Consumer Protection and AI

The National AI Initiative Act of 2020 was passed into law on January 1, 2021.? This Act aims to create a well-organized program that involves the entire Federal government to speed up AI research and its practical use.? The Act’s central purpose is to boost the US economy and enhance national security by harnessing the potential of artificial intelligence. [1] NIAA.

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Central to this mission was the cultivation of a proficient and adaptable workforce equipped to embrace and integrate AI systems seamlessly across all facets of the economy and society.? This Act sets out a plan to ensure that AI becomes a driving force for economic growth and national security.[2] ?

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With such an important directive at the helm of the country’s future, how does the US government and, by extension, the private sector facilitate the protection of consumers?? Moreover, this research sets out to examine three basic questions:

1.????? How do consumers and companies use AI?

2.????? What problems do consumers face in their use and consumption of AI?

3.????? What regulations are in place for AI?

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What is AI?

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to “computers or machines that have the ability to learn and adapt to changing environments.[3] "AI also encompasses machine-based systems “that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments.[4] ”? In short, “AI is the science of creating machines to act like humans.[5] ”

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Overview of how consumers and companies use AI.

The use of AI in our everyday lives is widespread.? Common examples include GPS and navigation apps such as Google Maps & Apple Maps.[6] ? Smart assistants such as Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant make our everyday lives easier by providing us with information on demand and controlling household devices[7] . Commands such as, "Alexa, turn on bedroom lights." "Hey, Google, is there anything on my calendar today?" Or even "Siri, what time is it in London?" are frequently iterated in the household of yours truly.? Online advertisements, rightly a topic within itself, are particularly adept at targeting consumers responding to consumer behavior on and offline.? Many internet users report thinking about purchasing an item, only to have it appear as an advertisement on the next webpage they visit.[8] .? There are even instances of consumers who purchase items in brick-and-mortar stores who see online ads for the item they just purchased offline[9] .? Self-driving cars that were once only seen in the Hanna-Barbara cartoons "The Jetsons" are not only being road-tested in California, but there is a pilot program permitting driverless taxis to operate during times with less traffic congestion[10] . The most modern cars are smart cars (not to be confused with the Mercedes-branded Smart Car).? These vehicles use ADAS, the Advanced Driver Assistance System.? ADAS is a group of electronic technologies that assist drivers in both driving and parking[11] .? Many streaming applications that are favorites of the internet use AI in their applications.? Spotify uses AI Spotify’s Vice President of Engineering stated that “machine learning is at the heart of everything we do at Spotify[12] ,” Spotify, an application for music and podcasts, uses artificial intelligence to evaluate the listening behavior of their consumers.? This includes analyzing the songs users have selected to play, the songs they have skipped, as well as songs they have liked and disliked, and the songs played the most often.? Spotify does this to the extent that they are able to pinpoint pattern recognition.? Based on this analysis, backed by big data, Spotify is able to craft new recommendations to their listeners and assist helping them in finding new music[13] . Netflix functions in a similar way with movie recommendations.? Netflix is able to customize its movie recommendations for each consumer[14] . AI has transformed the banking and financial service industries.? Five leading ways that banks use AI are:

1.????? Fraud detection – using algorithms to detect fraudulent transactions by analyzing large volumes of data.[15]

2.????? Chatbots – using natural language conversational skills and a robust data library, chatbots fill support gap for basic customer support questions[16] Thus reducing the need for human customer service representatives.[17]

3.????? Risk Management – using customer data to identify potential risks.? Controversially, Citibank implemented an artificial intelligence system that evaluates social media data and identifies potential credit risks for borrowers.[18]

4.????? Personalized Marketing – using algorithms to evaluate customer data and create specific personal marketing campaigns based on a “lifestyle score,[19] ”

5.????? Loan Processing- using AI to automate the loan processing process in order to process information more quickly.? ING bank has implemented such a system that resulted in a 30% reduction in the time required to approve loans.[20]

Although AI in law enforcement is not widespread, Automated License Plate Readers, also known as Automatic Number Plate Recognition, have been a tool in use by private industry and the police for a number of years[21] .? ALPR/ANPR are used to geofence or rather to establish “virtual fences” to identify vehicles that enter and exit a geographic boundary.[22] ? In February 2003, the City of London introduced the Congestion Charge.? This created a ring-shaped virtual fence around the whole of the City of London, the financial district, and West End.[23] Drivers who enter or drive within the congestion zone at specified times of day are charged ￡15 (USD $19) per day.[24] New York City plans to implement a similar scheme from April 2024, prospectively charging drivers within the zone up to $23[25] .

Within the legal industry, AI is having an impact in the courtroom, in legal research, and in eDiscovery.? Attorneys are utilizing AI applications, such as ChatGPT, Harvy.AI , Logikcull, and LawGeex, to cite cases and draft briefs.? According to a survey by LexisNexis, “84% [of consumers surveyed] believe generative AI tools will increase the efficiency of [26] lawyers, paralegals, or law clerks[27] ,” Additionally, “It’s not just the practice of law; 61% of lawyers and 44% of law students also believe generative AI will change law schools and the way law is taught and studied.[28] ” In May 2023 in the Northern District of Texas, Judge Brantley Starr was the first in the federal judiciary to issue a standing order requiring attorneys and pro se litigants who appear before his court to file a certificate declaring whether portions of their filings would be drafted with generative AI tools.? Weeks later, in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Judge Michael Baylson issued his own standing order, stating, "If any attorney for a party, or a pro se party, has used Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) in the preparation of any complaint, answer, motion, brief, or other paper, filed with the Court, and assigned to Judge Michael M. Baylson, MUST, in a clear and plain factual statement, disclose that AI has been used in any way in the preparation of the filing, and CERTIFY, that each and every citation to the law or the record in the paper, has been verified as accurate.[29] "? In June 2023, a New York Federal Judge sanctioned two attorneys with a $5,000 fine when it was determined that the attorneys acted in bad faith for misleading the court .? because their briefs used ChatGPT to cite cases that did not exist.

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On November 30, 2022, ChatGPT was released for public use.? ChatGPT is a chatbot powered by AI and uses Large Language Modules (LLM) technology to generate text when a user enters a prompt.[30] .? It provides highly sophisticated answers to complex problems.? It can be used to create outlines, write email replies, generate ideas for conversation, therapy, and emotional support, write resumes and cover letters, translate languages, solve complex math problems, write screenplays, write lyrics, write & debugging code[31] and write essays? (notably not this one).

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In the last of our examples, the healthcare industry is increasingly reliant on AI despite current regulatory barriers.? Dr. Matthew Hitchock, a general practitioner in Chattanooga, Tennessee, uses AI to assist him with patient notes.? He notates patient visits on his on a? generative AI app on his smartphone[32] .? The app summarizes the visits for treatment plans and billing.? He lightly edits the content that the app produces and is able to complete his daily patient visit documentation in 20 minutes rather than the two hours it used to take him.? AI is also being used by doctors in the form of ChatBots in order to find a way to communicate more compassionately with patients.[33] . ?In the realm of senior citizen care, artificial technology can do things such as remind seniors to take their medication, assist with daily tasks, cooking, and cleaning, for example.? AI even detects when seniors fall and call for medical attention if needed[34] . ?Controversially, AI is being used in healthcare and health insurance to make vital decisions.? The American Medica Association (AMA) advocates for greater regulatory oversight in the use of AI for pre-authorizations requests and for patient claims.? In 2022 over a period of two months, doctors employed by the health insurance carrier Cigna used artificial intelligence to review claims.? During this period, they denied over 300,000 claims, dedicating an average of merely 1.2 seconds to evaluate each case.? "The use of AI in prior authorization can be a positive step toward reducing the use of valuable practice resources to conduct these manual, time-consuming processes.? But AI is not a silver bullet," according to AMA Trustee Marilyn Heine, MD[35] .

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Of course, there are many more examples of AI, and any one topic here could consume the length of an entire paper.? The overall take-away is that is the ubiquity of AI.? The variety of these examples shows that:

·???????? It is extremely difficult for a consumer to exist in a world that is not affected by AI.?

·???????? AI is embedded and entwined in our lives.?

·???????? AI can be used to make our lives easier.

·???????? There are discernable privacy issues that arise with AI

·???????? AI doesn’t benefit everyone

·???????? AI can be harmful

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Problems Consumers face with AI.

There are numerous problems that consumers have with AI.

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Banking

In June 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) published an issue spotlight discussing the widespread implementation and utilization of chatbots within financial institutions.? The CFOB received numerous complaints from consumers who were frustrated with the use of chatbots.? These consumers experienced difficulty receiving timely, straightforward answers from their financial institutions; and had difficulty registering a dispute or concern.? "A poorly deployed chatbot can lead to customer frustration, reduced trust, and even violations of the law," according to CFPB Director Rohit Chopra[36] . The CFPB found that companies using chatbots were at risk of noncompliance with federal consumer financial protection laws as well as diminished customer service and trust.? Banks put themselves at tris that when chatbots absorb consumer information and provide responses that the information provided may not be accurate; or that the technology may fail to acknowledge that a consumer is invoking their federal rights.? Moreover, the chatbots may fail to protect the consumer's privacy and data.? Additionally, the trust the consumer puts in the bank may be diminished by a bad or incomplete chatbot experience.? When customers require assistance from the bank, the situation may be urgent or time sensitive.? While consumers try to get assistance from a bank and are relegated to communicating with the bank through a chatbot, the consumer may not avail himself of alternative genuine communication options that might achieve that result (i.e., vising the bank in person, calling on the phone) until it's too late.

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Fake Reviews and Fake Books: Amazon

Though there are many non-AI issues with fake reviews on Amazon, one of the newer trends is the rise in fake travel guidebooks on Amazon[37] .?? There are two primary issues here: 1.? Consumers are purchasing these fake travel guides with the assumption that the books are real, and 2.? The fake travel guides are flooded with 5-star reviews.? The scam books are written using AI A site such as Chat GPT can create large amounts of generic text to create a book.? Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing content guidelines do not prevent users from generating content using AI as long as they adhere to the guidelines.? The 5-star reviews praising the books are also written by AI.? In purchasing one of these[38] e bogus books a user wrote[39] , “I do not understand how this book gets a 5-star rating.? I am utterly dumbfounded.? This book has no use.? It is just comprised of descriptions, which one can just look up on the internet.? It appears like a copy and paste book that is shrouded in the appearance of the ultimate guide on travel in France.”? The net result here is that the buyer was induced to purchase the book by the other 5-star reviews.? Then the book turned out to be a scam.

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Facial Recognition

The Transportation Safety Administration has launched a pilot program across 25 airports and is testing facial recognition software.? Instead of TSA agents verifying passengers' identities, a camera takes a photo of the traveler and, using AI and biometrics, compares the facial features from the photo to the passenger's image on their ID[40] .? Dr. Joy Buolamwini, an expert in AI bias and the founder of the Algorithmic Justice League, told Greater Boston that facial recognition software has an inherent, built-in bias that often fails to identify individuals with darker skin tones[41] .

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“The National Institute of Standards and Technology released research showing that not just dark African-American faces, but also Asian faces were up to 100 times more likely to be failed by these systems than the faces of white individuals,” said Dr. Buolamwini[42] .

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Facial recognition software is widely used on home security and video doorbells made by Google, Nest, Wyze, and other companies.? Commercial facial recognition systems such as Clearview AI use databases will billions of face images collected from the internet or "other means." The government and big businesses were previously the ones who could afford cameras with facial recognition.? Now you can buy a camera for just $46 from Wyze and activate it with a facial recognition feature for $4 per month.? This presents a privacy concern.[43] .

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An example of home security cameras that refrain from facial recognition, yet have sparked privacy concerns, is Ring, a company under Amazon's ownership[44] . Ring offers a platform known as Neighbors, a neighborhood watch social network where users can share videos and information with partner police agencies[45] .

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However, digital rights and social justice groups have accused the network of unfairly targeting communities of color, and these criticisms persist despite recent policy changes implemented by Ring to address those concerns[46] .

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Clearview AI has secretly scraped billions of photos from people’s online photos and made, what Clearview AI calls, the world’s largest face recognition database.[47] More than 30 billion of those scraped photos were sourced from social media[48] . Clearview was fined $9.5 million for illegally collecting people's photos by the UK's ICO.? There were also ordered by France to delete their databases of French Citizens.? Australia accused Clearview AI of breaching privacy laws.[49]

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The privacy concerns are indeed troubling.? One doesn't expect nor do they consent that by putting a photo on their Facebook page, their photo would be scrapped and added to a database for facial recognition.? Even if one avoids posting photos online, their photos can be added to the database by other means.?? This is contrary to Alan Weston's theory of privacy, where the third state of privacy is anonymity, freedom from surveillance or identification in public spaces.? In this context, anonymity refers to an individual's desire not to be observed or identified in public.

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Health Care

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Medical claims have been routinely rejected by Health Insurance companies for as long as they've been around.? The decision-making process of approving or denying a claim had previously been an entirely manual process aided by computers.? AI has brought along a tectonic shift in the approvals process.? An investigation by STAT found that AI is now driving insurance company denials to a degree not previously seen specifically in Medicare Advantage, the taxpayer-funded alternative to traditional Medicare.? that covers more than 31 million people[50] .? Medicare Advantage touts itself as being the center of “value-based care — delivering better health outcomes, through better quality care at a better cost for Medicare beneficiaries[51] .” But at what cost?

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In 2019 Frances Walter was an 85-year-old Wisconsin resident with a shattered left shoulder and an allergy to pain medicine[52] .? Her rapid recovery was predicted by an algorithm and not a doctor.? The algorithm estimated that in 16.6 days, she would be ready to go home, except that the reality was that she wasn't.? Her medical notes showed that Walter’s pain was maxing out the scales and that she could not dress herself, go to the bathroom, or even push a walker without help.? Notwithstanding, on her seventeenth day in the nursing home, her Medicare Advantage insurer, Security Health Plan, followed through on the predicted algorithm rather than her own doctor's notes.? Her insurer, Security Health Plan, summarily ended payment for her care and determined that she was ready to return to the apartment where she lived alone[53] .? Ultimately a federal judge ruled that the insurer’s decision was

?“at best, speculative” and that Walter was owed thousands of dollars for more than three weeks of treatment that she received.? To fight the denial, Walter was put in the unfortunate position of drawing down her life savings and enrolling in Medicaid.

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American Regulations in Place for AI.

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According to the ABA, At present, the regulation of AI in the United States is still in its early stages, and there is no comprehensive federal legislation dedicated solely to AI regulation.? However, there are existing laws and regulations that touch upon certain aspects of AI, such as privacy, security, and anti-discrimination.? Additionally, various federal agencies have been actively engaged in exploring AI policy and issuing guidelines.[54] In the 2023 legislative session, half of all US States, as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia,, introduced artificial intelligence bills[55] .

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Although AI and machine learning technology's sophistication is a recent development, the concept of automated decision-making is not entirely novel.? The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has considerable expertise in addressing the complexities arising from the utilization of data and algorithms to make consumer-related decisions[56] . Throughout the years, the FTC has taken legal actions against various companies, accusing them of breaching the laws under its jurisdiction, particularly in relation to AI and automated decision-making.? The Commission has also conducted investigations into numerous entities operating within this realm.? Relevant acts the FTC calls out for the enforcement of AI are as follows[57] :

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Section 5 of the FTC Act constitutes a legal framework that aims to curtail unfair or deceptive practices in business operations.? This comprehensive Act extends its scope to include the sale or utilization of algorithms that exhibit racial biases, which would be considered as a breach of the Act[58] .

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The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) becomes applicable in specific scenarios where algorithms are employed to deny individuals opportunities such as employment, housing, credit, insurance, or other benefits.? This Act serves as a regulatory mechanism to ensure fairness and transparency in the decision-making processes that influence people's access to these essential services[59] .

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Furthermore, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) is a pivotal robust of legislation that prohibits companies from deploying biased algorithms that lead to credit discrimination based on various protected attributes, including race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, or the receipt of public assistance.? This Act seeks to uphold the principles of equality and non-discrimination in the realm of credit access and financial opportunities[60] .

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Connecticut

Connecticut passed a law that requires the state Department of Administrative Services to keep track of all artificial intelligence (AI) systems used by state agencies.? From February 1, 2024, they must regularly assess these AI systems to ensure they don't lead to illegal discrimination or unfair impacts.? Additionally, starting December 31, 2023, and each year after, the Department of Administrative Services must conduct an inventory of all AI systems used by state agencies.? If any state agency plans to use a new AI system, they must first conduct an impact assessment to make sure it doesn't result in unlawful discrimination or unfair impacts.? If the agency head believes the AI system may lead to such issues, they can decide not to implement it[61] .

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Illinois

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Illinois emerged as an early adopter of legal measures addressing the use of AI in hiring processes.? In 2019, the state introduced the AI Video Interview Act, which imposes specific requirements on employers who utilize AI-enabled assessments during the hiring phase.? These requirements entail obtaining consent from applicants, offering a clear explanation of the information that the AI tool will evaluate, complying with requests to delete video recordings, and furnishing a demographic breakdown of applicants granted interviews.[62] .

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The Act encompasses several provisions related to disclosure, video sharing, video destruction, and the reporting of demographic information.? For instance, before requesting applicants to submit video interviews for positions in Illinois, employers must follow these guidelines[63] :

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1.????? Inform each applicant before the interview that artificial intelligence may be used to analyze the video interview and assess their suitability for the position.[64]

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2.????? Furnish applicants with information prior to the interview, elucidating how the artificial intelligence functions and the general characteristics it uses to evaluate candidate[65] s.

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3.????? Seek the applicant's consent before the interview to be evaluated by the artificial intelligence program, as described in the provided information[66] .

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By implementing such regulations, Illinois aims to ensure transparency, fairness, and ethical usage of AI in the hiring process while prioritizing the rights and privacy of job applicants[67] .

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North Dakota

A bill that bans legal personhood to AI became law in April 2023[68] .? In a forward-thinking approach, North Dakota has taken a definitive stance by prohibiting the assignment of legal personhood to AI.? The objective behind this measure is to preemptively avoid any potential legal complexities that could emerge from endowing AI with the rights and privileges typically attributed to legal entities.? Although AI's current capabilities do not encompass ownership of property or the ability to initiate legal actions, the state acknowledges the necessity for proactive legislation that can effectively respond to the dynamic advancements in technology.? By enacting such a ban, North Dakota demonstrates its commitment to striking a balance between fostering technological progress and safeguarding the legal framework governing AI's role in society.[69] .

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Analysis – Do we need AI-specific laws?

In looking at the state laws that have been passed, these laws seem to address problems that don't yet exist but may exist at some future point.? AI doesn't want to be a legal person and buy property in North Dakota.? Video-recorded interviews, although growing in popularity, haven't provided the slew of complaints one would expect when creating a law for it.? Doing an inventory of AI mechanisms within state government is a good idea, but it doesn't specifically address the issues facing Connecticut citizens.? Meanwhile, the real-world, actual problems that exist with AI still need to be addressed by state-specific legislation.? None of the aforementioned state-sponsored bills would have helped Frances Walter stopped Clearview AI from scraping photos on social media, or would have stopped fake travel books from being written.

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My viewpoint is that I don't think traditional consumer protection concepts need much development or amendment in order to address Artificial Intelligence issues. ?I argue that although the magnitude of the problems AI presents is new on the whole, the nature of those problems is not.? And though states are acting like mini FTCs in creating laws regulating AI, there is an observable chasm between the AI-based state laws that are being produced and the actual AI problems consumers are suffering through.? Moreover, the Federal laws that have been developed are robust enough to handle AI-based issues.? To put a fine point on it, AI is a means to achieve a faster result.? The fairness or legality of that result remains relevant and applicable to current FTC consumer protection laws.

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA.? STANDING ORDER RE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ("AI ") IN CASES ASSIGNED TO JUDGE BAYLSON?. uscourts.gov , 6 June 2023, p. 1.?

https://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/standord/Standing%20Order%20Re%20Artificial%20Intelligence%206.6.pdf

“What Could AI Regulation in the US Look Like?”?American Bar Association, June 14 2003, www.americanbar.org/groups/journal/podcast/what-could-ai-regulation-in-the-us-look-like .?

“What kinds of things can a normal person do with ChatGPT?” prompt. ChatGPT, ChatGPT 4, OpenAI, 03 August 2023, chat.openai.com .

Wheelwright, Geoff.? "Viewpoints; ADAS and the Vision of Automotive Safety."?The Arm Podcast, 2022, soundcloud.com/armtechnology/adas-and-the-vision-of-automotive-safety#c=43&Geoff .?

Wroclawski, Daniel.? "Facial Recognition Is Coming to Your Neighborhood through Home Security Cameras and Video Doorbells."?Consumer Reports, www.consumerreports.org/electronics/privacy/facial-recognition-and-home-security-cameras-video-doorbells-a9500287020/ .? Accessed August 4 2023.?

?

[1] "The National Artificial Intelligence Initiative (NAII)." National Artificial Intelligence Initiative, April 23 2021, www.ai.gov/ .

[2] Ibid.

[3] “Caltech Science Exchange: What Is Ai?”?YouTube, 12 Sept. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySdCib_X-CQ&t=170s .?

[4] Ogunleye, Ifejesu. "Recommendations to Improve Consumer Protection from Artificial Intelligence." AI's Redress Problem: Recommendations to Improve Consumer Protection from Artificial Intelligence, Aug. 2022, https://cltc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AIs_Redress_Problem.pdf .? Accessed August 1 2023.

[5] Galli, Federico.? "Part I, Introducing Algorithmic Marketing.”;? Algorithmic Marketing and EU Law on Unfair Commercial Practices, edited by Giovanni Sartor, Law, Governance and Technology Series ed., Springer, p. 42. 50.

[6] Pachauri, Garima.? "10 Examples of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Our Daily Lives." GeekFlare, October 29 2022, geekflare.com/daily-life-ai-example/ .

[7] Ibid

[8] Selman, Hanna.? "Why We See Digital Ads after Talking about Something." McNutt & Partners, January 25 2021, www.mcnuttpartners.com/why-we-see-digital-ads-after-talking-about-something/ .

[9] Morrison, Sara.? "Why You See Online Ads for Stuff You Buy in the Real World." Vox, December 19 2019, www.vox.com/recode/2019/12/19/21011527/retail-tracking-apps-wifi-bluetooth-facebook-ads .

[10] "California Allows Driverless Taxi Service to Operate in San Francisco." The Guardian, June 3 2022, www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/03/california-driverless-taxi-cars-san-francisco .

[11] Wheelwright, Geoff.? "Viewpoints; ADAS and the Vision of Automotive Safety." The Arm Podcast, 2022, soundcloud.com/armtechnology/adas-and-the-vision-of-automotive-safety#c=43&Geoff .

[12] Lamping, Reese.? "AI in Spotify's New ' AI DJ'." How Spotify Uses A.I., April 18. 2023, amt-lab.org/blog/2023/4/how-spotify-uses-ai .

[13] Pachauri, Garima.? "10 Examples of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Our Daily Lives." GeekFlare, October 29 2022, geekflare.com/daily-life-ai-example/ .

[14] Netflix Recommendations: How Netflix Uses AI, Data Science, And ML, July 24 2023, www.simplilearn.com/how-netflix-uses-ai-data-science-and-ml-article .

[15] Scholar, Fola Vincent (Ph.D. “Ai Revolutionizing the Banking Sector: How Ai Is Redesigning Processes by Fola Vincent." LinkedIn, March 5. 2023, www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/ai-revolutionizing-banking-sector-how-redesigning-ph-d-scholar-/ .

[16] Shevlin, Ron.? Thanks To ChatGPT, 2023 Is The Year Of The Chatbot In Banking, February 1 2023, www.forbes.com/sites/ronshevlin/2023/02/01/thanks-to-chatgpt-2023-is-the-year-of-the-chatbot-in-banking/?sh=66335dad57fd .

[17] Scholar, Fola Vincent (Ph.D. “Ai Revolutionizing the Banking Sector: How Ai Is Redesigning Processes by Fola Vincent." LinkedIn, March 5. 2023, www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/ai-revolutionizing-banking-sector-how-redesigning-ph-d-scholar-/ .

[18] Ibid

[19] Ibid

[20] Ibid

[21] Redden, J., Aagaard, B., Taniguchi, T., & Criminal Justice Testing and Evaluation Consortium.? (2020).? Artificial Intelligence in Law Enforcement.? US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.? https://cjtec.org/

[22] Ibid

[23] "London Congestion Charge." Wikipedia, June 10 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_congestion_charge .

[24] Transport for London | Every Journey Matters.? "Congestion Charge (Official)." Transport for London, tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge#:~:text=The%20Congestion%20Charge%20is%20a,by%20setting%20up%20Auto%20Pay .? Accessed August 3 2023.

[25] Bloomberg.Com , www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-12/nyc-congestion-pricing-is-coming-to-manhattan-as-soon-as-april-2024 .? Accessed August 3 2023.

[26] Kirk, Shannon Capone, et al. "Judges Guide Attorneys on AI Pitfalls with Standing Orders." Bloomberg Law, July 26 2023, news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/judges-guide-attorneys-on-ai-pitfalls-with-standing-orders?context=search&index=23 .

[27] Lorek, Laura.? "How Lawyers Can Take Advantage of CHATGPT and Other Large Language Models Disrupting the Legal Industry." ABA Journal, May 11 2023, www.abajournal.com/web/article/how-lawyers-can-take-advantage-of-ChatGPT-and-other-large-language-models-disrupting-the-legal-industry .

[28] Ibid

[29] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA.? STANDING ORDER RE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ("AI ") IN CASES ASSIGNED TO JUDGE BAYLSON . uscourts.gov , 6 June 2023, p. 1. https://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/standord/Standing%20Order%20Re%20Artificial%20Intelligence%206.6.pdf

[30] Stringer, Kyle Wiggers and Alyssa.? "CHATGPT: Everything You Need to Know about the AI-Powered Chatbot." TechCrunch, August 3 2023, techcrunch.com/2023/08/02/chatgpt-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-open-ai-powered-chatbot .

[31] “What kinds of things can a normal person do with ChatGPT?” prompt. ChatGPT, GPT 4, OpenAI, 03 August 2023, chat.openai.com .

[32] Lohr, Steve.? "A.I. May Someday Work Medical Miracles.? For Now, It Helps Do Paperwork." The New York Times, June 26 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/06/26/technology/ai-health-care-documentation.html .

[33] Kolata, Gina.? "When Doctors Use a Chatbot to Improve Their Bedside Manner." The New York Times, June 12 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/health/doctors-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html

[34] Marshia, written by Mehebuba. “AI for Seniors: Benefits and Drawbacks - BoomersHub Blog.”?BoomersHub Blog - The Official Blog Site of BoomersHub, May 29 2023, www.boomershub.com/blog/ai-for-seniors-does-it-enhance-or-impair-quality-of-life .?

?

[35] 14, Jun, and Tanya Albert Henry.? "Oversight Needed on Payers' Use of AI in Prior Authorization."?American Medical Association, June 14 2023, www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/prior-authorization/oversight-needed-payers-use-ai-prior-authorization .?

?

[36] "CFPB Issue Spotlight Analyzes 'Artificial Intelligence' Chatbots in Banking." Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, June 6 2023, www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-issue-spotlight-analyzes-artificial-intelligence-chatbots-in-banking/ .

[37] Cahill, Sebastian.? "Reviews from 'verified' Purchasers on Amazon Can Trick Consumers into Buying AI-Created Travel Guides.? Here's How to Spot the Scam." Insider, August 7 2023, www.insider.com/artificial-intelligence-amazon-verified-buyers-generated-fake-travel-guides-2023-8 .

[38] Ibid

[39] Ibid

[40] Farrell, Dominique.? "Facial Recognition Software in Airports Raises Privacy and Racial Bias Concerns." News, July 3 2023, www.wgbh.org/news/science-and-technology/2023/06/16/facial-recognition-software-in-airports-raises-privacy-and-racial-bias-concerns .

[41] Ibid

[42] Farrell, Dominique.? "Facial Recognition Software in Airports Raises Privacy and Racial Bias Concerns." News, July 3 2023, www.wgbh.org/news/science-and-technology/2023/06/16/facial-recognition-software-in-airports-raises-privacy-and-racial-bias-concerns .

[43] Ibid

[44] Wroclawski, Daniel.? "Facial Recognition Is Coming to Your Neighborhood through Home Security Cameras and Video Doorbells." Consumer Reports, www.consumerreports.org/electronics/privacy/facial-recognition-and-home-security-cameras-video-doorbells-a9500287020/ .? Accessed August 4 2023.

[45] Ibid

[46] Ibid

[47] Babu, Sandeep.? "What Is Clearview AI and Why Should You Care about It?" MUO, April 25 2023, www.makeuseof.com/what-is-clearview-ai/ .

[48] Schneider, Jaron.? "Clearview AI Has Scraped More than 30 Billion Photos from Social Media.” PetaPixel, March 29 2023, petapixel.com/2023/03/29/clearview-ai-has-scraped-more-than-30-billion-photos-from-social-media/ .

[49] Ibid

[50] Casey Ross, Bob Herman.? "Denied by AI: How Medicare Advantage Plans Use Algorithms to Cut off Care for Seniors in Need." STAT, July 24 2023, www.statnews.com/2023/03/13/medicare-advantage-plans-denial-artificial-intelligence/ .

[51] "About Medicare Advantage." Better Medicare Alliance, February 28 2023, bettermedicarealliance.org/medicare-advantage/about-medicare-advantage/ .

[52] Casey Ross, Bob Herman.? "Denied by AI: How Medicare Advantage Plans Use Algorithms to Cut off Care for Seniors in Need." STAT, July 24 2023, www.statnews.com/2023/03/13/medicare-advantage-plans-denial-artificial-intelligence/ .

[53] Ibid

[54] "What Could AI Regulation in the US Look Like?" American Bar Association, June 14 2003, www.americanbar.org/groups/journal/podcast/what-could-ai-regulation-in-the-us-look-like .

[55] “Summary Artificial Intelligence 2023 Legislation.”?National Conference of State Legislatures, www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/artificial-intelligence-2023-legislation .? Accessed August 7 2023.?

[56] Ritchie, John Newman & Amy et al. "Aiming for Truth, Fairness, and Equity in Your Company's Use of Ai." Federal Trade Commission, May 24 2022, www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2021/04/aiming-truth-fairness-equity-your-companys-use-ai .

[57] Ibid

[58] Ibid

[59] Ibid

[60] Ibid

[61] Public Act No. 23-16 - Connecticut General Assembly, www.cga.ct.gov/2023/act/Pa/pdf/2023PA-00016-R00SB-01103-PA.PDF .? Accessed August 3 2023.

[62] Silver, Ashley.? "Ai in the Workplace: States Run Hot and Cold on Protections."?GovTech, July 19 2023, www.govtech.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-in-the-workplace-states-run-hot-and-cold-on-protections .?

?

[63] 820?Ilcs?42/? Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act., www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=4015&ChapterID=68 .? Accessed August 3 2023.?

[64] Ibid

[65] Ibid

[66] Ibid

[67] Ibid

[68] Taylor, Deborah.? "North Dakota Bans Legal Personhood for AI, Explores Impact of Technology." Fagen Wasanni Technologies, August 2 2023, fagenwasanni.com/news/north-dakota-bans-legal-personhood-for-ai-explores-impact-of-technology/105814/ .

[69] Ibid