DESIGN FOR A BETTER WORLD 设计，让世界更美好
The year 2020 will be always remembered as the year that changed everything and the turning point of modern lifestyle. Still today we are ignoring the dimension of these changes and how deep they will affect current societies.
2020年将作为改变一切的一年和现代生活方式的转折点而被永远铭记。但今天我们有时仍然忽视了这些变化对当今社会的影响会有多深。
After being stuck by the Covid-19 pandemic, our standards of living were dramatically changed, forcing us to stay at home more than we were used to as we got used to the masks as an essential outfit complement. Our chances to socialize were reduced to almost nothing like the chance to travel faded out too.
在被突如其来的Covid-19疫情困住之后，我们的生活标准发生了巨大变化，迫使我们长时间呆在家里，也习惯了把口罩视作必不可少的出行装备；我们的社交生活有时近乎于零，旅行的机会也随之消失。
?Aircraft Fleet Parking - Source Avalon Airport Blog
飞机机队停车-来源阿瓦隆机场博客
The economy stood off, tourism collapsed and the world kept its breath waiting for the virus to give us a break.
But further beyond the general collapse, fear and depression, this virus offered us a new chance to restart, reboot and set up a new life paradigm, improving our previous standards.
Regarding design and architecture, the virus forced us to envision a new concept of the home office, transport hub, public building, and a new re-adaptation of spaces to the new reality.
经济停滞不前，旅游业崩溃，全世界屏息等待疫情给我们喘息的机会...在普遍的崩溃、恐惧和抑郁之外，疫情真的为我们的生活提供了一个重新启动并建立新的生活改善我们生活标准的机会——在设计和建筑方面，疫情迫使我们重新思考家庭办公室、交通枢纽、公共建筑的新概念，以及适应新现实的新空间。
ARCHITECTURE AND PANDEMICS 疫情与建筑
?Evolving with the world, architecture, and design, in general, have been also stuck by pandemics. These moments in history supposed also a change of the life paradigm and a reinvention of the places we used to live. Each of these moments brought a series of changes that set up the foundation of the living spaces and cities we are enjoying today.
随着世界的发展，建筑和设计总体上也受困于各种流行疾病。历史上的这些时刻也预示着生活模式的改变和我们曾经生活过的地方的重塑。每一个时刻都带来了一系列的变化，奠定了我们今天所享受的生活空间和城市的基础。
Black Death - Source Washington Post 黑死病-来自华盛顿邮报
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Every one of these history traumatic events supposed a giant leap towards evolution and modernity from the old obsolete systems. To give the first example, the Black Death plague gave European cities the chance to implement the first sewer systems, bringing a cleaner and healthier environment to the medieval lifestyle. If the disease was affecting cities so much, apart from fighting the disease, our cities needed to be adapted in case the plague could happen again.
这些历史上的创伤性事件，每一件都被认为是从旧的过时体系向进化和现代性的巨大飞跃。举个例子，黑死病让欧洲城市有机会实施第一个下水道系统，为中世纪的生活方式带来了一个更清洁、更健康的环境。疾病对城市的影响如此之大，与疫情作斗争以外，我们的城市同时需要新模式以防疫情再次发生。
Centuries after Black Death, urban sprawl and population growth helped the transmission of Cholera, setting again the need for a new improvement in our collective life condition and reinvention of a new healthier, cleaner, and more open city. ?We owe Cholera and the Black Death the development of the urban sewers systems and water supply in big cities.
黑死病发生几个世纪后，城市扩张和人口增长促进了霍乱的传播，这再次要求人们改善集体生活条件，重新创造一个新的更健康、更清洁、更开放的城市。于是由于人们对霍乱和黑死病的积极防控，大城市的下水道系统和供水系统得以大幅发展。
Cholera Advertisement - Source Wikipedia
霍乱时期的广告海报-来源维基百科
Cities grew more and the population did too. To respond to the new demands of the new city planning, Urban Planning was finally introduced as a discipline in the architecture studies program. New cities were planned under the new discipline and old cities were completely redrawn or adapted to the arrival of new vehicles and new human needs. In this new urban revolution, a new conception of a friendly and pleasant city was predominant, with the first spaces for pedestrians, free spare areas, and the first planned parks within the city.
城市发展得更快，人口增长更快。为了应对新城市规划的新要求，城市规划最终作为一门学科引入建筑研究项目。新城市是在新学科的指导下规划的，而老城市则是完全重新规划或适应新的车辆和新的人类需求。在这次新的城市革命中，一个居住友好城市的新概念占据了主导地位：城市中有了第一个行人空间、免费的空闲区域和第一个规划的公园。
Barcelona Urban Planning 巴塞罗那城市规划图- Ildefonso Cerda
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In the late XIX and the early XX Centuries, the new cities attracted new settlers in the search for new working opportunities that emerged with the Industrial Revolution. The population growth was much quicker than the city’s ability to absorb the new masses and cities became again on the verge to collapse, especially American cities.
Human concentrations, old infrastructures, and obsolete buildings became the breeding ground of a new pandemic.
在19世纪末和20世纪初，新的城市吸引了新的定居者，他们寻找随着工业革命而出现的新的工作机会。人口增长速度远远超过了城市吸收新人口的能力，城市再次处于崩溃的边缘，尤其是美国的城市。而与此同时，人口密集、陈旧的基础设施和陈旧的建筑成为新的流行病的滋生地。
XIX Century New York 十九世纪纽约- Source Curbed NY
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The spread of tuberculosis in the early XX Century gave designers a new chance for cities and architecture modernization.
Tuberculosis spread was particularly was linked with the lack of cleanliness and ventilation in houses, offices, and schools. The disease rapidly extended attacking especially the young population. This new critical situation gave the chance to a new paradigm in architecture and an opportunity to redesign our dwelling spaces,
20世纪初，结核病的传播为城市和建筑现代化提供了新的机遇。结核病的传播与房屋、办公室和学校缺乏清洁和通风有关。这种疾病迅速蔓延，特别是在年轻人中甚是普遍。这一新的情况为建筑领域提供了新的范式，也为重新设计我们的居住空间提供了机会，
The Fight against Tuberculosis 抗击肺结核 (1913) - Source the Guardian
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This moment in modern history has been considered by many authors as the biggest design architecture and design revolution. It gave birth to one of the most avowed architecture schools in the world, the Bauhaus, and the generation of architects that changed the foundations of design.
New design experiments took place in schools, making clear that better ventilation conditions were essential to stop the diseases spread, as well as constant contact with the sun.
在现代历史上，这一刻被许多作家认为是最伟大的建筑设计革命。它催生了世界上最著名的建筑学校之一——包豪斯，以及促成了新一代的建筑师。很多学校在此期间进行了新的设计实验，明确了更好的通风和朝阳条件对阻止疾病传播至关重要。
Open Air School ?露天学校- Source Pinterest
The change of paradigm was a transition from the condition of a brutal to a much more human and friendly space design.
In the past, spaces design had only responded to a simple need for space and an extremely basic functionality without any regard to the living and working conditions of the users.
建筑范例式的变化是从简陋的空间条件到更加人性化和友好的空间设计的过渡。在过去，空间设计只回应了简单的空间需求和极其基本的功能，而没有考虑到用户的生活和工作条件。
Japanese Classroom 日本教室1930 - Source Wikimedia Commons
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In other design fields, new hospitals also emphasized the value of outdoor spaces, contact with the sunlight, and air ventilation. Health buildings like the Paimio Sanatorium became a reference for this new predominance of open spaces as part of the treatments.
在其他设计领域，新医院建筑也强调了室外空间、阳光接触和空气通风的价值的重要性。像帕米奥疗养院这样的公共建筑成为了这种开放空间新优势的参考，作为治疗的一部分。
Paimio Sanatorium - Alvar Aalto 帕米奥疗养院-阿尔瓦·阿尔托
The new generation of designers kept experimenting with new dwelling concepts and a new revolutionary design standard based on functionality and simplicity. Bauhaus architects introduced the new concept of houses as standardized living machines with residual decoration elements and the utility and salubriousness as the milestone design elements.
新一代的设计师不断尝试新的住宅概念设计和基于功能性和简单性的设计标准。包豪斯建筑师引入了新的概念，将房屋作为标准化的生活机器，剩余的装饰元素和实用性和健康性作为里程碑式的设计元素。
Unite d'Habitation Marseille Rooftop ?屋顶单元设计 - Le Corbusier (Source Pinterest)
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With the XX Century new architecture revolution, spaces were no more a barn or a barrack where humans gathered for working or learning, but they also considered the need for light ventilation and spare open spaces for resting and relaxing.
随着二十世纪的新建筑革命，空间不再是人们聚集在一起工作或学习的谷仓或兵营，而是考虑了采光通风的需要，并留出休息和放松的开放空间。
Senegal Rural Hospital塞内加尔农村医院- Manuel Herz
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Hospitals and schools were no more simple corridors giving access to several rooms or classes. Light and openness became the key to space functionality.
Even offices experimented with this new friendly atmosphere character that transformed the crowded cubicle offices into friendly and gentle open spaces that promote not only productivity and efficiency but also creativity and wellbeing.
医院和学校不再是以简单的走廊的形式通往几个房间或教室的空间。光线和开放成为这些建筑空间功能的关键。甚至办公室也尝试了这种新的友好氛围特征，将拥挤的隔间办公室转变为友好、温和的开放空间，不仅促进生产力和效率，还促进创造力和幸福感。
Coworking Space 合作空间- Pin For Cowork
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Design simplicity has also materialized into new ergonomic furniture elements more adapted to the human shape. This new functionally brought also new cleaner and lighter materials for a much healthier and flexible space.
Furniture pieces evolved from the dusty recharged Baroque pieces to a new mass-produced modern and functional element.
简约的设计也体现在更适应人体形状的新的人体工程学家具元素中。这种新的功能也带来了新的清洁和更轻的材料，更健康和灵活的空间；家具也从布满灰尘的巴洛克式家具演变成一种新的大规模生产的现代工具。
Left:?Louis Style Sofa图左: 路 易 风 格 沙 发- Source Pinterest
Right:?Zig Zag Chair ?Zig Zag椅- - Gerrit Rietveld (Bauhaus)
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In this series of 6 articles, we will go through the different history breakthrough moments and how pandemics changed design paradigms.
We will analyze 4 historical moments with a deep impact on the city and architecture, setting up the foundation of the spaces today.
在接下来的6篇文章中，我们将探讨不同的历史关键时刻以及疫情如何改变设计方式。接下来，我们将分析四个对城市和建筑产生深刻影响的历史时刻，为今天的空间设计奠定基础。
Chapter 1: Black Death and the new Sanitary Systems. 第一章: 黑死病和新的卫生系统
Chapter 2: Cholera and the new cities planning. 第二章: 霍乱与新城市规划
Chapter 3: Tuberculosis and the new design simplicity. 第三章: 肺结核和简明设计理念。
Chapter 4: The new International Architecture. 第四章: 新一代的国际建筑
Chapter 5: Furniture and the era of simplicity. 第五章: 家具与极简时代
Chapter 6: Covid-19 and the space’s design to come. 第六章: 新冠疫情和未来空间设计
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