Desalination is Environmental Disaster

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNcMvaKdR4U

The attached video courtesy YouTube presents the Western Cape water crisis emphasizing the need for alternative water sources. Between 2015 and 2018, Cape Town endured a one-in-400 year drought which took the city of around 4.6 million residents to the brink of “day zero,” a point when Cape Town would run out of water.

What saved them was a combination of concerted efforts including public awareness communications, penalties, measuring the available water and distribution, curtailing all water losses, zero tolerance for any misuse/abuse, and above all engineering innovations that included setting up of 2 temporary desalination plants. These plants were prohibitively expensive but essential for survival.

They have undertaken an ambitious step by setting up a permanent desalinization plant at an astronomical financial investment citing this to be the only solution available to meet water shortages particularly in view of the droughts expected to continue. In the clip, their official says- we cannot make rain happen, so conservation, reuse, recycling, and surface plus ground water plus desalinated sea water are the most viable and sustainable options.

Apart from the high microbial load being discharged into the ocean daily, the complexity and toxicity of chemicals that are being disposed into the City’s sewage are imposing a growing chemical pollution risk to the nearshore coastal environment, and thus to the desalination plant’s intake water.

Given the diversity of contaminants shown to be ubiquitously present in the intake water in such close proximity to the marine outfall in Green Point, it is probable that the water recovered from desalination may still be contaminated with traces of complex pollutants after the reverse osmosis process. This probability represents a public health issue. Drinking water supplied by the seawater desalination plants has to be regularly screened for its toxicity. Adequate disinfection and monitoring of the efficacy of tertiary treatment to ensure complete decomposition of harmful pharmaceuticals and other chemicals is essential to ensure that the water supplied to the people is not toxic. Screening for specific compounds is very costly but toxicity tests give rapid results.

Even if most of the compounds were removed by the reverse osmosis (RO) step, they are not destroyed and remain in the brine retentate; returning these compounds in the brine retentate to the sea , only to be filtered indefinitely while toxic compounds build up in marine life, is a futile exercise.

Why is this technology disastrous:

1. Ocean desalination is not efficient. It requires roughly two gallons of ocean water for every one gallon of freshwater produced. This is using the existing water resources, only a purification process. Not an alternative source of water.
2. Water Quality is suspect and possibly a health concern. Brine waste also poses a potential threat to marine life and water quality, as it contains dangerously high concentration of salts and other minerals. Because of its high density and salinity, brine waste can accumulate in and around disposal areas smothering bottom dwelling species and significantly altering coastal ecosystems.
3. A very expensive proposition both during setting up and running. Desalination’s energy-intensive process is expensive and environmentally harmful, making it a costly strategy to bolster water supplies. The average price per acre foot of desalinated water is often 2-4 times more expensive than other water sources.
4. A lot of water wastage happens during treatment. Reuse of this wastewater is not an easy proposition- extremely cost intensive, residual microbes and chemicals likely to affect human and marine health, agriculture and food, environment among others. Desalination surface water intakes are a huge threat to marine life. Mature fish, larvae, and other marine life can be significantly injured or killed when they become trapped or sucked into open water surface intake pipes.
5. Desalination has the potential to increase fossil fuel dependence, increase greenhouse gas emissions, and exacerbate climate change.

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References:

https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/expert-panel-advises-city-of-cape-town-on-permanent-desalination-plans-2023-04-11

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/cape-town-lessons-from-managing-water-scarcity/

https://repository.uwc.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10566/3325/Petrik_Desalination-and-seawater_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

https://healthebay.org/sites/default/files/Desalination%20FAQ%20Sheet_final.pdf