Despite the 2015 Paris Agreement, the world community is failing to address climate change.

Seven years after the Paris Agreement on climate change, countries have fallen substantially short of their commitments and goals to tackle climate change. According to the Climate Action Monitor, which was established by the German non-profits Climate Analytics and New Climate Institute, global temperatures are projected to increase by 2.6 °C above pre-industrial levels by the year 2100 if nations maintain their current climate policies. This is much over the limit of well below 2 °C that the historic climate pact aimed to achieve to halt the most catastrophic effects of global warming. Even if nations fulfil the carbon emission reduction goals, they pledged to in the Paris Agreement, temperatures will increase by 2,4 °C globally and by over 4 ° C in developing nations predominantly found in Africa by 2100, according to the monitor. If they accomplish their updated climate goals for 2030, this will increase by 2.1 °C.

According to a report by 200 IPCC scientists, the planet's temperature will rise by at least 1.5 °Cover the next 20 years, resulting in heat waves, droughts, and floods, even if governments swiftly reduce carbon emissions. In addition to the melting of polar glaciers, the loss of 90 % of the world's coral reefs, the increase in the acidity of the water, and the extinction of innumerable plant and animal species, the sea level will rise. These consequences will be much worse if temperatures rise by more than 2 °C; nevertheless, assuming at least 140 nations achieve net zero warming, the median warming estimate is only confined to 1.8 °C.

Since the 1990s, combating global warming and climate change has been a problem. The first stage was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992, which led to the establishment of an annual conference, the Conference of the Parties (COP). The 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the world's first legally binding climate agreement, requires industrialised nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5% below their 1990 levels. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the uncertainties of scientists influence other environmental policies, such as the 1992 Kyoto Protocol, an initiative under the United Nations Framework on Climate Change that committed states to cut emissions based on scientific agreement. This convention has become ineffective; greenhouse gas emissions have increased from 22.57 billion tonnes per year in 1992 to 34.81 billion tonnes per year in 2022, a growth rate of almost 54.23% per year (Our World in Data, 2022).

Like the Kyoto Protocol of 1992, the Paris Agreement provides a conceptual framework for a study and assessment programme rather than a clear directive for political action due to climate uncertainty. In addition, the translation of climate targets from assessment to action through political talks and agreements has a political impact on scientists' roles; this raises fundamental questions about the legitimacy and accountability of the scientific evaluation method. The declaration does not bind developing nations, excluding countries like China and India, who generate some of the highest quantities of carbon dioxide.

The COP21 in Paris, which was signed on December 12, 2015, was the most significant climate change accord in modern history, with all signatories agreeing to net zero emissions by 2050. Eritrea, Iran, Libya, and Yemen are the only non-signatories. The agreement calls for progress appraisals every five years, with the first evaluation scheduled for 2023. However, no binding mechanisms exist to reach these targets. The 1998-established Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in a 2021 report that the average global temperature had risen by 1.1 °C in the last 150 years.

The COP27 summit held in Egypt last month was criticised for producing minimal progress in terms of legislation to cut carbon emissions. Despite contributing the least to global carbon emissions, delegates at the summit were able to agree on a climate loss and damage fund for the poorest nations most impacted by climate change. COP27 also demanded that international development banks update their priorities for climate finance, while countries also discussed cutting coal use, but kept off the agenda other fossil fuels.