COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19)-Part II

The Below is the Part II of COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19), We Will Present the Tasks from Two Till Five by applying the natural language processing and Artificial intelligence algorithms, We have filtered the most correlated articles related to the below tasks, you can get the complete article by clicking on the title link:   

2nd Task: What do we know about COVID-19 risk factors?

Task Details

What do we know about COVID-19 risk factors? What have we learned from epidemiological studies?

Specifically, we want to know what the literature reports about:

• Data on potential risks factors
• Smoking, pre-existing pulmonary disease
• Co-infections (determine whether co-existing respiratory/viral infections make the virus more transmissible or virulent) and other co-morbidities
• Neonates and pregnant women
• Socio-economic and behavioral factors to understand the economic impact of the virus and whether there were differences.
• Transmission dynamics of the virus, including the basic reproductive number, incubation period, serial interval, modes of transmission and environmental factors
• The severity of the disease, including the risk of fatality among symptomatic hospitalized patients, and high-risk patient groups
• Susceptibility of populations
• Public health mitigation measures that could be effective for control

International Encyclopedia of Public Health

Authors: van Seventer, Jean Maguire; Hochberg, Natasha S.

Abstract: Introduction\n\nAn infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. Infectious diseases are responsible for an immense global burden of disease that impacts public health systems and economies worldwide, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. In 2013, infectious diseases resulted in over 45 million years ...

Publish Time: 2017-12-31

Journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health

Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records

Authors: Chen, Huijun; Guo, Juanjuan; Wang, Chen; Luo, Fan; Yu, Xuechen; Zhang, Wei; Li, Jiafu; Zhao, Dongchi; Xu, Dan; Gong, Qing; Liao, Jing; Yang, Huixia; Hou, Wei; Zhang, Yuanzhen

Abstract: Abstract\n\nBackground Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were based on information from the general population. Evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in amniotic fluid, cord blood, and neonatal throat swab samples. Breastmilk samples were also collected and tested from patients after the first lactation., sore throat (in two), and malaise (in two), were also observ...

Publish Time: 2020-03-13

Journal: The Lancet

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease xxx (xxxx) xxxx

Authors: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.

Abstract: The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 was associated with variable rate of asymptomatic infection but no asymptomatic cases were reported among pregnancy [1] . The newly emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), later named SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 was identified initially in Wuhan, China. Since its first description in December 2019, the total number of cases as reported by the World Health Organizati...

Publish Time : 2020-04-01

Journal: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study

Authors: Yu, Nan; Li, Wei; Kang, Qingling; Xiong, Zhi; Wang, Shaoshuai; Lin, Xingguang; Liu, Yanyan; Xiao, Juan; Liu, Haiyi; Deng, Dongrui; Chen, Suhua; Zeng, Wanjiang; Feng, Ling; Wu, Jianli

Abstract: Abstract\n\nBackground In December, 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. The number of affected pregnant women is increasing, but scarce information is available about the clinical features of COVID-19 in pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19.Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we inc...

Publish Time : 2020-03-24

Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Infants Born to Mothers With a New Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Authors: Chen, Yan; Peng, Hua; Wang, Lin; Zhao, Yin; Zeng, Lingkong; Gao, Hui; Liu, Yalan

Abstract:  INTRODUCTION\n\nThe new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic in Wuhan and the population is believed to be immunologically na?ve. As the epidemic progresses, there remains little understanding of infant and childhood COVID-19 infections and their clinical picture. As of 22 February 2020, 77,043 cases of novel COVID-19 infections have been confirmed and 2,445 people have died (https:// 2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoV/). During this epidemic, four live-born infants were born in our medical...

Publish Time: 2020-03-16

Journal: Front Pediatr

Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study

Authors: Na Li; Lefei Han; Min Peng; Yuxia Lv; Yin Ouyang; Kui Liu; Linli Yue; Qiannan Li; Guoqiang Sun; Lin Chen; Lin Yang

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe ongoing epidemics of coronavirus disease 2019 have caused serious concerns about its potential adverse effects on pregnancy. There are limited data on maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia.We conducted a case-control study to compare clinical characteristics, maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with and without COVID-19 pneumonia.During January 24 to February 29, 2020, there were sixteen pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 pn...

Publish Time: 2020-03-13

Journal Pre-proof Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy

Authors: Liu, Yangli; Chen, Haihong; Tang, Kejing; Guo, Yubiao

Abstract: Dear editors,\n\nTang and colleagues, in this Journal, drew readers attention to emerging COVID19[1].We focused on the pregnant COVID19 patients. Given the maternal physiologic and immune function changes in pregnancy [2] , pregnant individuals might face greater risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 and might have more complicated clinical events. We described epidemiological, clinical characteristics, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of all hospitalized pregnant patients diagnosed with CO...

Publish Time: 2020-03-05

Journal: Journal of Infection

Author Contributions

Authors: Ribeiro, Ana Freitas; Pellini, Alessandra Cristina Guedes; Kitagawa, Beatriz Yuko; Marques, Daniel; Madalosso, Geraldine; Fred, Joao; Albernaz, Ricardo Kerti Mangabeira; Carvalhanas, Telma Regina Marques Pinto; Zanetta, Dirce Maria Trevisan

Abstract: Abstract\n\nTo investigate the factors associated with death and describe the gestational outcomes in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, we conducted a case-control study (deaths and recovered) in hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in the state of S?o Paulo from June 9 to December 1, 2009. All cases were evaluated, and four controls that were matched by the epidemiological week of hospitalization...

Publish Time : 2018-03-26

Journal: PLoS One

Risks of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Preg- nancy; a Narrative Review

Authors: Panahi, Latif; Amiri, Marzieh; Pouy, Somaye

Abstract: Abstract\n\nIntroduction: The outbreak of the new Coronavirus in China in December 2019 and subsequently in various countries around the world has raised concerns about the possibility of vertical transmission of the virus from mother to fetus.\n\n

Publish Time: 2020-03-23

Journal: Arch Acad Emerg Med

Journal Pre-proof Association of COVID-19 infection with pregnancy outcomes in healthcare workers and general women Association of COVID-19 infection with pregnancy outcomes in healthcare workers and 1 general women

Authors: Khan, Suliman; Jun, Li; Nawsherwan, ; Siddique, Rabeea; Li, Yanyan; Han, Guang; Xue, Mengzhou; Nabi, Ghulam; Liu, Jianbo

Abstract: Viral pneumonia is thought to be the most common non-obstetric infectious disease 1 during pregnancy, which is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality 2 during pregnancy [1] . Atypical pneumonia known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by 3 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious and is 4 currently spreading rapidly around the globe [2] . Before leading to the global emergency, SARS-5 CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Prov...Publish Time : 2020-04-08

Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection

viruses Perspective Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections

Authors: Schwartz, David A.; Graham, Ashley L.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nIn early December 2019 a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan, a city of 11 million persons in the People's Republic of China. Further investigation revealed these cases to result from infection with a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019-nCoV and subsequently SARS-CoV-2. The infection moved rapidly through China, spread to Thailand and Japan, extended into adjacent countries through infected persons travelling by air, eventually r...

Publish Time: 2020

Journal: Viruses

Journal Pre-proof SOGC Committee Opinion -COVID-19 in Pregnancy SOGC Committee Opinion - COVID-19 in Pregnancy

Authors: Elwood, Chelsea; Boucoiran, Isabelle; VanSchalkwyk, Julie; Money, Deborah; Yudin, Mark; Poliquin, Vanessa

Abstract: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, eventually termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in Wuhan, China. As of 10 March, 2020, COVID-19 has infected >100 000 people globally and caused thousands of deaths. [1] As of early March 2020, Canada has detected several dozen cases, most of them in returning international travellers or their close contacts. [2] Given that pneumonia is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, the emergen...Publish Time : 2020-03-31

Journal: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada

): e35 REVIEW ARTICLE A. Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors: Emami, Amir; Javanmardi, Fatemeh; Pirbonyeh, Neda; Akbari, Ali

Abstract : Abstract\n\nIntroduction: In the beginning of 2020, an unexpected outbreak due to a new corona virus made the headlines all over the world. Exponential growth in the number of those affected makes this virus such a threat. The current meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of underlying disorders in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and Google scholar, to find articles published until 15 Februar...

Publish Time : 2020-03-24

Journal: Arch Acad Emerg Med

3rd Task: What do we know about virus genetics, origin, and evolution?

Task Details

What do we know about virus genetics, origin, and evolution? What do we know about the virus origin and management measures at the human-animal interface?

Specifically, we want to know what the literature reports about:

• Real-time tracking of whole genomes and a mechanism for coordinating the rapid dissemination of that information to inform the development of diagnostics and therapeutics and to track variations of the virus over time.
• Access to geographic and temporal diverse sample sets to understand geographic distribution and genomic differences, and determine whether there is more than one strain in circulation. Multi-lateral agreements such as the Nagoya Protocol could be leveraged.
• Evidence that livestock could be infected (e.g., field surveillance, genetic sequencing, receptor binding) and serve as a reservoir after the epidemic appears to be over.
• Evidence of whether farmers are infected, and whether farmers could have played a role in the origin.
• Surveillance of mixed wildlife- livestock farms for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in Southeast Asia.
• Experimental infections to test host range for this pathogen.
• Animal host(s) and any evidence of continued spill-over to humans
• Socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors for this spill-over
• Sustainable risk reduction strategies

The Ecology of Pathogen Spillover and Disease Emergence at the Human- Wildlife-Environment Interface

Authors: Alexander, Kathleen A.; Carlson, Colin J.; Lewis, Bryan L.; Getz, Wayne M.; Marathe, Madhav V.; Eubank, Stephen G.; Sanderson, Claire E.; Blackburn, Jason K.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nNovel diseases are increasingly emerging into human populations through the complex-and often, unseen-stepwise process of spillover from a combination of wildlife, livestock, vectors, and the abiotic environment. Characterizing and modeling the spillover interface are a key part of how eco-epidemiologists respond to the growing global burden of emerging infectious diseases; but the diversity of pathogen life cycles and transmission modes poses a complex challenge for ecologists a...

Publish Time: 2018-04-28

Journal: The Connections Between Ecology and Infectious Disease

Diseases at the livestock-wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States

Authors: Miller, Ryan S.; Farnsworth, Matthew L.; Malmberg, Jennifer L.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nIn the last half century, significant attention has been given to animal diseases; however, our understanding of disease processes and how to manage them at the livestock-wildlife interface remains limited. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the status of diseases at the livestock-wildlife interface in the United States. Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases ...

Publish Time: 2013-06-01

Journal: Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Limited awareness of animal influenza prevention and control among Dai Lue smallholder farmers in Southwest China

Authors: Zhao, Xiang; Davey, Gareth

Abstract: Introduction\n\nAnimal influenza is a considerable threat to livestock health, production and welfare (Almeida et al. 2017; Vaarst et al. 2007 ). Epidemics also result in human and economic losses, especially in agriculture, public health and tourism. Therefore, research about people's understandings of influenza is critical to the health and productivity of livestock. As the course of influenza outbreaks depends on a large extent on high-risk groups involved in animal production such as pig

Publish Time: 2017-06-17

Journal: Trop Anim Health Prod

Collaborative Research Approaches to the Role of Wildlife in Zoonotic Disease Emergence

Authors: Daszak, P.; Epstein, J. H.; Kilpatrick, A. M.; Aguirre, A. A.; Karesh, W. B.; Cunningham, A. A.

Abstract: Introduction\n\nEmerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a significant threat to global public health, and around 75% of these are caused by zoonotic pathogens (Taylor et al. 2001; Woolhouse and Gowtage-Sequeria 2005) . Zoonotic emerging diseases cause significant mortality (e.g., HIV-1 and -2), threaten, or have caused pandemic spread (e.g., SARS coronavirus, Nipah virus, Avian influenza virus), or threaten global health due to high case fatality rates and no available vaccines or therapies ...

Publish Time: 2007

Journal: Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission

The United States Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT Project- Global Detection of Emerging Wildlife Viral Zoonoses

Authors: Gilardi, Kirsten V.K.; Mazet, Jonna A.K.

Abstract: Introduction\n\nThe global burden of infectious disease disproportionately impacts developing nations, where human communities have less access to clinical care, clean water, and sanitation. Of particular concern and urgency for global health is the fact that the majority of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)-diseases caused by previously undescribed pathogens, or by known pathogens that have recently expanded their host and/or geographic range-are of wildlife origin. 1,2 As human populatio...Publish Time : 2019-12-31

Journal: Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9

Climate Change Could Increase the Geographic Extent of Hendra Virus Spillover Risk

Authors: Martin, Gerardo; Yanez-Arenas, Carlos; Chen, Carla; Plowright, Raina K.; Webb, Rebecca J.; Skerratt, Lee F.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nDisease risk mapping is important for predicting and mitigating impacts of bat-borne viruses, including Hendra virus (Paramyxoviridae:Henipavirus), that can spillover to domestic animals and thence to humans. We produced two models to estimate areas at potential risk of HeV spillover explained by the climatic suitability for its flying fox reservoir hosts, Pteropus alecto and P. conspicillatus. We included additional climatic variables that might affect spillover risk through oth...

Publish Time: 2018-03-19

Journal: Ecohealth

A survey of visitors on Swedish livestock farms with reference to the spread of animal diseases

Authors: N?remark, Maria; Fr?ssling, Jenny; Lewerin, Susanna Sternberg

Abstract : Abstract\n\nBackground: In addition to livestock movements, other between-farm contacts such as visitors may contribute to the spread of contagious animal diseases. Knowledge about such contacts is essential for contingency planning. Preventive measures, risk-based surveillance and contact tracing may be facilitated if the frequency and type of between-farm contacts can be assessed for different types of farms. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and types of visitors on f...

Publish Time: 2013-09-16

Journal: BMC Vet Res

Nine challenges in modelling the emergence of novel pathogens

Authors: Lloyd-Smith, James O.; Funk, Sebastian; McLean, Angela R.; Riley, Steven; Wood, James L.N.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nStudying the emergence of novel infectious agents involves many processes spanning host species, spatial scales, and scientific disciplines. Mathematical models play an essential role in combining insights from these investigations and drawing robust inferences from field and experimental data. We describe nine challenges in modelling the emergence of novel pathogens, emphasizing the interface between models and data.\n\n

Publish Time: 2015-03-31

Journal: Epidemics

Wolmer W (2004) Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty

Authors: Hayman, David TS

Abstract: merging infectious diseases are recognised as threats to global security. The West African Ebola virus outbreak in particular has triggered substantial reflection and discussion among the global public health and security communities [1] . The failure to control the disease, which had a high fatality rate in resource-poor regions, has led to calls for more spending on and improving healthcare infrastructure to prevent the recurrence of such an event in West Africa or elsewhere [1] . It i...

Publish Time: 2016-01-29

Journal: EMBO reports

Managing Global Risks: Vietnamese Poultry Farmers and Avian Flu

Authors: Figué, Muriel; Desvaux, Stéphanie

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThis chapter documents the logics underpinning farmers' management practices of an emerging disease. In the area of our survey, Vietnamese farmers, who are one of the front lines of the fi ght against H5N1, are called upon to collaborate to the international fi ght against the virus. Our study highlights that direct (poultry mortality) and indirect impacts (consequence of the measures imposed by the government to contain the virus, fl uctuation of consumers' demand, etc.) tend to...

Publish Time: 2015-04-01

Journal: Socio-Ecological Dimensions of Infectious Diseases in Southeast Asia

A framework for the study of zoonotic disease emergence and its drivers: spillover of bat pathogens as a case study

Authors: Wood, James L. N.; Leach, Melissa; Waldman, Linda; MacGregor, Hayley; Fooks, Anthony R.; Jones, Kate E.; Restif, Olivier; Dechmann, Dina; Hayman, David T. S.; Baker, Kate S.; Peel, Alison J.; Kamins, Alexandra O.; Fahr, Jakob; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Yaa; Suu-Ire, Richard; Breiman, Robert F.; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Field, Hume E.; Cunningham, Andrew A.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nMany serious emerging zoonotic infections have recently arisen from bats, including Ebola, Marburg, SARS-coronavirus, Hendra, Nipah, and a number of rabies and rabies-related viruses, consistent with the overall observation that wildlife are an important source of emerging zoonoses for the human population. Mechanisms underlying the recognized association between ecosystem health and human health remain poorly understood and responding appropriately to the ecological, social and ...

Publish Time: 2012-10-19

Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Potential Intermediate Hosts for Coronavirus Transmission: No Evidence of Clade 2c Coronaviruses in Domestic Livestock from Ghana

Authors: El-Duah, Philip; Sylverken, Augustina; Owusu, Michael; Yeboah, Richmond; Lamptey, Jones; Oppong Frimpong, Yaw; Burimuah, Vitus; Antwi, Christopher; Folitse, Raphael; Agbenyega, Olivia; Oppong, Samuel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. There is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus. The presence of coronaviruses, closely related to MERS-CoV in Ghanaian bats, presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through dome...

Publish Time: 2019-02-10

Journal: Trop Med Infect Dis

One Health proof of concept: Bringing a transdisciplinary approach to surveillance for zoonotic viruses at the human-wild animal interface

Authors: Kelly, Terra R.; Karesh, William B.; Johnson, Christine Kreuder; Gilardi, Kirsten V.K.; Anthony, Simon J.; Goldstein, Tracey; Olson, Sarah H.; Machalaba, Catherine; Mazet, Jonna A.K.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nAs the world continues to react and respond inefficiently to emerging infectious diseases, such as Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome and the Ebola and Zika viruses, a growing transdisciplinary community has called for a more proactive and holistic approach to prevention and preparedness -One Health. Such an approach presents important opportunities to reduce the impact of disease emergence events and also to mitigate future emergence through improved cross-sectoral coordination...

Publish Time: 2017-02-01

Journal: Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Everything that happens twice will surely happen a third time

Authors: Gardy, Jennifer L.; Loman, Nicholas J.

Abstract: Abstract\n\n| The recent Ebola and Zika epidemics demonstrate the need for the continuous surveillance, rapid diagnosis and real-time tracking of emerging infectious diseases. Fast, affordable sequencing of pathogen genomes -now a staple of the public health microbiology laboratory in well-resourced settings -can affect each of these areas. Coupling genomic diagnostics and epidemiology to innovative digital disease detection platforms raises the possibility of an open, global, digital pathog...

Publish Time: 2017-11-13

Journal: Nat Rev Genet

4th Task: What do we know about vaccines and therapeutics?

Task Details

What do we know about vaccines and therapeutics? What has been published concerning research and development and evaluation efforts of vaccines and therapeutics?

Specifically, we want to know what the literature reports about:

• Effectiveness of drugs being developed and tried to treat COVID-19 patients.
• Clinical and bench trials to investigate less common viral inhibitors against COVID-19 such as naproxen, clarithromycin, and minocyclinethat that may exert effects on viral replication.
• Methods evaluating potential complication of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) in vaccine recipients.
• Exploration of use of best animal models and their predictive value for a human vaccine.
• Capabilities to discover a therapeutic (not vaccine) for the disease, and clinical effectiveness studies to discover therapeutics, to include antiviral agents.
• Alternative models to aid decision makers in determining how to prioritize and distribute scarce, newly proven therapeutics as production ramps up. This could include identifying approaches for expanding production capacity to ensure equitable and timely distribution to populations in need.
• Efforts targeted at a universal coronavirus vaccine.
• Efforts to develop animal models and standardize challenge studies
• Efforts to develop prophylaxis clinical studies and prioritize in healthcare workers
• Approaches to evaluate risk for enhanced disease after vaccination
• Assays to evaluate vaccine immune response and process development for vaccines, alongside suitable animal models [in conjunction with therapeutics]

COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics

Authors: Dhama, Kuldeep; Sharun, Khan; Tiwari, Ruchi; Dadar, Maryam; Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Karam Pal; Chaicumpa, Wanpen

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe novel coronavirus infection or Coronavirus disease 2019) that emerged from Wuhan, Hubei province of China has spread to many countries worldwide. Efforts have been made to develop vaccines against human coronavirus (CoV) infections such as MERS and SARS in the past decades. However, to date, no licensed antiviral treatment or vaccine exists for MERS and SARS. Most of the efforts for developing CoV vaccines and drugs target the spike glycoprotein or S protein, the major induce...

Publish Time: 2020-03-18

Journal: Hum Vaccin Immunother

Ethics

Authors: Caplan, Arthur L.; Schwartz, Jason L.

Abstract: Vaccines present a spectrum of novel ethical considerations compared with those associated with other medical interventions. Central to these differences are the role of vaccines in disease prevention rather than treatment, the concurrent interest of vaccination policy in improving the health of both communities and individuals, and the focus on children in many vaccination programs. Formal discussions of ethical issues related to vaccination once concentrated principally on aspects of c...Publish Time : 2018-12-31

Journal: Plotkin's Vaccines

Vaccines IMPACT OF VACCINATION PROGRAMS

Authors: Shaw, Alan R.; Feinberg, Mark B.

Abstract: Vaccines represent one of the most effective and cost-effective medical and public health achievements of all time. 1 Worldwide, vaccination programs are currently estimated to save over 3 million lives each year. In addition to having such a major beneficial impact on vaccine-preventable disease morbidity and mortality, the direct and indirect impacts of vaccination programs translate into economic savings of many billions of dollars each year. In what is considered to be one of the mos...Publish Time : 2008-12-31

Journal: Clinical Immunology

CHAPTER6 6 Vaccines of the future Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license

Authors: Stanberry, Lawrence R.; Strugnell, Richard

Abstract: Abstract\n\nn New tools are available to aid vaccine manufacturers in meeting challenges for new vaccine development , Many technologies that are already available continue to be improved, including adjuvants and novel vaccine delivery platforms , New methods are yet to be fully exploited, including reverse engineering (going from pathogen gene sequences to immunogenic epitopes), screening of peptide libraries, and methods to increase antigen purity, cross-protection and thermostability n Pe...

Publish Time: 2011-08-31

Journal: Perspectives in Vaccinology

A review of licensed viral vaccines, some of their safety concerns, and the advances in the development of investigational viral vaccines

Authors: Huang, David B.; Wu, Jashin J.; Tyring, Stephen K.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nViral vaccines could be considered among the most important medical achievements of the 20th century. They have prevented much suffering and saved many lives. Although some curative antiviral drugs exist, we desperately depend on efforts by academic, governmental and industrial scientists in the advancement of viral vaccines in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. In the next decade, we hope to see advancement in the development of current and investigational viral ...

Publish Time: 2004-10-31

Journal: Journal of Infection

CLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE RESEARCH

Authors: Lee, Nak-Hyung; Lee, Jung-Ah; Park, Seung-Yong; Song, Chang-Seon; Choi, In-Soo; Lee, Joong-Bok

Abstract: Introduction\n\nThe first smallpox vaccination conducted by Edward Jenner in 1796 demonstrated that inoculation of materials collected from a lesion on a milkmaid suffering from cowpox was able to protect humans from smallpox [1] . This was a landmark moment in vaccine history since a virulent virus of one species was able to protect another species from clinical manifestations caused by a different virus that was potentially fatal. In addition, rabies vaccine was the very first virus delibe...

Publish Time: 2012-07-31

Journal: Clin Exp Vaccine Res

The safety of vaccines Drug Discovery Today Publications online

Authors: O'Hagan, Derek T.; Rappuoli, Rino

Abstract: Abstract\n\nVaccines have had a considerable impact on society by eliminating the threat from several infectious diseases. Although vaccines have generally proven to be safe, safety issues have arisen that have resulted in some members of the public having a poor perception of vaccines. However, the technological advances made in recent years make the development of even safer vaccines a possibility. The new generation of vaccines will be based on pure recombinant proteins, conjugates and ki...

Publish Time: 2004-10-01

Journal: Drug Discovery Today

Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures

Authors: Roth, James A.

Abstract: Introduction\n\nVaccines have proven to be very beneficial for controlling diseases in domestic animals. Their widespread use has dramatically reduced the incidence of severe and fatal diseases in companion animals (canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, and feline panleukopenia). They have also enabled the intensification of livestock production, thus enabling great increases in efficiency in animal origin food and fiber production. In addition, animal vaccines...

Publish Time: 1999-12-31

Journal: Advances in Veterinary Medicine

Sustainable vaccine development: a vaccine manufacturer's perspective

Authors: Rappuoli, Rino; Hanon, Emmanuel

Abstract: Sustainable vaccine development: a vaccine manufacturer's perspective\n\nRino Rappuoli 1 \n\nand Emmanuel Hanon 2\n\nVaccination remains the most cost-effective public health intervention after clean water, and the benefits impressively outweigh the costs. The efforts needed to fulfill the steadily growing demands for next-generation and novel vaccines designed for emerging pathogens and new indications are only realizable in a sustainable business model. Vaccine development can be fast-trac

Publish Time: 2018-08-31

Journal: Current Opinion in Immunology

CLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE RESEARCH

Authors: Han, Seunghoon

Abstract: Vaccination is regarded as one of the biggest triumphs in the history of medicine. We are living in the most successful period of vaccine development. The accumulation of multidisciplinary knowledge and the investment of massive funding have enabled the development of vaccines against many infectious diseases as well as other diseases including malignant tumors. The paradigm of clinical vaccine evaluation and licensure has also been modernized based on scientific improvements and histori...Publish Time : 2015-01-30

Journal: Clin Exp Vaccine Res

Modern veterinary vaccines and the Shaman's apprentice

Authors: Carter, Philip B.; Carmichael, L.E.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThis paper is an overview and assessment of new, commercially available veterinary vaccines placed in a historical context. The authors critically evaluate the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines in both food and companion animals and the promises for future vaccine development. The authors maintain that there is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. It is proposed that ...

Publish Time: 2003-10-31

Journal: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Advances in Vaccines

Authors: Mao, Helen H.; Chao, Shoubai

Abstract: Introduction\n\nVaccines represent one of the best advances in science and medicine, helping people around the world in eliminating and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Although many human vaccines have been developed and are in use, infectious diseases are still threats to people's health, especially during epidemic outbreaks. During the 2003 SARS outbreaks in Asia, there

Publish Time: 2019-08-25

Journal: Current Applications of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Reviews vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer

Authors: Muzumdar, Jagannath M.; Cline, Richard R.

Abstract: Abstract\n\npublicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n P h a r m a c i s t s A s s o c i a t i o n www.japha.orgObjective: To provide an overview of supply and demand issues in the vaccine industr...

Publish Time: 2009-08-31

Journal: Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

Special Issues around Veterinary Vaccines

Authors: Adams, L. Garry; Babiuk, Lorne; McGavin, David; Nordgren, Robert

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe majority of vaccines licensed for controlling infectious disease of veterinary species today are based on technology that was introduced by Jenner using live vaccines and Pasteur using killed whole organism vaccines 200 and 100 years ago, respectively, yet this former technology has not stopped several successful vaccination programs from being developed. Much of veterinary vaccinology is driven by the realities that exist in raising production animals or working in veterinar...

Publish Time: 2009-12-31

Journal: Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases

5th Task: What do we know about non-pharmaceutical interventions?

Task Details

What do we know about the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions? What is known about equity and barriers to compliance for non-pharmaceutical interventions?

Specifically, we want to know what the literature reports about:

• Guidance on ways to scale up NPIs in a more coordinated way (e.g., establish funding, infrastructure and authorities to support real time, authoritative (qualified participants) collaboration with all states to gain consensus on consistent guidance and to mobilize resources to geographic areas where critical shortfalls are identified) to give us time to enhance our health care delivery system capacity to respond to an increase in cases.
• Rapid design and execution of experiments to examine and compare NPIs currently being implemented. DHS Centers for Excellence could potentially be leveraged to conduct these experiments.
• Rapid assessment of the likely efficacy of school closures, travel bans, bans on mass gatherings of various sizes, and other social distancing approaches.
• Methods to control the spread in communities, barriers to compliance and how these vary among different populations..
• Models of potential interventions to predict costs and benefits that take account of such factors as race, income, disability, age, geographic location, immigration status, housing status, employment status, and health insurance status.
• Policy changes necessary to enable the compliance of individuals with limited resources and the underserved with NPIs.
• Research on why people fail to comply with public health advice, even if they want to do so (e.g., social or financial costs may be too high).
• Research on the economic impact of this or any pandemic. This would include identifying policy and programmatic alternatives that lessen/mitigate risks to critical government services, food distribution and supplies, access to critical household supplies, and access to health diagnoses, treatment, and needed care, regardless of ability to pay.

An optimal control theory approach to non-pharmaceutical interventions

Authors: Lin, Feng; Muthuraman, Kumar; Lawley, Mark

Abstract    : Abstract\n\nBackground: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the first line of defense against pandemic influenza. These interventions dampen virus spread by reducing contact between infected and susceptible persons. Because they curtail essential societal activities, they must be applied judiciously. Optimal control theory is an approach for modeling and balancing competing objectives such as epidemic spread and NPI cost. Methods: We apply optimal control on an epidemiologic compartme...

Publish Time: 2010-02-19

Journal: BMC Infect Dis

The impacts of simultaneous disease intervention decisions on epidemic outcomes

Authors: Andrews, Michael A.; Bauch, Chris T.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nWe create an agent based network model that simulates an epidemic. We combine population decisions for vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions. Vaccination mitigates epidemic final size effectively for high transmission rates. Non-pharmaceutical interventions compensate for delays in vaccine availability. Non-pharmaceutical interventions can lower vaccine uptake and reduce epidemic size.\n\n

Publish Time: 2016-04-21

Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology

Predicting support for non-pharmaceutical interventions during infectious outbreaks: a four region analysis

Authors: Pillemer, Francesca Matthews; Blendon, Robert J.; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Lee, Bruce Y.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are an important public health tool for responding to infectious disease outbreaks, including pandemics. However, little is known about the individual characteristics associated with support for NPIs, or whether they are consistent across regions. This study draws on survey data from four regions-Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States-collected following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2002-03, and empl...

Publish Time: 2014-09-22

Journal: Disasters

Prediction of the Health System Failure in Brazil amid Diverse Intervention Strategies

Authors: Askery Canabarro; Elayne Tenorio; Renato Martins; Lais Martins; Samurai Brito; Rafael Chaves

Abstract: Abstract\n\nIn this work we propose a data-driven age-structured census-based SIRD-like epidemiological model capable of forecasting the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil. We model the current scenario of closed schools and universities, social distancing of people above sixty years old and voluntary home quarantine to show that it is still not enough to protect the health system by explicitly computing the demand for hospital intensive care units. We also show that an urgent intense quarantine m...

Publish Time: 2020-04-08

 How will this continue? Modelling interactions between the COVID-19 pandemic and policy responses

Authors: Axel G Rossberg; Robert J. Knell

Abstract: Abstract\n\nMuch of the uncertainty about the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic stems from questions about when and how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) by governments, in particular social distancing measures, are implemented, to what extent the population complies with these measures, and how compliance changes through time. Further uncertainty comes from a lack of knowledge of the potential effects of removing interventions once the epidemic is declining. By combining an epidemio...

Publish Time: 2020-04-01

Estimate of the development of the epidemic reproduction number Rt from Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 case data and implications for political measures based on prognostics

Authors: Sahamoddin Khailaie; Tanmay Mitra; Arnab Bandyopadhyay; Marta Schips; Pietro Mascheroni; Patrizio Vanella; Berit Lange; Sebastian Binder; Michael Meyer-Hermann

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (CoV) has induced a world-wide pandemic and subsequent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in order to control the spreading of the virus. NPIs are considered to be critical in order to at least delay the peak number of infected individuals and to prevent the health care system becoming overwhelmed by the number of patients to treat in hospitals or in intensive care units (ICUs). However, there is also increasing concern that the NPIs in place ...

Publish Time: 2020-04-07

Pandemic preparedness: perceptions of vulnerable migrants in Thailand towards WHO-recommended non-pharmaceutical interventions: a cross-sectional study

Authors: Hickey, Jason; Gagnon, Anita J; Jitthai, Nigoon

Abstract    : Abstract\n\nBackground: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) constituted the principal public health response to the previous influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic and are one key area of ongoing preparation for future pandemics. Thailand is an important point of focus in terms of global pandemic preparedness and response due to its role as the major transportation hub for Southeast Asia, the endemic presence of multiple types of influenza, and its role as a major receiving country for migrant...

Publish Time: 2014-06-28

Journal: BMC Public Health

Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical measures in preventing pediatric influenza: a case-control study the CIBERESP Cases and Controls in Pandemic Influenza Working Group, Spain

Authors: Torner, Núria; Soldevila, Núria; Garcia, Juan Jose; Launes, Cristian; Godoy, Pere; Castilla, Jesús; Domínguez, Angela

Abstract    : Abstract\n\nBackground: Hygiene behavior plays a relevant role in infectious disease transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in preventing pediatric influenza infections. Methods: Laboratory confirmed influenza cases occurred during 2009-10 and 2010-11 seasons matched by age and date of consultation. NPI (frequency of hand washing, alcohol-based hand sanitizer use and hand washing after touching contaminated surfaces) during seven days prior...

Publish Time: 2015-06-09

Journal: BMC Public Health

Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China

Authors: Shengjie Lai; Nick W Ruktanonchai; Liangcai Zhou; Olivia Prosper; Wei Luo; Jessica R Floyd; Amy Wesolowski; Mauricio Santillana; Chi Zhang; Xiangjun Du; Hongjie Yu; Andrew J Tatem

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe COVID-19 outbreak containment strategies in China based on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) appear to be effective. Quantitative research is still needed however to assess the efficacy of different candidate NPIs and their timings to guide ongoing and future responses to epidemics of this emerging disease across the World.We built a travel network-based susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed (SEIR) model to simulate the outbreak across cities in mainland China. We used...

Publish Time: 2020-03-06

The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior

Authors: Lee, Choong-Ki; Song, Hak-Jun; Bendle, Lawrence J.; Kim, Myung-Ja; Han, Heesup

Abstract: Abstract\n\n2009 H1N1 Non-pharmaceutical intervention Model of goal-directed behavior Travel intention a b s t r a c t Theoretically, in the tourism context this study introduced a new concept of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) for influenza, and tested the impact of NPI on the behavioral intention of potential international tourists. This study also extended the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) by incorporating the new concepts of NPI, and the perception of 2009 H1N1. The model f...

Publish Time: 2012-02-29

Journal: Tourism Management

Public perceptions of non-pharmaceutical interventions for reducing transmission of respiratory infection: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies

Authors: Teasdale, Emma; Santer, Miriam; Geraghty, Adam W A; Little, Paul; Yardley, Lucy

Abstract: Abstract\n\nBackground: Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions may provide simple, low-cost, effective ways of minimising the transmission and impact of acute respiratory infections in pandemic and non-pandemic contexts. Understanding what influences the uptake of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as hand and respiratory hygiene, mask wearing and social distancing could help to inform the development of effective public health advice messages. The aim of this synthesis was to exp...

Publish Time: 2014-06-11

Journal: BMC Public Health

AUTHOR GROUP AND AFFLIATION DEATAILS ARTICLE ON MATHEMETICAL COVID-19 Kaustuv Chatterjee a

Authors: Chatterjee, Kaustuv; Chatterjee, Kaushik; Kumar, Arun; Shankar, Subramanian

Abstract    : Introduction\n\nWHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic on 11 March 2020. 1 Worldwide it has exploded to 784,794 cases and caused 37,788 deaths by 30 Mar 2020. 2 In India the first case was reported on 30 Jan. By 30 Mar, India had reported 1,251 cases and 32 deaths. 3 The spread of any epidemic depends on infectivity of the pathogen and the available susceptible population. For a novel infection, when disease dynamics are still unclear, mathematical modeling estimates the number of cases in worst a...

Publish Time: 2020-04-02

Journal: Medical Journal Armed Forces India

Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Preparedness Strategies and Interventions against Influenza Pandemics

Authors: Pérez Velasco, Román; Praditsitthikorn, Naiyana; Wichmann, Kamonthip; Mohara, Adun; Kotirum, Surachai; Tantivess, Sripen; Vallenas, Constanza; Harmanci, Hande; Teerawattananon, Yot

Abstract    : Abstract\n\nBackground: Although public health guidelines have implications for resource allocation, these issues were not explicitly considered in previous WHO pandemic preparedness and response guidance. In order to ensure a thorough and informed revision of this guidance following the H1N1 2009 pandemic, a systematic review of published and unpublished economic evaluations of preparedness strategies and interventions against influenza pandemics was conducted.The search was performed in Se...

Publish Time: 2012-02-29

Journal: PLoS One

Perceptions and behavioural responses of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of UK Adults

Authors: Christina J Atchison; Leigh Bowman; Charlotte Vrinten; Rozlyn Redd; Philippa Pristera; Jeffrey W Eaton; Helen Ward

Abstract    : Abstract\n\nObjective: To examine risk perceptions and behavioural responses of the UK adult population during the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in the UK.Setting: Conducted with a nationally representative sample of UK adults within 48 hours of the UK Government advising the public to stop non-essential contact with others and all unnecessary travel.Participants: 2,108 adults living in the UK aged 18 years and over. Data were collected between March 17 and 18 2020.Descriptive statist...

Publish Time: 2020-04-03

Defining high-value information for COVID-19 decision-making COVID-19 Statistics, Policy modeling and Epidemiology Collective (C-SPEC) 1

Authors: Joshua A Salomon

Abstract: Abstract\n\nInitial projections from the first generation of COVID-19 models focused public attention on worst-case scenarios in the absence of decisive policy action. These underscored the imperative for strong and immediate measures to slow the spread of infection. In the coming weeks, however, as policymakers continue enlisting models to inform decisions on COVID-19, answers to the most difficult and pressing policy questions will be much more sensitive to underlying uncertainties. In thi...

Publish Time: 2020-04-08

BMC Public Health Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base

Authors: Aledort, Julia E; Lurie, Nicole; Wasserman, Jeffrey; Bozzette, Samuel A

Abstract: Abstract\n\nIn an influenza pandemic, the benefit of vaccines and antiviral medications will be constrained by limitations on supplies and effectiveness. Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions will therefore be vital in curtailing disease spread. However, the most comprehensive assessments of the literature to date recognize the generally poor quality of evidence on which to base non-pharmaceutical pandemic planning decisions. In light of the need to prepare for a possible pandemic d...

Publish Time: 2007-08-15

Journal: BMC Public Health

Prevention of influenza in healthy children

Authors: Lee, Bruce Y; Shah, Mirat

Abstract: Abstract\n\nHealthy children are high transmitters of influenza and can experience poor influenza outcomes. Many questions remain about the efficacy and impect of preventive measures because most existing studies report imprecise proxies of influenza incidence, do not follow subjects throughout the entire influenza season and across multiple influenza seasons, or do not control for important factors such as timing of implementation and social contact patterns. Modeling and simulation are key...

Publish Time: 2012-10-01

Journal: Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

Learning Objectives

Authors: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.; Varavikova, Elena A.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION\n\nThe development of public health from its ancient and recent roots, especially in the past several centuries, is a continuing process, with evolutionary and sometimes dramatic leaps forward, and important continuing and new challenges for personal and population health and well-being. Everything in the New Public Health is about preventing avoidable disease, injuries, disabilities, and death while promoting and maximizing a healthy environment and optimal conditions for cure

Publish Time: 2014-12-31

Journal: The New Public Health

Case Studies in Public Health

Authors: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.

Abstract: Abstract\n\nThe 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) state that All United Nations Member States have agreed to try to achieve Universal Health Coverage by 2030. This includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Universal health coverage (UHC) means inclusion and empowerment for all people to access medical care, including treatment and prevention servi...

Publish Time: 2018-12-31

Journal: Case Studies in Public Health