Did you got the Cloud computing exhibits of the key characteristics ?

Fancy Wang 2008 2020

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Cloud computing is still a subject of research.A driving factor in the evolution of cloud computing has been?chief technology officers?seeking to minimize risk of internal outages and mitigate the complexity of housing network and computing hardware in-house.They are also looking to share information to workers located in diverse areas in near and real-time, to enable teams to work seamlessly, no matter where they are located. Major cloud technology companies invest billions of dollars per year in cloud?Research and Development. For example, in 2011 Microsoft committed 90 percent of its $9.6?billion?R&D?budget to its cloud.

Research by investment bank Centaur Partners in late 2015 forecasted that SaaS revenue would grow from $13.5?billion in 2011 to $32.8?billion in 2016.?Since the global pandemic of 2020, it is said that cloud technology jumped ahead in popularity due to the level of security of data and the flexibility of working options for all employees, notably remote workers. For example, Zoom grew over 160% in 2020 alone.

• In 2021, software as a service (SaaS) still will be the largest market segment for end-user cloud IT spending – it’s expected to grow approximately 16 percent to $117.8 billion – application infrastructure services (PaaS) is expected to grow at a higher 26.6 percent rate to about $55.5 billion, according to?Gartner

• Agility for organizations may be improved, as cloud computing may increase users' flexibility with re-provisioning, adding, or expanding technological infrastructure resources.
• Cost reductions are claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud delivery model converts?capital expenditures?(e.g., buying servers) to?operational expenditure.?This purportedly lowers?barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and need not be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is "fine-grained", with usage-based billing options. As well, less in-house IT skills are required for implementation of projects that use cloud computing.?The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art repositorycontains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house.

• Device and location independence?enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect to it from anywhere.
• Maintenance?of cloud environment is easier because the data is hosted on an outside server maintained by a provider without the need to invest in data center hardware. IT maintenance of cloud computing is managed and updated by the cloud provider's IT maintenance team that reduces cloud computing costs compared with the on-premises data centers.
• Multitenancy?enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
• centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
• peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment to meet their highest possible load-levels)
• utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilised.
• Performance?is monitored by IT experts from the service provider, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using?web services?as the system interface.
• Productivity?may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their computer.
• Availability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for?business continuity?and?disaster recovery.
• Scalability and?elasticity?via dynamic ("on-demand")?provisioning?of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time?(Note, the VM startup time varies by VM type, location, OS and cloud providers, without users having to engineer for peak loads.?This gives the ability to scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used.?The time-efficient benefit of cloud scalability also means faster time to market, more business flexibility, and adaptability, as adding new resources doesn’t take as much time as it used to.[67]?Emerging approaches for managing elasticity include the use of machine learning techniques to propose efficient elasticity models.
• Security?can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored?kernels. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because service providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to tackle or which they lack the technical skills to address.However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security?audit logs?may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.

The?National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies "five essential characteristics":

On-demand self-service.?A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

Broad network access.?Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,?laptops, and workstations).

Resource pooling.?The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.?

Rapid elasticity.?Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.

Measured service.?Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

— National Institute of Standards and Technolog

Asterfusion Data Technologies?takes "architecting a new generation of network for cloud computing" as its main goal. Based on core patents such as PICFATM and vUnderlayTM and a number of software works, Asterfusion Data Technologies?has launched leading cloud data center network products and solutions, which have now won the industry Favored by many well-known public cloud and private cloud customers.