men as the breadwinners and women as the primary caregivers. While modern perspectives are challenging and redefining these norms, it’s essential to recognise that at least within Islam, this division of roles was not about hierarchy or oppression, but about respecting the different abilities of each gender.

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) also emphasised the balance in roles, stating, “The best among you is the one who is best in the treatment of his family,” highlighting that men too have a crucial role in the upbringing of their children and the well-being of their family.

Thus, what might appear as gender inequality is actually a form of equality that acknowledges and respects the unique contributions and responsibilities of each gender.

As Dr. Neel Burton explains, biological differences between individuals do not determine their overall worth or capability. This understanding helps us recognise that true equality involves providing fair opportunities based on individual needs and contexts. Feminism, therefore, advocates for equal opportunities, rights, and status—principles that are greatly supported by Islam.

Status of Women in Islam

During the Jahiliyyah period, the time before Islam, women were subjected to extreme forms of oppression, with one of the most horrific practices being the burying of female infants alive. This barbaric act was rooted in the belief that daughters were a source of dishonour and a burden to their families. The birth of a daughter was often met with shame, leading some to commit this unthinkable act to avoid the perceived dishonour.

With the advent of Islam, this practice was unequivocally condemned and abolished. The religion declared that men and women are equal in terms of their value, and this was a revolutionary change in a society that had long devalued women.

In Islam, the status of mothers is held in the highest regard. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) highlighted this by stating, “Paradise lies at the feet of your mother,” showing the immense respect and reverence accorded to mothers.

Further, Islam places significant emphasis on the role of the wife, as demonstrated by the teachings and lives of the prophets. In an era where women are often objectified, Islam reforms family life by honouring the status of the wife, ensuring her respect and value within the family.

Additionally, the Quran and Hadith emphasise the value of daughters. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) encouraged treating daughters with kindness and providing for their needs. He taught that raising daughters well is a noble and rewarding endeavour, stating, “Whoever has daughters and takes good care of them will be greatly rewarded.”

This is where Islam has positioned women in society.

So, why do some people question whether women’s rights are acknowledged in Islam?

Some people, mostly in the West argue that Islamic law, or Sharia, inherently discriminates against women, particularly in areas like inheritance and legal testimony. While it is true that men and women have different roles in Islamic law, this does not equate to discrimination.

For instance, in matters of inheritance, both men and women are entitled to their respective shares, and women are fully capable of managing their inheritance independently. Islamic law also safeguards women’s rights in marriage, divorce, and personal security.

The Quran emphasises that men and women are protectors of one another, and both have rights and duties that contribute to a balanced and just society.

Women’s rights in Islam

Right to education: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasised the importance of education for both men and women. He famously said, “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.” This directive applies to both genders equally, challenging the notion that Islam limits women’s intellectual development.

Right to inheritance: The Quran specifies that women are entitled to inherit property, a significant departure from pre-Islamic customs where women had no such rights. While the shares allocated to women may be less than those of men, the fact that they were granted inheritance rights at all was a groundbreaking advancement at the time.

Right to work and economic independence: Islam permits women to work and manage their own finances. The example of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the Prophet’s first wife, who was a successful businesswoman, is often cited as evidence of this right. Women are also allowed to keep their earnings and property, and they are not obligated to spend their wealth on the household, unlike men.

Right to marriage/ divorce and equal treatment: In Islam, marriage is a contract that requires the consent of both parties. Women have the right to agree to or reject a marriage proposal and can also initiate divorce (known as Khula) if they are unhappy in their marriage. Women are entitled to be treated with respect and fairness. They have rights to equal treatment in terms of legal matters, such as divorce and custody.

Mahr, a mandatory gift or payment given by the groom to the bride at the time of marriage, is a significant aspect of Islamic marital law that honours and protects the rights of women. The bride has the right to request anything she wishes as Mahr, ranging from symbolic gestures to substantial assets like money, property, or jewellery. Once given, Mahr becomes the exclusive property of the bride, over which she has full control, and neither the groom nor his/her family can claim it. This provision serves as a financial safeguard, especially in the event of divorce, ensuring that the woman retains financial support.

While Islam grants women the right to demand any Mahr, Islamic teachings encourage fairness and moderation, advising that Mahr should reflect the groom’s capacity without becoming a barrier to marriage. By granting women this financial right, Islam demonstrates a progressive approach to women’s rights, particularly in historical contexts where women had little control over their own wealth or property.

Right to safety and security: Islam emphasises the protection of women from harm and abuse. Domestic violence is prohibited, and women have the right to seek protection and justice.

Right to personal freedom: Women have the right to make decisions about their own lives, including their clothing, career, and personal activities, within the framework of Islamic principles.

What is ‘hijab’ in Islam?

You might think of hijab in Islam as merely covering the head, but in reality, it extends far beyond clothing. It includes behaviour, speech, and overall conduct – all aspects of hijab.

The headscarf worn by many Muslim women is just a part of the hijab and is often misunderstood as a symbol of oppression. While it is compulsory in Islam for women to cover their hair and dress modestly, it is not something that is forced upon them. Rather, it is a personal choice that reflects a woman’s commitment to her faith and her desire to embody the principles of modesty. It is important to note that in many Muslim-majority countries, women are free to choose whether or not to wear the hijab.

It’s also worth noting that modesty guidelines in Islam apply to both men and women, not just women. Muslim men, too, are required to adhere to certain standards of modesty in their dress and behaviour. This includes covering their bodies between the navel and knees and avoiding tight or revealing clothing to avoid free mixing and lowering gaze.

The concept of hijab, which signifies modesty, is not exclusive to Islam. Many religions advocate modesty not only in attire but also in behaviour and interactions with others. While hijab specifically refers to modest dress in Islam, the broader principle of modesty is a common teaching across various religious traditions worldwide.

Is Islam oppressing women in the context of ‘Hijab’?

There is a common misconception that women in Islam are confined within the walls of their homes and that the hijab is a tool of subjugation. This view is often reinforced by cultural practices in some Muslim-majority countries, where women may face restrictions that are not rooted in Islamic teachings. In reality, Islam encourages both men and women to seek knowledge, contribute to society and pursue careers.

Historically, Muslim women have been scholars, business leaders, and influential figures, even taking up arms in times of war.

One example is Fatima al-Fihri, who founded the University of Al Quaraouiyine in Morocco in 859 CE, the world’s oldest existing, continually operating higher educational institution.

Beyond historical examples, many Muslim women today are making impressive strides in various fields, including the Olympics. This year, several athletes have showcased their talent on a global stage, breaking stereotypes and making their mark in competitive sports. For instance, Yusra Mardini, a Syrian swimmer, competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics, representing both her country and the refugee community with pride.

Not just globally, but locally as well, Muslim women in Sri Lanka are making their mark in sports. For example, Fathoum Issadeen, Sri Lanka’s first hijabi athlete and a three-time national squash champion, stands out as a prime example of their achievements and growing presence in competitive sports.

These stories show us that the hijab, far from being a symbol of oppression, is part of a broader narrative of empowerment and agency. It’s a personal choice for many women that aligns with their faith and identity, allowing them to excel in various fields while adhering to their principles.

Are women barred from masjids?

Irrespective of religion, faith or gender, everyone is warmly welcomed in masjids (mosques). However, a common misconception is that women are not allowed to enter mosques or participate in communal prayers. This likely stems from cultural practices in some regions where women’s access to mosques may be limited.

Islamic teachings do not prohibit women from praying in mosques, and many mosques around the world, including in Sri Lanka, provide separate sections where women can pray comfortably and privately. These spaces, often located at the back or on the upper floors of the mosque, ensure women can engage in worship without distraction. However, it is not compulsory for women to attend mosque for prayers, as they often have other responsibilities, such as caring for children. In fact, for reasons of security and convenience, it is considered that the best mosque for a woman is her home. Women are also encouraged to participate in mosque activities, including Quranic classes, lectures, and community events.

Does Islam force women to marry against their will?

A common misconception is that Islam allows or encourages forced marriages. In reality, Islam requires that both parties consent to a marriage. Marriage in Islam is a contract based on mutual agreement and respect.

Unfortunately, in Sri Lanka, the current Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act (MMDA) poses significant issues. Its outdated and often misinterpreted application diverges from core Islamic principles. For instance, the MMDA allows practices such as the marriage of young girls and denies women the right to serve as Quazis (Judges). These issues have sparked widespread calls for reform.

Activists argue that these laws stray from the justice, compassion, and equality that Islam promotes. Despite efforts to reform the MMDA over the past 40 years, progress has been slow due to political and conservative barriers.

The Quran clearly states that women have the right to choose their spouse, and any marriage without a woman’s consent is invalid. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasised the importance of mutual consent and love in marriage and condemned forcing women into marriages against their will. While forced marriages do occur in some cultures, they are not supported by Islamic teachings and are condemned by Islamic scholars.

Are women subservient to men in Islam?

The belief that women are inherently subservient to men in Islam is a misconception rooted in patriarchal interpretations rather than Islamic teachings. The Quran states that men and women are created from a single soul and are partners in fulfilling God’s Commandments. While men and women may have different roles and responsibilities within the family, this does not imply superiority or subservience. Islam emphasises mutual respect, kindness, and cooperation between spouses, with each playing a vital role in maintaining the well-being of the family.

Another commonly cited example of sexism in Islam is the idea that women must obey their husbands and fathers. While it is true that Islam places importance on the family unit and the role of the husband as a provider and protector, this does not mean that women are inferior. Women have rights and responsibilities, and their contributions are valued equally.

Is the oppression of women rooted in Islam or cultural practices?

When discussing the status of women in Islam, it’s crucial to distinguish between cultural practices and religious teachings. Many of the restrictions imposed on women in some Muslim-majority communities stem from cultural traditions rather than Islamic teachings. These cultural norms are often mistaken for religious mandates, leading to the misconception that Islam inherently oppresses women.

Islamic teachings, when understood and practised correctly, provide a framework for gender equality and women’s empowerment. The real challenge is separating these teachings from the patriarchal cultural practices that have overshadowed them.

In response to the misrepresentation of women’s rights in Islam, a movement known as Islamic Feminism has emerged, advocating for reinterpreting the Quran and Hadith [(sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)] with a focus on gender equality. They argue that centuries of patriarchal interpretations of Islamic jurisprudence have been influenced more by cultural biases than by the true principles of Islam.

The challenge, therefore, is not with Islam but with changing societal attitudes and cultural practices that misrepresent the faith. For women to fully realise their potential and pursue their aspirations, it is crucial to separate religious teachings from cultural biases and work towards a more enlightened understanding of both.

Now my question is…

Why do we continue to blame religions for the perceived ‘oppression’ of women when these religions actually support their empowerment? When will we understand that the real issue is deeply rooted in cultural practices rather than the religions themselves?

(The views and interpretations presented in this article are intended to provide a nuanced understanding of Islamic teachings regarding women’s rights and roles. This article aims to clarify common misconceptions and highlight the distinction between cultural practices and core tenets of the religion.)