#CRITICAL RACE THEORY EMPRESS OF CONSTANTINOPPART EIGHT

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#CRITICAL RACE THEORY PRESENTS

EMPRESS OF CONSTANTINOPLE A Novel

PART EIGHT

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EMPRESS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

A Novel

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Eugene Stovall

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#HISTORICAL FICTION #WOMENS STUDIES #BLACK STUDIES #VATICAN #ARIANISM #GOTH #VANDAL #THEODORA #JUSTINIAN #HERESY #COPTIC CHRISTIANS #CHRISTIAN FICTION

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EPISODE EIGHTEEN

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Narses met Theodora during her headlong flight from her first husband, Hecebolus, and his Arian general, Aetius. Running away from a cruel Berber chief, Narsas joined the same caravan that helped Theodora escape to Alexandria. Once in Constantinople, while Theodora spun cloth in the Green Party’s brothel, Narsas lived on the Street of Pleasures, doing whatever he could to survive as well as informing Theodora of everything he learned ___ especially about ?the young noble making nightly visits to Theodora’s loft.

“All Constantinople talks of nothing other than Emperor Justin’s nephew and his infatuation with you.”

“Learn everything you can about him.”

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Once Theodora and Justinian begin living together, Narsas keeps her informed about the court gossip ___ especially Empress Euphemia’s antagonism towards her. Narsas warned Theodora that the empress’ plan to have Bishop Silverius shame her in the Hagia Sophia.

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Once Theodora is empress, she has the Imperial Treasury employ Narsas ____? though the Berber is required to become a eunuch by having his sack removed. His position inside the imperial treasury enables Narsas to inform Theodora about Cappadocian John’s intrigues on behalf of Justinian. To limit Narsas access to information, Justinian transfers Narsas to the military. Nevertheless, with Theodora’s assistance, Narsas rises through the ranks, finally taking command of a company of Imperial Guards, composed of eunuchs.

“My guard will defend your throne to the last man,” Narsas promises Theodora emboldening the empress to advise Justinian to stand firm against the rioters.

Though Justinian and Cappadocian John knew Narsas was responsible for establishing. Narsas continued to rise in prestige and status while building Theodora’s personal spy network until Justinian, with the urging of Cappadocian John, appoints him Grand Chamberlain and Master of the Imperial Guard ___ ridding ?Justinian and his Minister of Finance of Theodora’s most effective spy master.

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But when Justinian allows Theodora to resolve religious matters in Alexandria, the empress turns to Narsas to secure Alexandria’s papal throne for the Egyptian bishop, Theodosius, and prevent the Greek clergy from taking over the Christian church.

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“My husband has allowed me to resolve the affairs in Alexandria while he attends to the Italy’s Gothic threat,” Theodora confides to Narsas. “How can I be of service, mi’Lady?” Narsas asks.

“Bishop Theodosius must be secured in the papal chair.” “The Greeks in Alexandria oppose .the appointment of any Egyptian or North African Bishop in that position,” Narsas cautions.

“What have you heard?” “Even when Pope Timothy was alive, Greek clergy, with the support of a group known as the Pythian brotherhood, incited mobs to violence against the Egyptian clergy and the Coptic church.” “What excuse did they use?” “The Greeks claim that African are destroying Christianity by engaging in pagan practices.” “What pagan practices?” “They charge the coptics with conducting services in pagan temples dedicated to Isis and other Egyptian deities.” Narsas says. “They also charge the Egyptian and African clergy with allowing dancing and singing in Christian churches and in public on feast days.”

“The emperor has made it clear that he intends to purge all pagan practices from orthodox Christianity,” Theodora replies.

“Yes I know mi’Lady,” Narsas agrees. “Emperor ?Justinian has already ordered me to close Isis’ temples all over Egypt and arrest Egyptian priests who worship her.”

“When the Egyptian clergy hold their services in pagan temples and worship Isis, they justify the persecutions.”

“The North African and Egyptian clergy merely do as they have always done.” “Which is?” “Conduct the religious ceremonies according to the people’s customs.” “Then you must realize how important it is to keep Bishop Theodosius in the papal chair,” Theodora stresses. “The emperor intends to use Christianity to unify his empire. He will allow the Greeks and Latins, who hate us, to control Christianity, if we don’t prevent their takeover of the papacy.” “That may be difficult, Highness.”

“Why so?” “When Bishop Severus fled Emperor Justin’s persecution of Egyptian clergy in Syria, Bishop Theodosius welcomed him,” Narsas explains.

“The Patriarch of Antioch was an Egyptian bishop?” “Yes Highness,” Narsas responds. “During Bishop Severus’ exile, he and Bishop Theodosius traveled throughout Egypt, visiting churches and monasteries, confirming the Egyptian and North African people in the true, orthodox Christian faith and warning them about the Arian heresy that the Greeks and Latins were adopting.” “What happened?” “Emperor Justin was furious and urged Greek monks, all over Egypt, to attack any clergy and congregations that supported Severus and Theodosius,” Narsas recounts. “Emperor Justin also ordered the convocation of the Council of Chalcedon which excommunicated Bishop Severus.” “What happened then?” “ When orthodox Christians opposed the emperor’s removal of Bishop Severus as Patriarch of Antioch, they protested. But Emperor Justin had two hundred thousand protestors, throughout Syria, Palestine and Egypt, killed.” “What does this have to do with Bishop Theodosius?” “Greek and Latin clergymen never forgave Bishop Theodosius for supporting Bishop Severus ___ and your husband has hated Bishop Theodosius ever since.” “I knew my husband has been unhappy with Theodosius influence over independent churches in Antioch, Syria, and in Egypt.” “These churches also protest the emperor’s support for the Arian heresy.” “Despite the Greek clergy’s antagonism with Bishop Theodosius, our people’s future depends upon his being Pope of Alexandria.” “So it would seem,” Narsas replies. “I have sent messengers to King Al-Harith of Palestine, to Aristomachus, the duke of Egypt and Dioscoros, the Augustal Prefect, instructing them to expect you,” Theodora says. “They are to follow your instructions without question.” “You know, of course, mi’Lady,” Narsas observes, “that Dioscoros, the Patriarch of Alexandria, is a Greek who hates all Egyptian clergy.” Narsas stares at Theodora. “Aristomachus, the Duke of Egypt, is also a Greek and certainly a member of the Pythian Brotherhood.” “What does that mean to me?” Theodora flares. She is not accustomed to Narsas ___ or anyone ___ telling her that something can’t be done. “You are asking Greeks who are committed to taking control of Christianity, to support another Egyptian Pope.”

“Well, my dear, I have every confidence in you.”

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“Welcome my friend.” King Al-Harith addresses General Narsas from the modest dais set in his audience chamber. The king’s black, coldly fierce eyes reflect his annoyance at having to receive an African blacko into his presence.

“Thank you your majesty.” Narsas bows low and rises only when Al-Harith motions his permission.

“You have come on a mission for Her Majesty, Empress Theodora?”

“Yes, Your Majesty. Her Imperial Highness is concerned with what is happening in Alexandria.”

“Ah, yes,” King al-Harith murmurs, drinking from a golden goblet. He offers Narsas no seat, nor refreshment. “The empress says that you, yourself asked the Bishop of Edessa to consecrate Bishop Theodosius, the Patriarch and Pope of Alexandria,” Narsas reminds the Palestinian king. “So I did,” King al-Harith agrees. “But it was upon a request from the emperor, himself.” “Empress Theodora calls upon you to press your petition,” Narsas says. King Al-Harith fought with Justinian’s troops in numerous wars the Byzantines fought against the Persians. When the Samaritans revolted against Justinian, King Al-Harith helped put done the insurrection by selling 20,000 Samaritan children into slavery. “I owe the emperor my loyalty,” Al-Harith declares, “but what happens in Alexandria is not my concern.” Al-Harith might have also added that he was disposed towards the Greeks. “But surely, Your Majesty wishes to see Pope Theodosius safe and order restored?” Narsas says. “Of course,” Al-Harith says. “And I will do as her Imperial Highness wishes.” The Palestinian king knows it is unwise for him to defy Empress Theodora. “If you would supply me with a thousand soldiers to assure Pope Theodosius’ safety, the empress would be grateful,” Narsas says concluding his discussion with the minor Palestinian chieftain.

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Jews fleeing Rome’s destruction of Jerusalem, flocked into Egypt. In Christianity’s earliest days, Mark, Christ’s evangelist, one of the four authors of the Synoptic Gospels, established a community in Alexandria for Christians. Mark’s residence became the home of Christianity and the home of Christianity’s spiritual father. During the festival of Serapis, in AD 48, with Christians, everywhere, recognizing ?Mark as the first Christian bishop as well as the Pope of Alexandria., Roman soldiers broke into his residence and arrested him. The soldiers dragged Mark though the streets until his lifeless body was unrecognizable. Christians constructed St. Mark’s Cathedral over the site of the martyred evangelist’s grave. Until the time of Emperor Justinian, Christians everywhere recognized Mark’s successors as the leaders of Christianity and the Pope of Alexandria. At the gravesite of Mark the Evangelist, Christians constructed Saint Mark's Church, as Christianity’s earliest known cathedral.

Accompanied by Aristomachus, the Duke of Egypt, Narsas enters the grounds of St. Mark’s cathedral and heads over to the Papal Palace. The boulevard in front of St. Mark’s is ominously quiet. Only a few of Aristomachus’ soldiers patrol the street. Narsas posts his imperial guard augmented by King Al-Harith’s cavalry, around the papal compound. Narsas and Duke Aristomachus enter the pope’s residence.

“You cannot enter,” the papal chamberlain remonstrates with the visitors. “His eminence is in an audience with the Augustal Prefect, and His Excellency, the Bishop of Edessa.”

Narsas and Aristomachus brush past the chamberlain and push into the papal audience chamber.

“... there has been another election,” Dioscoros, the Augustal Prefect, is explaining to Bishop Theodosius.

“... another election?” the bishop responds, before turning to look at the intruders. Recognizing Aristomachus, Theodosius asks, “To what do I owe this unexpected visit from the Duke of Egypt?”

“This is General Narsas,” Aristomachus responds. “The Empress Theodora fears for your safety, Your Holiness.”

Dioscoros speaks out. “I was explaining to Bishop Theodosius, that the Severans claim to have elected Bishop Gaianus to succeed Pope Timothy. They intend to enforce their will with violence.” Over the past several months, Alexandria ’s Christian Church has been torn apart not only by the Greek clergy seeking control, but also by ?factions within the Egyptian Coptic community. The most prominent of these factions was led by supporters of Bishop Severus, the exiled Patriarch of Antioch. The Greek bishops and priests, manipulating the passions of Bishop Severus supporters against Bishop Theodosius, split entire congregations of Egyptian Christians into hostile camps that turned violently upon each other. Under the constant prodding of Greek clergy and Byzantine administrators, during the fifth century, Christianity becomes less a spiritual religious movement than a faction-based political ideology.

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“I have brought soldiers from Constantinople and from King Al-Harith protect Your Holiness,” Narsas announces. “With the Duke’s ?garrison, we should be able to withstand any attack from the mob, for the time being, but I fear for your safety.”

“As I was telling His Holiness, before you arrived,” Dioscoros interjects. "the magnates of the city are behind him, but the demes are with Gaianus. And the? demes outnumber the magnates and are planning to take to the streets against Your Excellency.”

“But there is another matter,” Aristomachus blurts out. “My soldiers are dispatched all over the city. Most of them are Arian Goths. I cannot guarantee what side they’ll take in this dispute.” “If they’re Arians,” Narsas observes. “they’ll take the emperor’s side.” “I cannot vouch for the loyalty of any of my soldiers,” Aristomachus repeats. “My soldiers allowed the monks and their Greeks confederates to seize Hypatia from her home and drag her through the streets.” “Why did they commit such an atrocity?” Narsas asks. “The Greeks hated Hypatia because she was a woman and a teacher of philosophy,” Bishop Theodosius sighs. “... she was also healing some of the splits inside the larger Egyptian churches,” Aristomachus interjects. “The Greek clergy also hated her for her writings that often disproved some of the more absurd assertions of the Greek clergy and their bible,” Bishop Theodosius adds.

But even as they discuss the situation, Narsas’ lieutenant bursts into the pope’s audience chamber. “Sir!” he blurts out.

“Yes, soldier,” Narsas replies.

“A mob is forming in the street. They’re attempting to break into the palace. What are your orders?”

“Repel the assault! Protect His Holiness!” ?

A terrible street battle erupts between the imperial troops and their Palestinian allies and a mob of Greek monks and partisans, enhanced by Egyptian and North African partisans of Bishop Severus. The Severans, bitterly opposing Bishop Theodosius’ elevation to the papacy, provide thousands of fighters. The violence ensues for three days, leaving thousands dead and injured residents of Alexandria, Greek and Egyptian. When Aristomachus finally establishes a temporary truce, he banishes Bishop Gaianus and many of his Greek supporters.

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Knowing Theodora’s mind, Narsas decides not to risk Bishop Theodorius’ safety and persuades the prelate to accompany him back to Constantinople. Theodora houses the Pope of Alexandria in the Palace of Hormisdas with her other African exiles.

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“My husband firmly believes all citizens must accept Christianity as their religion,” Theodora tells Pope Theodosius in a private audience in the Hormisdas Palace to welcome Pope Timothy’s successor. “He also believes in a unitary Christian orthodoxy and will brook no heresies.”

“Ah, mi’Lady that must make matters extremely difficult for you,” Theodosius replies. The bishop appears uncomfortable amid the palace’s Byzantine splendor.

“The emperor wants his policy for a Christian orthodoxy implemented by a sovereign authority,” Theodora continues. “I need for you to implement this Christian orthodoxy.” “Is this why the emperor undermined my consecration,” the Egyptian cleric asks. “I am afraid so,” Theodora responds. “So much misery and bloodshed to create a religious orthodoxy,” the bishop murmurs. “That and much more, I am afraid,” Theodora sighs. “He should have told me of his concerns,” Theodosius says, shaking his head. “We could have come to an accommodation.” “Justinian doesn’t accommodate,” Theodora replies. “He dictates, as you must.” “How can your husband believe in Christianity and behave as viciously as any barbarian despot.”

“My husband rules an empire populated by barbarians intent on destroying civilization. If the Asiatic populations ___ Persians. Syrians. Palestinians, Arabs ___ sense any weakness in the empire, they will attack without mercy. Justinian’s ministers are corrupt and avaricious; they do only what serves their material or survival interests. The wealthy, indolent patrician class, the Latins and Greeks who rely upon military force to maintain their power, watch my husband’s every move. With one mistake or the least sign of weakness, they will topple him from his throne.”

“If he were to rule according to Christ’s laws, he wouldn’t fear losing his throne.” “If he were to rule as the Greek and Latin clergy who are as power hungry and evil as any barbarian despot, he would behave no differently than he does now.” Theodora stares at the Coptic bishop whose life she has saved and now wonders why.

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After her disappointing visit with Pope Timothy’s successor, Theodora seeks consolation from Narsas and Saffyya.?

“My husband is waging a war on all Christians who the Greek clergy oppose,” Theodora confides, “and this Bishop Theodosius hasn’t the sense to appreciate what is at stake.”

?“The emperor is merely continuing the persecutions that his uncle, Emperor Justin, initiated,” Narsas comments. “But I am trying to end the persecutions,” Theodora says, “And I need Theodosius assistance.” “Bishop Theodosius puts his faith in what the clergy has believed for centuries,” Narsas says. “Which is?” “Good Christians make good martyrs,” Narsas says. Theodora glances over at her loyal retainer. “This why the Blessed Donatus Magnus said that when the emperor took control of the Church, the people would enjoy only misery,” Saffyya comments.

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Episode Nineteen

Cappadocian John travels to the Italian boot where he meets with the coalition Goth chieftains plotting to make Theodahad king of the Goths. John then meets with Queen Amalasuntha, to assure her that, if she recognizes Theodahad as the King of the Goths and Theodoric’s successor, she and her son would enjoy Justinian’s protection. Queen Amalasuntha agrees to the ten-year old heir Athalaric’s abdication. Nevertheless, though neither she or Athalaric are no threat, Cappadocian John convinces King Theodahad to arrest and, murder Queen Amalasuntha and her son. John convinces the Goth king that Justinian will not risk another conflict over the death of a woman and a ten-year old child, so soon after his war with the Vandal Kingdom. When John returns to Constantinople, he is able to report his success to the grand master of the Pythia Brotherhood.? ?

To placate Justinian’s anger over the assassination of Queen Amalasuntha and her son, Theodahad sends Agapetus, the Bishop of Rome and the leader of the Latin Christian church, ?to Constantinople. In return for overlooking the events in Italy, Bishop Agapetus promises to assist the Greek clergy establish a single orthodox Christian church over the entire empire.

?Though Agapetus, the son of a Catholic priest, is Bishop of Rome less than a year, he is extremely ambitious ___ but his ambition causes Bishop Agapetus to make errors in judgement. Bishop Agapetus excommunicates the Arian priests in Carthage including the head of the Arian Church, Bishop Raptus. He then removes the Egyptian Bishop, Anthimus, from his post of Patriarch of Antioch. Theodora had personally selected Bishop Anthimus to lead Syria’s Christian community. With his two injudicious acts, Bishop Agapetus antagonizes both the Emperor and Empress of Constantinople. Cappadocian John urges King Theodahad to select Bishop Agapetus to lead the delegation that will negotiate a truce with Justinian. After his arrival in Constantinople, the ambitious bishop is poisoned and Empress Theodora opens discussions with an equally ambitious member of Bishop Agapetus’ delegation, Archdeacon Vigilius.

?“What do you think of King Theodahad’s murder of our friend, Queen Amalasuntha and her son, Athalaric?” Theodora asks the priest. “I was as shocked as was your majesty when I learned of their tragic deaths, your Imperial Highness,” Vigilius responds. “Then how is it that you find yourself a member of the delegation that Theodahad hopes will convince the emperor to overlook his crimes?” “If you are asking if I support the establishment of a Gothic Kingdom in Italy, I do not,” Vigilius replies. “Why should I believe you?” “My brother, Reparatus, was one of the Roman senators who the Gothic chieftain, Vitigis, took to Ravenna as a hostage. My brother escaped Ravenna just before Vitigis ordered the senate hostages executed.”

Justinian and Theodora now compare notes. “Well my dear, now that Agapetus is dead, you can choose the next Bishop of Rome,” Theodora smiles at Justinian. “Maybe he will be someone who understands your needs and will guide the Christian Church in a direction that will please you.”

Justinian casts a sidelong glance at his wife as the imperial couple dine after attending mass at the Church of the Holy Apostles. The Hagia Sophia, severely damage during the Nika riots, is still undergoing reconstruction. Theodora knows Justinian plans for Arians to control the church and unify his army under the leadership of Arian Goths. But Theodora plans to control the Bishop of Rome and keep Bishop Theodosius, Pope of Alexandria and head of the Christian Church. But today Justinian doesn’t want religious differences to spoil their midday meal nor their marriage.

“I’ll be satisfied if the new Bishop of Rome sees the world as the emperor of Constantinople sees it,” Justinian remarks. ? “You need a Bishop of Rome to support your suppression of Theodahad and his Goths.” “Exactly,” Justinian says. “I cannot have these Goths running wild in the western empire.” “You also promised to protect Amalasuntha,” Theodora reminds her husband. “The Emperor of Constantinople cannot be known for not keeping his word.” “The Goths need to be brought under control for a number of reasons,” Justinian observes. “You need support from the Pope of Alexandria for that to happen,” Theodora argues. “Now is not the time to allow Greek fanatics to take control.” ? “I am happy that you have chosen Vigilius the new Bishop of Rome, my dear,” Justinian smiles. “He seems less likely to bring any baggage to the office.” Justinian knows that Theodora has exacted a commitment from Vigilius’ to the Egyptian and North African clergy and to remain loyal to the Pope of Alexandria. “Just as long as he resides in Rome and not Ravenna.” “Vigilius will not meddle in affairs of the empire and countermand our wishes for a Patriarch for our people as did that arrogant Agapetus.” “Well,” Justinian laughs, “Agapetus certainly won’t be doing any more meddling.” “We need someone sensitive to your needs,” Theodora asserts. “But will the other patriarchs and bishops listen to this Virgilius?” Justinian asks. “I have no doubt that they will follow his lead,” Theodora laughs, “as long as they know the emperor supports him.” “Especially since you have provided him with 700 pounds of gold to impress the others.”

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Though Justinian consults with his high council and listens to their arguments, the emperor orders an invasion of the Gothic Kingdom. Once again, Justinian chooses Belisarius to avenge the murders of Amalasuntha and her son. However, Justinian gives his general an army one third the size of the one that he took to North Africa, to face a Goth army twice the size of the Vandals.

Justinian learned how to get what he wants from his uncle and uses corrupt, untrustworthy and treacherous officials, like Cappadocian John and Marcellinus Comes, to implement changes in his policies. Justinian believes the people fear and obey evil men with their own agendas, acting on the emperor’s authority far quicker than good and just administrators. Evil men, like his ministers, either implement the emperor’s policies or suffer the consequences. Like his uncle, Justinian, himself, is devious and untrustworthy. He favors intrigue and deception to get what he wants. Sometimes, Justinian is frank and honest with Theodora. At other times, he manipulates his wife. Justinian needs to handle the Egyptian Christians to guarantee the uninterrupted flow of African wheat, grain and other produce into Constantinople. However, Theodora is the last person Justinian can trust. She hardly ever listens to him and never helps him attain his goals over her own. Theodora ?undermines and opposes Justinian whenever it suits her ___ especially when it comes to religious matters. But all this means is that his wife is as easily manipulated as Cappadocian John or Marcellinus Comes. Pope Theodosius and the hierarchy of the Coptic Christian Church trust Theodora because she supports the Egyptian bishops, Severus of Antioch and Anthimus of Constantinople. Justinian intends to purge Egyptians and North African clergy despite Theodora’s opposition. On the other hand, Justinian supports her ?plan to appoint the ambitious deacon, Vigilius, Bishop of Rome.

Episode Twenty

When Belisarius embarks on his invasion of Italy, he faces an experienced, battle-hardened army led by veteran Gothic chieftains. But Justinian replaces Archelaus, Belisarius’ incomparable supply and logistics officer with Narsas who serves both as Belisarius’ adjutant and second in command. Resentment in the general staff against the African ___ reflected by Belisarius’ own attitude ___ impairs Narses’s authority and causes insubordination among the army’s junior officers. Belisarius is forced to rely more heavily on his other staff aides from the Vandal campaign, Constantinius and Procopius, for planning and augmentation. And Antonina still bore a grudge against Constantinius for his comments regarding her affair with Belisarius’ step-son. On the other hand, Belisarius is grateful to have the services of Prince Raüs leading a company of Vandals and his brother, Bishop Raptus, accompanied by a contingent of Circumcellion warrior monks whose services were invaluable against Gelimer. Despite the obstacles, the Byzantine army advances rapidly through Sicily and up the Italian ‘boot’ to Naples. Unrestrained by any concerns for the population, Belisarius permits his troops to plunder Naples, at will. Afterward sacking Naples, Belisarius plans his assault on Rome.

Hearing of Naples’ fate, King Theodahad sends a messenger requesting an audience with Belisarius. “Noble excellency,” a mud splattered courier addresses the Byzantine general from his knees. “I carry a letter from King Theodahad who wishes to arrange for a truce.” Taking the proffered letter from the Goth courier and breaking the seal, Belisarius breaks into a hearty laugh. Then turning to his staff, he says aloud, “This Theodahad is an idiot.” “How so, mi’Lord?” Procopius asks. “His letter is filled with gibberish about elephants and other nonsensical statements,” Belisarius says. “He is no more fit to negotiate with me than he is able to rule a kingdom.” Belisarius turns to address Theodahad’s messenger who remains on his knees. The general’s humor turns to anger. “Tell this fool, who is fit only to murder women and children, that I will not meet with him, but I will see his head on a pike.” The messenger’s face turns ashen as he backs out of Belisarius’ tent. Stumbling back to his horse and Theodahad’s courier races away as quickly as the exhausted animal can go. “Now I am convinced,” Belisarius boasts. “Against a fool like this Theodahad, I can take Rome.”

But when the messenger reports back to Theodahad, the king of the Goths boasts to Vitiges, the Prefect of Rome, “Let him break his teeth on Naples; afterwards we will fill his mouth with mud.” “But sir,” Vitiges replies, “the patricians and landowners in the Roman Senate could make use of this Byzantine invasion to call for a revolt against us.”? “They wouldn’t dare,” King Theodahad replies, dismissing his prefect. “Don’t they trust me to protect them?”

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“Sir,” one of the commanders of Rome’s garrison says, approaching Vitiges, in secret. “Yes, commander.” Vitiges had vied against Theodahad for leadership over the Goths. He, too, believed Theodahad was a fool, but Vitiges was an Ostrogoth and not held in as high esteem as Theodahad, a Visigoth. But when Theodahad executed Queen Amalasuntha and her son, Athalaric, many, Visigoth and Ostrogoth, believed ?making Theodahad their king was a mistake.? “The senate fears that Rome will share Naples’ fate, if the people rise up and join the Byzantines,” the Gothic commander tells Vitiges. “I told the other chieftains that Theodahad was a fool,” Vitiges replies. “Many in the senate, after learning of the king’s rant about elephants,” the commander confides, “plan to welcome Belisarius into Rome as Emperor Justinian’s ambassador and has petitioned Bishop Silverius, who’s been the Bishop of Rome since Bishop Agapetus’ departure, to intercede with the Byzantine general on their behalf.” “Will they now?” Vitiges remarks. “And this fool Theodahad daydreams about elephants.” “If you take action, your garrison will follow your orders, general,” the garrison commander tells Vitiges. “Then cut Theodahad’s throat and bring me Bishop Silverius,” Vitiges orders. ?“What are your plans, General?” “We will send Bishop Silverius and allow the Byzantines to enter Rome without hindrance ___ but they will never leave, alive.”

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Belisarius uses the Appian Way for his march on Rome. To his surprise, all along his march, the Italian populace gives his army a tumultuous welcome. “They must be happy that we are not treating their farms and villas as we treated Naples,” Belisarius comments to Constantinius. “Tell my officers their men are not allowed to rape or pillage these people.” “Yes, General,” Constantinius responds.

When Belisarius reaches the outskirts of Rome, it is greeted by a procession of Roman and Gothic dignitaries, led by Christian priests sent by Bishop Silverius. The Romans shower the Byzantine soldiers with food and wine and gifts of gold and silver. Entering Rome through the Appian Gate, Belisarius, his general staff and personal guard is greeted by Bishop Silverius, representatives of the Roman senate and the populace of Rome.?

“We meet again, your Excellency,” Belisarius greets Bishop Silverius with Antonina by his side. “We have met before, my son?” Silverius asks with his usual arrogance. The bishop is draped in a golden robe with silk undergarments and wears a great golden mitre over a velvet skullcap on his bald head. Jeweled rings adorn each of his fingers and a golden necklace encrusted with precious stones encircles his fat, pudgy neck. On his feet, the bishop wears satin slippers, protected from the ground by a pillow place by a priest. “Yes,” Belisarius smiles. “I was at the Hagia Sophia when you criticized the Empress Theodora as well as my wife, here, the Lady Antonina.” Bishop Silverius’ eyes dart towards Antonina whose coy smile betrays nothing of her hate for Rome’s acting bishop. “Your wife, my son.” Silverius replies trying to restrain his twitching eye and the fear that clutches at his innards. “Yes, Excellency, his wife,” Antonina sneers. Turning to her husband, Antonina snickers, “He wears more jewels than Theodora and her ladies combined.” “If your Excellency pleases,” Silverius intones, as if delivering a homily, “I am pleased to offer you and your men free passage into Rome.” “And what are your terms?” “Please allow the Roman garrison to depart by the Flaminian Gate and you may march your troops unhindered through the Asinarian Gate.” “To whom do I owe this honor?” Belisarius asks. “The Roman Senate invites you to take possession of Rome,” Bishop Silverius intones.

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“Well my dear, how do you like the world’s greatest city?” ?Belisarius asks Antonina. Having bivouacked his troops at gates around Rome and sealed off the others, Belisarius takes possession of a palace on the Pincian Hill. “Like Constantinople, it has a wide array of monuments, temples and public buildings,” Antonina observes, “but on the whole I find Rome rather inferior to both Constantinople and Carthage.” “Why so, dear wife?” “Because the climate is so hot and muggy and everywhere in this city, I am assaulted by the most nauseous smells.” “Ah yes both Constantinople and Carthage are cooled by the sea and the winds blow away the smells of civilization.” “But what makes our stay in Rome so intolerable,” Antonina says, “is that it appears that these Goths have outwitted you.”

Indeed, Vitiges, after deposing Theobahad and seizing control of Rome, outfoxes Belisarius. Withdrawing the garrison, Vitiges uses the twenty thousand Goths to put the Byzantines under siege, preventing grain, meat and any other foodstuff from entering Rome, ?though he allows water from the aqueduct to maintain Rome’s water supply. For months, Vitiges tries to starve the Byzantines into submission.?

“I would not be surprised to learn that Bishop Silverius planned this siege,” Narsas comments. “I agree,” Procopius says. “Every day since the siege began, I observe Romans streaming out of the city, unhindered by the Goths manning the gates.” “Whoever planned it,” Constantinius says, “it was cleverly done. Keep us in Rome and allow the citizens to escape.” “Possibly you should leave, as well,” Belisarius tells Antonina, “and return to Constantinople.” Belisarius notices the pallor of her face, wan from a lack of food, noting the impact of the siege on Antonina and others. ?“No dear husband I will remain with you,” Antonina says. “Besides this enforced fast is good for my figure.” “If Silverius’ plan is to allow citizens to escape,” Procopius observes, “he may have outsmarted himself.” “How is that?” Belisarius asks. “This messenger just arrived today,” Procopius says, indicating a figure in monk’s garb entering the staff room. “What is it?” Belisarius asks. “The Lord Archelaus says that the emperor is aware of your plight, commander,” the messenger says. “He is sending re-enforcements and supplies.” “How soon?” Belisarius asks. “They departed before I left Constantinople and should arrive in Ostia within the week,” the messenger replies. “the empress gave me a message for you as well, mi’Lady.” “What is it?”? Antonina asks. “The Empress Theodora bids me to tell you to find a way to depose Bishop Silverius or else send him to Constantinople.” “I knew it!” Antonina exclaims. “I knew he was behind it all.” Staring at the monk. Antonina asks, “And who are you?” “I am Vigilius,” the monk replies. “Empress Theodora has chosen me to replace Silverius as Bishop of Rome.” “What are your credentials?” Belisarius asks. “Emperor Justinian sent me,” Vigilius responds. “I am a member of one of Rome’s leading families. My father was a consul and a Roman senator. My father’s brother, Reparatus, was also a senator, before being taken hostage by the Goths.”

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With his recognition of Christianity as a state religion, Emperor Constantine made the Lateran Palace the residence of the Bishop of Rome as a reward for condemning Bishop Donatus a heretic. The Bishop of Carthage declared that the Emperor of Rome had no authority over church affairs or its clergy. Bishop Donatus also said that the Christian Church should not involve itself in the affairs of the state. The Lateran palace occupying Rome’s Caelian Hill on the estate of Rome’s wealthy Lateran family. But this enormous palace did not satisfy insatiable appetite for wealth and power typical of the bishops of Rome. Bishop, Symmachus seizes the land on the west bank of the Tiber River known as Ager Vaticanus, Vatican Hill, and builds a magnificent palace near the recently constructed St. Peter’s Basilica. Collectively, the Apostolic Palace, the Basilica of St Peters and the surrounding lands on Vatican Hill become known as the Vatican ?___ owned by the Bishop of Rome and the Rome’s Christian Church later renamed the Roman Catholic Church. As an alternative to the Lateran Palace, the Vatican was meant to impose the Roman Catholic Church’s power and authority over its Christian empire.

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Vatican guards shepherd Raptus into Bishop Silverius’ audience room in the Apostolic palace. “Your Excellency,” Raptus says bowing low. “My son,” Bishop Silverius addresses the Arian clergyman, “your brothers have told me to expect you.” “The Pythian Brothers of the Caucasus?” Raptus asks. “The very same,” Silverius replies. “They tell me that I can depend upon you to assist the Church and its leadership.” “Yes Excellency,” Raptus mumbles. wondering just how much Silverius knows about Raüs’ dealings with Justinian and Theodora. “I understand that Belisarius removed you as Bishop of Carthage when he overthrew the Vandal kingdom,” Silverius says. “Is that so? ” “Yes, Excellency,” Raptus replies. “I imagine that you want to avenge yourself on those who cast you from your home and led you to Constantinople in chains.” “How can I serve your Excellency?” Raptus asks, eager to learn what the prelate wants of him. “After the Pythan Brotherhood destroys the African Christian Church in Egypt, the so-called Coptics,” Silverius smiles, “and they remove the Pope from Alexandria, I intend to institute an Arian Roman Catholic Church and a Papacy of Rome.” Raptus remains silent, not knowing what to say. Alexandria has been the center of Christianity since Jesus Christ, himself, sent Mark, to Africa. Mark the Evangelist, born in Libya, poured the water that Jesus turned into wine at the wedding feast at Cana. Christ’s disciples gathered in Mark’s home for news of the resurrected Christ and, on Pentecost Sunday, all Christ’s disciples gathered at Mark’s home in Alexandria for a glorious celebration ?___ after which began the dispersal or the diaspora, when Christ sent Mark and seventy other disciples to preach his Word throughout the world.

Christ specifically directed Mark to establish the first Christian community outside Jerusalem in Alexandria. From the time of Christ’s ascension, orthodox Christians thought holds Mark as the head of the Christian Church and calls his successors, the Pope of Alexandria, and making St. Mark’s Cathedral in Alexandria, the Papal See. Like all Christians when Raptus looks to the capital of Christianity, he turns to Alexandria, What Silverius proposes, even to an Arian Christian, is beyond heresy ___ it is a complete betrayal of Jesus Christ’s teachings, more heretical than the Nestorians who deny the virginity of Mary or the Manicheans who deny the authenticity of the Old Testament. “I expect you to prepare your Vandals and those wandering monks that you brought from Africa,” Silverius continues, “to serve our interests when the time comes.”

Silverius’ plan to radically transform Christianity dumbfounds Raptus. Ironically, Raptus tells himself, Silverius’ Christianity, this Arian Roman Catholic Church, excludes Christ’s name altogether. It’s probably Raüs better that way, since the Blessed Savior would never want His name associated with something so foul and treacherous.

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Belisarius occupies Sylla’s well-fortified and easily defended palace, on the northeast corner of Pincian Hill. Inside, after learning of the arrival of supplies and re-enforcements, Belisarius and his staff hold a war council. “The emperor expects us to break this siege,” Belisarius announces. “ Prince Raüs, what have your spies reported?” “Vitiges plans to keep us bottled inside Rome until Goths from all over Italy assemble here outside Rome,” Raüs reports. “How many will that be?” Constantinius asks. “He expects to have an army of 100,000 soldiers.” “Then we need to break out before they get here,” Constantinius mutters. “Yes,” Belisarius agrees. “And to prepare for our breakout, we have learned the Goths signs, countersigns and passwords. Is that not correct Raüs?” “Yes mi’Lord,” Raüs replies. “The Goths allow Roman citizens to pass through the gates unhindered. No one else is allowed to pass without knowing the password for each of the gates.” “So this is what we shall do,” Belisarius explains. “Raüs will smuggle his Vandals through the gates and down to Ostia where the emperor’s re-enforcements and supplies await,” “How do you intend to get the supplies back to Rome?” Procopius asks. Ignoring the question, Belisarius turns to Antonina. “I want to go with Raüs as far as Naples, away from the danger.” “What am I to do in Naples, my husband?” “You can wait for me there,” he says, “... or return to Constantinople.” “But ...,”Antonina begins. “Obey me in this matter,” Belisarius snaps. Then the general turns to Procopius. “Accompany the Lady Antonina to Naples, with Raüs and his Vandals. Do you understand?” “Yes, Excellency.” “Prince Raüs, I want your brother and your band of warrior monks to accompany you.” “Yes, Excellency.” “Good!” Belisarius says. “Now bring me Vigilius and that schemer, the soon-to-be former Bishop of Rome, Silverius.”

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?“Tell us, Lord Bishop,” Antonina asks Silverius as he enters the council room of Belisarius’ Pincian Hill palace, “what have we done for you to betray us to the Goths.” But even before Silverius can reply, Belisarius directs his aid to begin stripping the former Bishop of Rome, removing the golden mitre from Silverius’ head and his Pallium from around his neck. “I have betrayed no one,” Silverius protests. “Are you not plotting against her Imperial Highness,” Antonina asks. But even as Silverius mumbles a weak reply, Belisarius’ aide continues removing the bishop’s ornaments ___ his golden and jeweled necklaces, amulets, medallions and rings. The bishop’s vestments, clothing, slippers and even underclothing are removed until he stands naked before Belisarius’ officers and Antonina who smirks at his nakedness. “Give him a monk's robe and take him away!” Belisarius orders. A subdeacon hurries forward and drapes a drab hooded cloak across Silverius’ bare shoulders. Silverius blushes with shame and embarrassment as the Byzantines snicker. Silverius is taken to Palmarola, one of the Pontine Islands, located in the Mediterranean, 600 miles east of Sicily. Within a month of his exile, Silverius starves to death. Inhabitants of the islands develop a cult around the deposed Bishop of Rome and the Catholic Church declares him a saint. Once Silverius is led away, Belisarius confers upon Vigilius, the title of ?Bishop of Rome. “Now Excellency,” Antonina tells the newly consecrated bishop, “Empress Theodora wishes you to sign this document pledging your support to Theodosius, the Pope of Alexandria and the head of the Christian Church. It also pledges you to support Egyptian and North African clergy as well.”

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Episode Twenty-one

Vandals and Circumcellion warrior monks, led by Raüs and Raptus, sneak out of Rome and escort Antonina to Naples where she takes up residence in the imperial residence ___ last occupied by Emperor Romulus Augustulus who the Goths chased from Rome.?

“Where are the supplies and re-enforcements?” Antonina asks Procopius who along with Constantinius also has broken out. “They should have been in Naples by now.” “Martinus and Trajan have returned from Ostia with an estimate of what it will take to transport the food and replacements to Rome, Your Ladyship,” Procopius reports. Martinus and Trajan are the officers who brought the supplies and re-enforcements to Italy. “But the men and supplies are still in Ostia.”

Though his secretarial skills are impressive, Procopius is no Archelaus. He is incapable of delivering Belisarius’ supplies and reenforcements in Ostia to Rome. Though Procopius resents taking orders from Antonia, he knows his limitations and is content to allow Antonina to supervise the relief effort, and take the blame, if it should fail.

“Bring Martinus and Trajan to me,” Antonina orders Procopius. “Yes, your Ladyship.” “I have fifty river boats,” she informs the Byzantine officers when they arrive at Antonina’s headquarters. “How many trips will it take to deliver my husband’s supplies to Rome?” “Two ___ possibly three, Your Ladyship,” Trajan says. “But,” Martinus blurts out, “there is no guarantee that all or, indeed, any of the boats will complete the journey undamaged.” “Why not?” “Oxen, on shore, pull supply boats up the Tiber to Rome,” Trajan explains. “The Goths will never let us to use the Tiber road to break their siege and bring supplies to Rome.” “Besides which,” Martinus explains, “the ocean voyage from Constantinople has rendered our oxen unfit for heavy labor. ?It will take weeks before they are sufficiently rested to haul supply boats up the Tiber River.” “You may be correct, ” Antonina replies, “but my husband knows these things. His plan must have included not only bypassing the Goths, but also hauling the supplies and men from Ostia to Rome, mustn’t it?” “Like many of the general’s plans,” Procopius snickers, “it was always up to Archelaus to devise a way to carry them out.” “But Archelaus is not here,” Antonina snaps. “You are here.” The three Byzantine officers nod glumly. “That means that we, in this room, you three, are responsible for making certain my husband gets what he needs to lift the siege and defeat the Goths. What do you suggest?” The Byzantines stare into space and shuffle their feet, but none suggests any way of safely and swiftly delivering Belisarius’ replacements and supplies to Rome. After a while Antonina tires of the lack of response. “Let’s take the river boats to Ostia,” she announces, “and load the supplies, there. Then we will solve the problem of bypassing the Goths and getting my husband’s supplies and men to Rome.”

At Ostia, Antonia, again, takes charge, issuing orders, as if she had made a career of managing military operations. “Collect five hundred men from the Vandals and the Circumcellions,” she directs Raüs. “Have them load the grain and the other foodstuffs on the river boats. I want all the food loaded for delivery on the first trip, do you understand?” “Yes, your Ladyship,” Raüs responds. He has no problem taking orders from a woman. When they are alone, Saffyya orders Raüs around, all the time. Turning to Trajan, Antonina says, “You are responsible for the animals ___ oxen and horses.” “Yes your Ladyship,” Trajan replies. “But they need rest and feed.” “Well they can’t stay here,” Antonina says. “Have someone lead them to a place where they can pasture and rest.” “On our way from Rome, we passed through a valley with suitable pasture,” Raüs remarks. “Where was that, Raptus?” “Campania.” ?Antonina looks over to Procopius. “Give Trajan enough men to take the oxen to Campania.” “Yes, your Ladyship.” “Take the animals up to Campania,” Antonina instructs Trajan. “And you are not to lose a single one, do you understand?” “Yes your Ladyship.” “In two weeks, I want healthy animals delivered to Rome.” “I can take the animals to Campania, but I will need men not only to herd them, but to protect them, if the Goths attack,” Trajan explains. “Was cavalry included with reinforcements?” Antonina asks Procopius. “Yes, Ladyship.’ “Take the cavalry re-enforcements,” Antonina instructs Trajan. “They can care for their own horses while protecting the herd.”

Inspired by Antonina’s energy and enthusiasm, the Byzantines perform their tasks with a new confidence in the outcome of their mission.?

?“I want all the archers assigned to the riverboats,” Antonina tells Procopius. “Once you assign the archers their positions s, organize the remaining re-enforcements and begin marching them to Rome over the Tiber River road.” She stares at Procopius. “How soon will they arrive?” “Two weeks,” Procopius replies. “I want them in Rome in a week ___ and I want them to clear the Tiber River road of Goths!” “Mi’Lady,” Procopius reports, “our spies report Goth soldiers stationed all along the Tiber River road, from Ostia to Rome.” “Are they stationed on both sides of the Tiber river?” “No mi’Lady, but only one side of the Tiber River road is passable.” “What about the opposite side?” Antonina asks. “The road on the opposite side of the river, mi’Lady, is very narrow and in many places impassable.” “Start working on that road,” Antonina orders. “But your Ladyship, it will take months to make it wide enough for oxen to pass.” “I don’t want it widened for oxen,” Antonina replies. “I just want it wide enough for soldiers to get to Rome.”

For the next week, Antonia drives Procopius and the other Byzantine officers mercilessly. Procopius supervises the loading of all the grain onto the riverboats. But Trajan is correct, the oxen appear half dead. It takes a superhuman effort to drive them to open pasture. The cavalry horses, from the voyage, are in better shape, but still need to recuperate and feed.

Once the riverboats are loaded with grain and food supplies, Antonina orders wooden planks erected to protect the archers and boatmen and outfits them with sails and oars. Then with the arrival of favoring winds, Antonina orders her riverboats to set sail for Rome with the reinforcements following along the Tiber river’s opposite shore.

At first, with the Tiber river following a straight course from Ostia, the sailing is smooth.? But then the Tiber begins to twist and turn as the wind whips the? current in every direction. Sailing becomes difficult in some places and impossible in others. But when she sees that her boats can progress no further under sail, Antonina orders the boatmen and archers to man the oars.

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From their camps along the Tiber and outside Rome, Goths begin noticing the unusual sight of riverboats moving upriver without the use of oxen, admiring the Byzantine effort from a distance. Reports of the Byzantines relief force, heading for Rome are sent to Vitiges. Despite the news, Vitiges sticks to his plan to assemble disparate Gothic tribes from all over Italy to assemble at the gates of Rome and drive the Byzantines out of Rome and from Italy. Vitiges knows his siege has had its effect. Rome’s streets are desolate, occupied only by skeletons of what remains of Belisarius’ army. His Goths could have retaken Rome with ease. “Why does Vitiges delay attacking us?” Belisarius asks his council of advisors. ?“Vitiges is in no hurry to attack Rome,” Presidius, a patrician and senator replies. “Why not?” “He’s more afraid that the Italians who have deserted Rome will support your Byzantine army if the Goths attack. What Vitiges really wants is for you to surrender, so he can claim the loyalty of all the various Gothic tribes ___ Ostrogoths and Visigoths.” “That can’t be the only reason, Vitiges hasn’t attacked,” Belisarius reasons. “Anyone can see how weak we are. Vitiges already has enough men to overwhelm us.” “You are correct, mi’Lord,” Presidius agrees. “But a ?number of Gothic chieftains are vying with Vitiges for leadership who also ?see how weak is the Byzantine army. Vitiges is afraid that once he attacks you, his rivals will turn on him. And no one can predict the outcome of a civil war between the Visigoths and Ostrogoths.” “So if we hold out,” Belisarius muses, “we might succeed in defeating them.”

It is a sunny day with a balmy wind blowing gently from the Tiber, when, to the amazement of the Goths besieging Rome and the Byzantine troops starving inside, river boats filled to the gunwales with foodstuffs and grain appear at the mouth of the Tiber and begin finding their way to Rome’s docks. Weak from hunger, Belisarius’ men, along with what remains of Rome’s populace, raising hoarse cheers and feeble shouts, stumble down to the docks, to welcome the much-needed supplies. ?Amid cheers and grateful prayers, Belisarius is the first to greet boatmen mooring their vessels and unloading the grain, wheat and other foodstuffs. Expecting to welcome his loyal secretary, Procopius, for his herculean effort, ?Belisarius is astounded to see sailors gently swing a lift over the side of the lead riverboat and lower his wife, clad in garb of boatman, to the dock.

“We made it back to you, mi’Lord,” Antonina smiles. All around her, rough men, sailors, archers and dock workers gaze at the woman who organized their rescue with respect and deference. “Welcome back, my dear wife,” Belisarius says enfolding Antonina in a fond embrace. “But why did you brave such dangers to return to me.” “My place is always been with my husband,” Antonina replies. “Then come, my dear,” Belisarius says. “You are exhausted. I will have your bath drawn and a meal prepared.” “Right now, dear husband,” Antonina sighs, “I just want to withdraw to my bedchamber and sleep for a month.”

And while Antonina sleeps for the next three days, riverboats, arriving at Rome’s docks, disgorge their supplies and foodstuffs. After the third day, Raüs, accompanied by Vandals and the warrior monks, leads Justinian’s re-enforcements into Rome through Aurelian Wall at the Latin Gate under the gaze of the befuddled Goths. Two weeks later, Trajan’s cavalry leads teams of oxen, rejuvenated from their pasturing in Campania, into Rome. His army well supplied and eager for battle, Belisarius separates his command into two armies. He leads one and Narsas leads the other. Sallying forth from Rome, the Byzantines defeat the Goths in separate battles, separately defeating a number of Gothic chieftains, including Vitiges. ?

Nevertheless, Belisarius does not defeat the Gothic kingdom and separate Gothic tribes remain everywhere in Italy, occupying every village, town and every city. Justinian recalls Belisarius to Constantinople before he can defeat the Goths completely leaving a depopulated city under the control of Vigilius, the Bishop of Rome. Justinian directs Narses to finish the Gothic war. But the Negro cannot control the insubordinate, bickering Byzantine officers. And Justinian’s war against the Goths rages inconclusively inside Italy and throughout the western empire for another twelve years. Justinian is content that Theodora no longer enjoys Narsas’ faithful service, nor recommends another triumphal procession for Belisarius.

To Be Continued ...

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Copyright ? Eugene Stovall (2024)

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