Dark energy is the link between nuclear- and astrophysics
Atomic bonds, gravity and dark energy
– energy balance in atoms
(Bent Rolf Pettersen, 2022)
Gravity, dark energy, dark matter and the accelerating expansion of the universe – these are some of the universe’s greatest mysteries that scientists have so far been unable to explain. We can describe and calculate the phenomena, but why are we unable to explain them? It seems that the subject falls within what can be characterised as a paradigmatic debate. It is not always easy to be aware of when a subject is involved in such debates. It may therefore be helpful to look more closely at what characterises them.
If a problem remains unresolved after decades of intense research in a field, it is reasonable to assume that the research community is not working on the right pieces of the puzzle. They are probably working within a paradigm that does not allow for a solution.
We have so far focused on particles as the cause of gravity and other observations. In order for a particle to have an influential force, it must emit a force caused by an energy. By focusing on this energy rather than searching for a particle, it is possible to find more solutions.
These energies already exist in atoms (matter). We do not then need to search for particles, but focus on how these energies are transferred between atoms and the properties of the atoms.
If houses are going to share energy, it is more efficient to have power cables running between them than to exchange batteries. Nature also chooses the easiest way of exchanging energies. It is then natural to assume that atoms have energy pathways between them for energy exchange, rather than sending batteries (electrons) between them.
This is an alternative conceptual qualitative model of matter that appears to be capable of explaining atomic bonds, gravity and energy balance in atoms. The model also proposes an explanation for dark matter and dark energy. This can bridge the gap between nuclear physics and astrophysics.
Today's theories are based on a model of how the atom is put together that dates back more than 120 years. Theories around energy and gravity could be even older.
By changing the description of the structure of an atom and the behaviour of energies, several existing theories can be brought together in one model.
Energy balance in atoms. Assumptions for this model are:
The force of ilefos tracks is strongest near their source in the neutron, and becomes weaker with distance from the neutron. Here we can use Isaac Newton's law of attraction between bodies with mass:
The formula expresses that the force (F) acting between objects is dependent on the gravitational constant (G) multiplied by the sum of the mass of the two objects (m1 and m2) multiplied by each other, divided by their distance squared.
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The force acting between two objects is thus dependent on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The greater the mass of the object, the stronger the attractive force, while greater distance between the objects creates lower attraction.
The same formula can also be applied to the force of an ilefos track. The mass is the number of plus quarks in an atom. The formula shows that the force of an ilefos track becomes weaker with the distance squared from its source. An ilefos track therefore becomes weaker the further it comes from the source.
When an ilefos track becomes very long, it subsequently becomes very weak and is eventually unable to hold on. It will then dissolve and ilefos release takes place. At the ilefos release, the ilefos tracks disintegrate and become free energy with no connection to its origin (the neutron). Free energy with no connection to its source is dark energy.
Ilefos tracks from different atoms can meet and connect. We then get a ‘permanent’ connection between the atoms that pulls them towards each other.
Ilefos tracks (gravity tracks) are strongest near their source.
1.??????When the tracks connect close to their source, a powerful atomic bond is formed.
2.??????When tracks are connected further out where they are weaker, a weaker link is formed between the atoms. This is gravity.
3.??????When ilefos tracks do not meet other tracks, they eventually become so weak that they dissolve by ilefos release. They then become free energy without contact to a source, which is dark energy.
Ilefos tracks are formed in atoms and universal phenomena such as stars and black holes. In the case of stars and black holes, we do not have the level 1, atomic bonds, stage.
?Illustration: Ilefos track 1 creates a close and powerful connection between atom 1 and atom 2, an atomic bond. Ilefos track 2 meets an external ilefos track further out and forms a weaker link, gravity. Ilefos track 3 does not meet other ilefos tracks and eventually becomes so weak that it dissolves (ilefos release) and becomes free energy in the form of dark energy.
Atoms continuously use much of their energy to emit ilefos tracks (atomic bonds and gravity). Atoms are generally in a state of energy balance. This means that they must receive as much energy as they consume. Atoms therefore continuously receive a stream of energy from dark energy, which is free energy, ensuring that they remain in a state of energy balance.
Ilefos from atoms (and stars) becomes free energy when ilefos tracks dissolve. This energy is recycled as it is transferred back to the atoms.
This forms the basis for an alternative conceptual model of matter and dark energy. If we continue to work on the model, it can also explain dark matter and the accelerating expansion of the universe.