Cook’s FSD Dysregulation: Functional system regulation using a spiritual growth-oriented learning model 3.9 Part 2

Cook’s FSD Dysregulation: Functional system regulation using a spiritual growth-oriented learning model. Nurture Their Nature Newsletter. T. Cook, 2023 Feb.: V.1 A.15

Dissociation refers to a disconnection between thoughts, feelings, and reality. While the exact causes of dissociation are not fully understood, research has suggested that dysfunction in the noradrenergic system may play a role. It can be a coping mechanism for individuals who have experienced trauma or have anxiety disorders [72 ]. Overall, the noradrenergic system is closely connected to both the immune system (Thymus) and the ARAS. While the exact nature of these connections is still being explored, research suggests that these systems may interact to modulate a range of physiological and behavioral processes, including the stress response, immune function, and wakefulness/arousal. The lateral tegmental area is a complex and important brain region that plays a critical role in many physiological and behavioral functions, and is a focus of ongoing research in the fields of neuroscience and medicine [16 ,81 ].

Dissociation can manifest in different ways, such as feeling detached from one's body or surroundings, feeling as though one is observing themselves from outside their body, or experiencing memory lapses. While masking and dissociation are not necessarily related, both can occur in individuals with neurodivergent conditions [45 ]. The noradrenergic system, which is a part of the autonomic nervous system, is involved in the regulation of several physiological processes, including the stress response, attention, and arousal. Dysregulation of the noradrenergic system has been linked to a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline-personality disorder (BPD) anxiety disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [44 ].

Research has suggested that trauma and stress can cause dysregulation of the noradrenergic system, leading to alterations in the processing of information and an increased susceptibility to dissociation. Specifically, chronic or severe stress can lead to hyperactivity of the noradrenergic system, which can result in impaired cognitive processing, emotional dysregulation, and dissociative symptoms [18 ]. For example, individuals with ASD may mask their social difficulties in order to fit in with their peers, which can be a form of dissociation from their true selves. Similarly, individuals with ADHD may dissociate as a coping mechanism when they feel overwhelmed or stressed Stress-related dissociation is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and is closely linked to other core domains of the disorder, including emotion dysregulation, identity disturbances, and interpersonal disturbances [73 ,44 ,17 ]. ?

Body and image distortion can also be observed in individuals with neurodiversity. For instance, individuals with autism may have sensory processing difficulties that can make them feel uncomfortable or distressed about certain textures or clothing items. This may lead to body image distortions, as they may avoid certain clothing or feel self-conscious about their appearance [58 ]. Similarly, certain neurodiverse conditions such as anorexia nervosa, body dysmorphic disorder, and gender dysphoria can also affect body image and self-perception. These conditions can cause individuals to perceive their body or gender in a way that differs from reality, leading to distress and impairment in their daily life [80 ,79 ].?

Procrastination is a common behavior that can affect anyone, including individuals who are neurodiverse. However, some neurodiverse individuals may be more prone to procrastination due to factors such as executive dysfunction, difficulty with time management and planning, sensory issues, and social anxiety. For example, individuals with ADHD may struggle with initiating tasks and maintaining focus, which can lead to procrastination. Those with autism may have difficulty with time management and planning due to difficulties with executive functioning. Individuals with anxiety may experience avoidance behaviors that can lead to procrastination [19 ,47 ].

Tics are sudden, repetitive, non-rhythmic movements or sounds that are involuntary and can be difficult to control. Tics can be a symptom of a number of different conditions, including Tourette syndrome, a genetic disorder that involves both motor and vocal tics, and other neurological or psychiatric conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Tics can be further categorized into simple tics or complex tics. Simple tics involve one muscle group and are usually brief and repetitive, while complex tics involve multiple muscle groups and may last longer. They are a common neurological condition that affects both children and adults. Please note those individuals with ADHD 83% of students with self-regulation deficits in general. Tics can be classified into two categories [37 ,86 ]:

• Motor tics: These involve movements such as eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, facial grimacing, or twitching of the limbs.
• Vocal tics: These involve sounds such as throat clearing, grunting, or the repetition of words or phrases.

During embryonic development, the thymus and the parathyroid glands arise from the third pharyngeal pouch, which also gives rise to some of the muscles and nerves of the neck and upper limb, including the brachial plexus. Damage to the median nerve can lead to changes in sensory and motor function that may be perceived as pain or discomfort, which can activate the pain processing pathways in the brain, including the RAS and ACC. Sensory processing disorder (SPD) and dyslexia are both neurodevelopmental conditions that can affect how the brain processes information. In SPD, there is a difficulty in processing and responding to sensory information from the environment. This can result in over or under sensitivity to sounds, touch, taste, or smells [59 ].

RAS (reticular activating system) is a network of neurons in the brainstem that includes several brain mechanisms, including the reticular formation and the ascending reticular activating system. The reticular formation is a group of interconnected nuclei in the brainstem that modulates various functions, including sleep and wakefulness, breathing, blood pressure, and motor control. The ascending reticular activating system is responsible for regulating consciousness and alertness, and it receives input from various sensory modalities, such as vision, hearing, and touch. Together, these mechanisms play an important role in maintaining wakefulness and arousal, and they are essential for cognitive and behavioral functions such as attention, perception, and learning [68 ].?

The pons is a part of the brainstem that plays an important role in processing auditory information. It receives input from the cochlea, which is the part of the ear responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. The pons helps to sort and filter these signals, allowing us to distinguish between different sounds and focus our attention on important auditory cues. The pons is a part of the brainstem, located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. It is involved in several important functions, including [14 ,13 ]:

1. Relay of sensory information: The pons serves as a relay station for sensory information, connecting various parts of the brain and facilitating the processing of sensory input.
2. Regulation of breathing: The pons contain respiratory centers that help regulate breathing, by controlling the rate and depth of breathing.
3. Control of sleep and arousal: The pons contain nuclei involved in the regulation of sleep and arousal.
4. Processing of auditory information: The pons receives input from the cochlea, which is responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. The pons helps to sort and filter these signals, allowing us to distinguish between different sounds and focus our attention on important auditory cues.
5. Modulation of pain: The pons is involved in the modulation of pain perception, by regulating the transmission of pain signals from the spinal cord to the brain.
6. Control of eye movement: The pons contain nuclei involved in the control of eye movement, including the pontine gaze center, which coordinates the movement of the eyes during visual tracking.

Abnormalities in this area of the brain may contribute to Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD), which is a type of sensory processing disorder that affects how the brain processes auditory information. In CAPD, the brain has difficulty interpreting and making sense of sounds, even though the ears may be functioning normally [90 ]. This can lead to difficulties in speech and language development, learning, and social interactions. The pons is responsible for sorting and filtering the electrical signals that are sent to the brain from the cochlea, and any disruption in this process can result in problems with auditory processing [4] .

In people with SPD, there may be an abnormality in the way the pons processes auditory information, which can lead to difficulties in distinguishing between different sounds and filtering out irrelevant or distracting sounds. This can contribute to the hypersensitivity to sounds that is often seen in SPD. In dyslexia, there is also evidence of abnormal processing of auditory information, particularly in the pons [29 ]. Research has shown that people with dyslexia may have difficulty with processing speech sounds, which can impact their ability to learn and recognize words. The specific nature of this auditory processing deficit in dyslexia is not yet fully understood, but it is thought to contribute to the reading difficulties experienced by people with dyslexia [77 ].

The PONS plays an important role in processing auditory information, and abnormalities in this area of the brain may contribute to both SPD, CAPD and Dyslexia. While the PONS is involved in the auditory system and contributes to the processing of auditory information, there is currently limited evidence linking abnormalities in this area to specific language processing disorder (SLI) [55 ]. SLI is a language disorder that affects the ability to learn and use language effectively, and it is thought to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect brain development. While the exact neural mechanisms underlying SLI are not yet fully understood, research suggests that it may involve differences in the way that the brain processes and represents language [12 ].?

There is some emerging evidence suggesting that trauma may alter DNA methylation, which is an epigenetic process that can regulate gene expression. Specifically, research has shown that trauma can alter DNA methylation patterns in genes that are important for regulating the HPA axis, which is the body's stress response system [35 ]. Abnormalities in the HPA axis have been associated with various psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to sequence DNA has revolutionized our understanding of genetics and has the potential to revolutionize medicine [58 ,6 ]. The Sanger process, developed in the 1970s, allowed researchers to sequence stretches of DNA at previously unimaginable speeds. Over time, refinements and automation of the process increased sequencing rates, leading to major milestones in the Human Genome Project being achieved ahead of schedule [88 ].

Pyrosequencing methods can be used to identify genetic variations that may be associated with dysregulation of the PONS area of the brain, which can affect auditory processing and language abilities. For example, a study on pyrosequencing to analyze genetic variations in the potassium channel genes KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, which are involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability in the brainstem and are important for auditory processing. There is a study found that children with specific genetic variations in these genes had a higher risk of developing language and learning difficulties, including auditory processing disorder and dyslexia [66 ]. Other studies have also used pyrosequencing to analyze genetic variations in other genes that may be involved in PONS dysregulation, such as genes involved in the development and maintenance of the auditory system [1 ]. These studies have provided valuable insights into the genetic basis of PONS dysregulation and its impact on language and auditory processing abilities [15 ,25 ,84 ].?

Today, pyrosequencing is a type of DNA sequencing that uses a chemiluminescent reaction to detect nucleotide incorporation during DNA synthesis. This method has been used to identify genetic variations that may contribute to dyslexia. One study used pyrosequencing to analyze several candidate genes associated with dyslexia, including DYX1C1, DCDC2, and KIAA0319. The researchers found that variations in these genes were significantly associated with dyslexia in the study population. Specifically, they found that certain variations in the DYX1C1 gene were associated with deficits in phonological processing, a hallmark of dyslexia [54 ].

Another study used pyrosequencing to identify genetic variations in the FOXP2 gene,?which has been implicated in language and speech disorders. The researchers found that certain variations in FOXP2 were more common in individuals with dyslexia compared to controls, suggesting that dyslexia may be associated with disruptions in language-related genes [57 ]. These pyrosequencing methods have been useful in identifying genetic variations associated with dyslexia and other neurodevelopmental disorders.For example, some studies have found that MDMA-assisted therapy can lead to changes in DNA methylation in certain genes that are involved in emotional regulation and stress response [85 ]. This research has indeed shown that trauma can alter DNA methylation patterns in genes that are important for regulating the HPA axis, as I mentioned in my previous response [46 ].

Note: Treatments depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, tics may not require treatment, while in other cases, medication, behavioral therapy, or a combination of both may be used to manage symptoms. Despite the challenges, the ability to read and interpret the human genome offers enormous promise for improving human health. It can provide insights into the genetic causes of diseases and help identify new targets for drug development. There is also some preliminary research suggesting that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which can involve the use of drugs like MDMA, may have epigenetic effects that could potentially help to restore healthy gene expression and functioning of the HPA axis [40 ].?

Cook's Call for Research

The Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) is believed to play a role in the potential benefits of music and sound therapies for improving cognitive function and attention. The ARAS is a complex network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord to the brainstem, and is responsible for regulating arousal, attention, and alertness. Studies have shown that certain frequencies and patterns of sound can activate the ARAS and increase levels of arousal and alertness. For example, high-frequency sounds such as bird songs or high-pitched musical notes have been shown to activate the ARAS and increase levels of alertness and attention. Similarly, rhythmic patterns of sound such as drumming or chanting have been shown to induce a state of trance-like focus and concentration, which can enhance cognitive function and creativity. There is limited scientific evidence to support the idea that wholetones chroma, chromatic therapies, and healing frequencies can directly improve polychronicity, time blindness, and time and space awareness. While some studies have suggested that exposure to certain frequencies or sounds may have a calming or relaxing effect, more research is needed to determine the potential benefits of these therapies for specific cognitive or attentional functions [b ]. That being said, some studies have explored the potential benefits of music and sound therapies for improving cognitive function and attention. For example, a study that found that listening to music with a strong beat can improve attention and working memory performance in individuals with ADHD. Another study published in the found that exposure to binaural beats, which are created by playing two different frequencies in each ear, can improve cognitive flexibility and creativity. While these findings are promising, more research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of music and sound therapies for cognitive function and attention.?

The thymus is a gland located in the chest that is involved in the development of the immune system. It plays an important role in producing T-cells, which help the body fight infections and other diseases. All in all, while the precise relationship between polychronicity, time blindness, and time and space awareness and brain health is not yet fully understood, there is some evidence to suggest that differences in brain structure and function may contribute to these phenomena. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between brain structure and function and these aspects of human behavior and cognition. Future studies could benefit from conducting randomized controlled trials that investigate the effects of different types of interventions on these phenomena and their relationship to brain structure and function. In terms of the ARAS, one's beliefs and attitudes can shape their perception of the world and influence their behavior. By focusing their attention on God and His righteousness, a person can train their mind to think about spiritual matters instead of “earthly” and develop a deeper understanding of their faith [a ]. The research into the ARAS includes the RAS, PONS, Thymus and other brain mechanisms are necessary while more research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of music and sound therapies on the ARAS, it is likely that the activation of this neural network plays a key role in the potential benefits of these therapies for cognitive function and attention. While there is no direct relationship between polychronicity and the thymus, it's worth noting that many aspects of human behavior and psychology are influenced by a complex interplay of physiological, environmental, and cultural factors. For example, some studies have suggested that stress and other environmental factors can impact the immune system, which could potentially affect an individual's behavior and cognitive processing.?

Rather than speaking of "earthly" affairs in the absence of spiritual matters, we would like to point out that polychronicity may also be related to differences in attentional control, working memory, and other cognitive functions that involve multiple brain areas. Ultimately, God is encouraging us to focus on our own shortcomings and work on improving ourselves, rather than obsessing over the faults of others. By doing so, we can become more compassionate, empathetic, and understanding individuals who are better equipped to help others on their own journeys. However, it's important to note that the relationship between the immune system and behavior is still not well understood, and more research is needed to fully explore this topic. As well, research in the fields of education and medicine can have a significant impact on how individuals understand and approach their health, including both physical and mental wellness. Education can provide individuals with knowledge and skills to promote positive health behaviors, while medicine can offer treatment and prevention options for various illnesses [b ]. In terms of the relationship between the immune system and behavior, education can play a role in helping individuals understand how stress and other environmental factors can impact their immune function. This understanding can empower individuals to engage in stress-reducing activities, such as exercise, meditation, or counseling, which may help support immune function and overall health. Medicine also plays a crucial role in supporting immune function, particularly in the context of certain illnesses or diseases. For example, medications may be prescribed to help manage autoimmune disorders, which can impact the immune system's function. Additionally, medical interventions such as vaccinations can help stimulate the immune system to protect against specific diseases. In terms of morality, the way that individuals approach their health decisions may be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural, social, and personal beliefs. Additionally, the goals and values associated with health may vary widely among individuals and communities. From a moral perspective, the emphasis is on achieving certain ends or goals, such as promoting wellness or preventing illness. However, the means to achieve these ends may vary, and individuals may have different ideas about what constitutes the most ethical or effective approach.

[Note: Ultimately, the challenge is how to balance the rational pursuit of health and wellness with ethical considerations, such as respect for individual autonomy and the promotion of social well-being. This requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration between individuals, healthcare providers, educators, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure that health goals are pursued in a way that is both effective and moral.]

In essence, God's subjective nature informs and influences His attributes, giving them depth and meaning beyond just a description of His objective qualities. It is through both His subjective and objective qualities that we can come to know and understand who God is. This may involve reading scripture, praying, attending church, and surrounding oneself with other believers who can offer support and encouragement. The research into the ARAS includes the RAS, PONS, Thymus and other brain mechanisms are necessary while more research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying the effects closing your eyes in true in sincere prayer at least ten minutes a day and effects on the ARAS, it is likely that the activation of this neural network plays a key role in the potential benefits of these therapies for cognitive function including focus, concentration and attention [a ].? By doing so, one can cultivate a mindset that is aligned with God's purposes and experience the imputation of righteousness in their life. God's subjective nature refers to His personal and inner qualities, such as His thoughts, emotions, and intentions. These subjective qualities are closely connected to His attributes, which are His objective qualities or characteristics that describe who He is. For example, God's attribute of love is closely connected to His subjective nature because love is an expression of His personal and inner qualities. Similarly, God's attribute of justice is connected to His subjective nature because it reflects His personal values and intentions.

Note: The Godhead, also known as the Trinity, is the Christian belief in one God in three persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Each person of the Godhead is equally God, yet distinct in their roles and relationship to humanity. In essence, God's subjective nature informs and influences His attributes (relational nature). God's attribute of love is closely connected (relational nature) because love is an expression of His personal and inner qualities (subjective nature). Lastly, God's attribute of justice is connected to His subjective nature because it reflects His inner nature of His personal values and intentions. The Holy Spirit is often referred to as the "Spirit of God" or the "Spirit of Christ" and is believed to be the third person of the Holy Trinity. Here are four ways that Christians believe one can know and trust the mind of the Spirit:

1. Through the Bible: Christians believe that the Bible is the inspired Word of God and that it contains the teachings and guidance of the Holy Spirit. By studying the Bible, Christians can gain insight into the mind of the Spirit and better understand God's will for their lives.
2. Through prayer: Christians believe that prayer is a way to communicate with God and to receive guidance from the Holy Spirit. By spending time in prayer, Christians can ask the Holy Spirit to reveal God's will for their lives and to provide them with wisdom and discernment.
3. Through the community of believers: Christians believe that the Holy Spirit works through the community of believers to guide and direct them. By being part of a community of faith, Christians can learn from others and receive guidance and support from those who are also seeking to follow the mind of the Spirit.
4. Through personal experience: Christians believe that the Holy Spirit can speak to them through personal experiences, such as a sense of peace or a feeling of conviction. By paying attention to these experiences and seeking to discern their meaning, Christians can gain insight into the mind of the Spirit and the will of God for their lives.

Furthermore, God's nature and values are rooted in love, compassion, justice, righteousness, and peace. These values are demonstrated in the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who is considered the embodiment of God's nature and values. By following Jesus and His example, we can live a life that reflects God's character and values. God's love and compassion are demonstrated through His forgiveness and mercy towards humanity. God's justice and righteousness are expressed through His expectations for us to live in a way that honors Him and reflects His goodness. God's peace is a gift that comes from a relationship with Him, rooted in faith and trust in His provision and care for us.?

God has an inner nature that is revealed to us through Scripture and the teachings of Jesus Christ. This inner nature includes qualities such as love, mercy, justice, righteousness, holiness, and faithfulness. These attributes are believed to be an essential part of God's character and are often referred to as the attributes or perfections of God. They are considered to be unchanging and eternal aspects of God's nature. So, part of effective support strategies may involve encouraging individuals to be honest with themselves and work on acknowledging and addressing their own weaknesses and growing in their God given strengths, gifts, abilities and Holy and Godly attributes and characteristics including integrity.??

How do you feel disconnected to others, yourself, and/or God possibly due to neurodivergence? Find me on Insight Timer: https://insig.ht/hqgzNljOgyb

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For more information: www.myelbert.com ?2018, In-Text Citation: [a ] Cook T. Cook’s FSD Dysregulation: Functional System Regulation Using a Spiritual Growth-Oriented Learning Model; Feb; 2023; www.myelbert.com [b ] N T Nature - Helping Those with a Neurodiversity Enjoy Learning Again (Updated) Part I. Scribd; [c ] Cook’s Nurture Their Nature Part I. Learn more Neurodiversity Hub. (2022). YouVersion: Emotions by topic [d ]. Epigenetics and neurodiversity. Available from https://neurodiversityhub.org.au/epigenetics-and-neurodiversity and take a look ?? https://www.nicabm.com .

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