Coronavirus Resource Center

Coronavirus Resource Center

Last updated: 1 September 2021

This review asks: Who broke the news about COVID-19? How is the coronavirus changing the world? How many people have died as a result of COVID-19 infection? COVID-19 Within a Timeline of Historical Pandemics. How infectious is COVID-19 compared to other superbug outbreaks? How is data science helping to prioritize treatments? How long does it take to develop a treatment and what are the cost involved? How long does it take to develop a vaccine? How do the different COVID-19 vaccines work? Funding, distribution and pricing of COVID-19 vaccines? How many COVID-19 vaccines has each country bought?

Graphical Abstract

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Who broke the news about COVID-19?

Li Wenliang, is an ophthalmologist who worked in the Chinese city of Wuhan, and took to WeChat to warn fellow medics about several patients who had come down with a serious respiratory illness after visiting a local wet market. Resembling severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the viral zoonotic disease that claimed 774 lives in the early 2000s. the now known as Covid-19 was causing a fever, cough and shortness of breath, as well as a collective of secondary symptoms. Li proceeded to contract Covid-19 from a patient who saw him in relation to glaucoma, and died as a result of the disease on 7 February 2020. Posthumously exonerated, the Communist Party of China has now offered an apology to his family and revoked the accusations against him?(1). The suppression of Dr. Li Wenliang’s whistleblowing in relation to coronavirus will cost the global community an estimated $6 trillion for a 4% contraction to global output, according to Bloomberg Economics (2)

How is the coronavirus changing the world?

How many people have died as a result of COVID-19 infection?

As of 10 January 2021, there are nearly 2 million global deaths with the most deaths recorded in the United States (373,797), Brazil (202,631), India (150,999), Mexico (133,204), United Kingdom (81,567), Italy (78,755), France (67,885), Russia (60,983), Iran (56,171) and Spain (51,874) (3, 4)

COVID-19 Within a Timeline of Historical Pandemics

The visualization below outlines some of history’s most deadly pandemics, from the Antonine Plague in the 2nd century to the current COVID-19 event (5).

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How infectious is COVID-19 compared to other superbug outbreaks?

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Scientists use a basic measure to track the infectiousness of a disease called the reproduction number — also known as R0 or “R naught.” This number tells us how many susceptible people, on average, each sick person will in turn infect. Measles tops the list, being the most contagious with a R0 range of 12-18. This means a single person can infect, on average, 12 to 18 people in an unvaccinated population (5).

What are the current treatments?

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Also see


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Also see reference 17 for NY Times Coronavirus Treatment Tracker (above)

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See reference 18 for full details on infographic above and below.

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How is data science helping to prioritize treatments?

According to the Milken Institute think tank, there are now 319 treatments and 240 vaccines in development to treat the 90 million global people infected with the coronavirus in 191 countries (6). This creates a huge opportunity for data science approaches to nominate the drugs with the best potential to succeed. For example:

  • a network pharmacology approach to prioritize 16 of 2938 evaluated drugs (7)

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  • BenevolentAI applied it's knowledge graphs to alert Lilly to baricitinib's anti-Covid potential (8)
  • Out of 31 studies that applied AI for novel drug discovery, COVID vaccine and antibody development, 16 applied AI for drug repurposing and 10 studies utilized AI for novel COVID drug discovery

  • BRAINCURES's biological intelligence powered algorithms prioritized 31 of 266 Coronavirus linked target genes retrieved from the Open Targets platform. These BDE targets are supported by 59 coronavirus relevant publication. Further deeper analysis, reveals that 14 of the 31 prioritized targets are modulated by 107 Phase IV ready drugs (9). 5 of 107 prioritized COVID Drugs (INTERFERON BETA-1A, INTERFERON BETA-1B, RUXOLITINIB, BARICITINIB, CANAKINUMAB are in Clinical Trials for COVID19. Read the full case study here to learn more:

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What are some of the mutations in SARS-Cov-2?

The emergence of a highly infectious strain of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK has signalled a new chapter in the struggle to control the virus. With this strain taking hold in the UK, and new variants posing a threat to the efficacy of vaccines.

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See reference 15 for further detail. In this webinar, Professor Sharon Peacock, Executive Director and Chair of the COVID-19 Genomics UK consortium spoke with FT Global Education Editor Andrew Jack. Professor Peacock discussed how the virus has adapted, the concerns around problematic mutations, and how sequencing and surveillance can manage the threats they pose.

The RSM COVID-19 Series is for health professionals, by health professionals; a series of talks dedicated to give healthcare workers on the frontline, regular and easy-to-access updates from healthcare leaders on COVID-19. Learn more about all the webinars here: https://rsm.ac/2UDvcsg Join in the conversation online using #RSMLive

We're learning more about the 3 variants every day. Eric Topol has made a summary table and will revise/expand it as we go forward and with helpful inputs at https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1351950664394436610?s=20. 1 theme is there are no shortage of mutations cf wild-type (D614G); that means there are a huge number of potential gene-gene interactions.

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See PANGO lineages (cov-lineages.org) for further information.

How long does it take to develop a treatment and what are the cost involved?

It takes at least 9 years and $1 billion to develop a new treatment, as illustrated by this infographic from the Wellcome Trust. The post-approval phase lasting 3 years and costing 220 million is not shown.

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How long does it take to develop a vaccine?

On average, it takes?10 years?to develop a vaccine through CDC's six stages involved in the process from start to finish. However, it took approximately 25 years to develop a vaccine for the Spanish Flu which killed between 40-50 million people. Similarly, it was only last year that the FDA approved the first Ebola vaccine—an effort that took 43 years since the discovery of the virus. Despite these lengthy timeframes, the COVID-19 vaccines and subsequent candidates have overturned the conventional process due to their unconventional technology.

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How do the different COVID-19 vaccines work?

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Funding, distribution and pricing of COVID-19 vaccines?

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How many COVID-19 vaccines has each country bought?

It is important to note is that not all of the vaccine candidates that are being pre-sold will pass the testing stage.

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The Oxford University vaccine is the most popular so far, with over?2.5 billion?doses sold. Novavax, the second highest seller of COVID-19 vaccines, has pre-sold?1.3 billion?doses.?As a percentage of total doses sold, high income countries have bought almost?54%, equating to 4 billion doses. Meanwhile, low and middle income countries have purchased just over?23%. Notably, Canada has reserved the highest number of doses per person compared to any other country, having ordered over?350 million?vaccinations for a population of just over 38 million people, equating to nine doses per person (11)

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Looking beyond which countries receive the vaccines first, the World Health Organization has created a?road map?detailing which individuals should be prioritized, with a focus on frontline healthcare workers and the elderly.

What do you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines?

The side effects of vaccines - How high is the risk?

What are the consequences of COVID-19 six months after acute infection?

At 6 months after acute infection, COVID-19 survivors were mainly troubled with fatigue or muscle weakness, sleep difficulties, and anxiety or depression. Patients who were more severely ill during their hospital stay had more severe impaired pulmonary diffusion capacities and abnormal chest imaging manifestations, and are the main target population for intervention of long-term recovery (12)

How has COVID-19 affected American Billionaires?

The Rich Got Richer During COVID-19. Here’s How American Billionaires Performed. Since the market bottom in March 2020, the billionaires on this list grew their wealth by?57%?on average. Elon Musk had the highest net worth increase at?$128.9 billion (13)

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COVID-19 and remote working

Perhaps the most significant lasting change from the COVID-19 pandemic might be the adoption of flexible work, even by firms that resisted the trend in the past. Top benefits of remote working include working from any location and no commute. Top struggles of remote workers include unplugging after work, loneliness and collaborating (14)

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Videos

The Coronavirus Explained and What You Should Do?


Social Media

@DrTedros @doctorsoumya @mvankerkhove @DrMikeRyan @SCBriand @gabbystern @MoetiTshidi @WHO @CDCgov @EricTopol @trvrb @DrEricDing @RickABright @IrfanDhalla @jeremyfaust @theAliceRoberts @GuillaumeRozier @PeterHotez @GHS

#Coronavirus #COVID19 #LongCovid #COVIDZero #HealthForAll #GlobalHealth #CovidIsAirborne #SARSCoV2 #openC19data #VaccinEquity

@IndependentSage @covidtrackerth @Brief_19 @CovidTracker_fr @endCOVID19 @CovidGenomicsUK @GlobalHlth5050 #GH5050 @CrowdfightTeam @CovidTracker_ @CARB_X @AWG_News @c19priority @ICODA_research @COVIDTrackerPR

References

  1. FROM COVID-19 TO SARS: WHAT BECOMES OF THE WHISTLEBLOWERS??https://pharma.nridigital.com/pharma_may20/from_covid-19_to_sars_what_becomes_of_the_whistleblowers and?https://twitter.com/do_kinder/status/1289215408575098880?s=20?
  2. Whistleblower Laws Take Shape As Trillion-Dollar Global Cost Of Coronavirus Crisis Forces Rethink (forbes.com) and https://twitter.com/BRAINCURES/status/1325790618598207488?s=20
  3. Home - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center (jhu.edu)
  4. COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center (jhu.edu)
  5. Infographic: The History of Pandemics, by Death Toll (visualcapitalist.com) and https://twitter.com/VisualCap/status/1344810609037225985?s=20?
  6. Milken Institute’s COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Tracker tracks the development of treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 at covid-19tracker.milkeninstitute.org #COVID19 #coronavirus #COVID19treatment #COVID19vaccine @MilkenInstitute @FirstPersonSF
  7. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 | Cell Discovery (nature.com) and https://twitter.com/BraincuresLTD/status/1256595528739172353?s=20?
  8. Biotechs harness AI in battle against Covid-19 | Financial Times (ft.com) and https://twitter.com/benevolent_ai/status/1312015077835444226?s=20
  9. Precision Medicine Approaches to Ending the Coronavirus Pandemic | LinkedIn and https://twitter.com/BraincuresLTD/status/1254367648621703169?s=20?
  10. The Race to Save Lives: Comparing Vaccine Development Timelines (visualcapitalist.com) and https://twitter.com/VisualCap/status/1340391635960545280?s=20?
  11. Chart: Tracking COVID-19 Vaccines Around the World (visualcapitalist.com) and https://twitter.com/VisualCap/status/1340049536408977408?s=20?
  12. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study - The Lancet
  13. The Rich Got Richer During COVID-19. Especially American Billionaires (visualcapitalist.com) and https://twitter.com/VisualCap/status/1346834077685587972?s=20?
  14. The Year in Review: 2020 in 20 Visualizations - Visual Capitalist and https://twitter.com/VisualCap/status/1342907781733466112?s=20?
  15. Report-2_COG-UK_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations.pdf (cogconsortium.uk) and https://twitter.com/CovidGenomicsUK/status/1350142820145893377?s=20?
  16. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis | The BMJ
  17. Coronavirus Drug and Treatment Tracker - The New York Times (nytimes.com) and Covid-19 Vaccine Tracker Updates: The Latest - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
  18. Every Vaccine and Treatment in Development for COVID-19, So Far (visualcapitalist.com)

Resources

Resources - Coronavirus Resource centre (phe.gov.uk)

COVAX information centre | UNICEF

COVID-19 Resource Centre (thelancet.com)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) information centre | UNICEF

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Vaccine access and allocation (who.int)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Testing - Statistics and Research - Our World in Data

Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) - Statistics and Research - Our World in Data

Coronavirus (nature.com)

Coronavirus and COVID-19 updates (nature.com)

Coronavirus and scientific careers (nature.com)

Further Resources and Frequently Asked Questions

  1. Coronavirus: three things all governments and their science advisers must do now (nature.com)
  2. Coronavirus: the first three months as it happened (nature.com)
  3. The coronavirus pandemic in five powerful charts (nature.com)
  4. The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide (nature.com)
  5. Profile of a killer: the complex biology powering the coronavirus pandemic (nature.com)
  6. How COVID-19 can damage the brain (nature.com)
  7. Could COVID delirium bring on dementia? (nature.com)
  8. The hidden links between mental disorders (nature.com)
  9. COVID’s toll on smell and taste: what scientists do and don’t know (nature.com)
  10. Coronavirus blood-clot mystery intensifies (nature.com)
  11. Why daily death tolls have become unusually important in understanding the coronavirus pandemic?lnkd.in/d5-2Uxg
  12. China coronavirus: Six questions scientists are asking?lnkd.in/gDFsmS4
  13. Coronavirus vaccines: five key questions as trials begin?lnkd.in/dsUurq4
  14. If a coronavirus vaccine arrives, can the world make enough? (nature.com)
  15. Don’t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs without sufficient safety guarantees (nature.com)
  16. The COVID vaccine challenges that lie ahead (nature.com)
  17. Why a pioneering plan to distribute COVID vaccines equitably must succeed (nature.com)
  18. How can countries stretch COVID vaccine supplies? Scientists are divided over dosing strategies (nature.com)
  19. The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines — and what it means for other diseases (nature.com)
  20. COVID vaccine confidence requires radical transparency (nature.com)
  21. The unequal scramble for coronavirus vaccines — by the numbers (nature.com)
  22. Dozens of coronavirus drugs are in development — what happens next? (nature.com)
  23. Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives (nature.com)
  24. COVID research updates: Two anti-inflammatory drugs prevent COVID deaths (nature.com)
  25. How blood from coronavirus survivors might save lives (nature.com)
  26. Special report: The simulations driving the world’s response to COVID-19 (nature.com)
  27. What China’s coronavirus response can teach the rest of the world?lnkd.in/dFMABN5
  28. How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar??lnkd.in/djtyJqi
  29. Whose coronavirus strategy worked best? Scientists hunt most effective policies (nature.com)
  30. Can dogs smell COVID? Here’s what the science says (nature.com)
  31. Why measles deaths are surging — and coronavirus could make it worse?lnkd.in/dinAsif
  32. Is the coronavirus airborne? Experts can’t agree?lnkd.in/dFbjAuT
  33. How the coronavirus pandemic is affecting the world's biggest physics experiments?lnkd.in/dBpFB8p
  34. Climate vs coronavirus: Why massive stimulus plans could represent missed opportunities?lnkd.in/deDCfT3
  35. Why does the coronavirus spread so easily between people??lnkd.in/dXjaryw
  36. Time to use the p-word? Coronavirus enters dangerous new phase?lnkd.in/duyR-3S
  37. Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people??lnkd.in/gWaeh-7
  38. China coronavirus: how many papers have been published??lnkd.in/gDd8xw7
  39. What you need to know about the novel coronavirus?lnkd.in/gtKt3Kr
  40. How many people has the coronavirus killed? (nature.com)
  41. The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers (nature.com)
  42. The WHO’s chief scientist on a year of loss and learning (nature.com)
  43. Coronavirus: hospitals must learn from past pandemics (nature.com)
  44. Responding to the COVID-19 Crisis (Option 2) > The Davos Agenda | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
  45. How health workers are using TikTok to debunk COVID-19 myths | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
  46. Optimism despite COVID-19 impact on antimicrobial resistance | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
  47. The Davos Agenda | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
  48. Coronavirus Australia: This game helps scientists design COVID drugs. They want you to play (smh.com.au)
  49. Coronavirus: What does COVID-19 do to humans and what is it like to have the illness? (smh.com.au)
  50. Coronavirus conspiracy: How COVID-19 conspiracy theories like 'Wuhan lab' went viral (smh.com.au)
  51. Covid-19: Novavax vaccine shows 89% efficacy in UK trials - BBC News
  52. South Africa variant: What you need to know about it and the Brazil, U.K. coronavirus variants - Washington Post

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