-:Computer Science for Business Professionals :-

PROGRAMING LANGUAGES:

At the end of the day programming that we all consider is all about creating softwares. There are so many programming languages but the fundamental concept of all the languages we all might subsequently learn .Programming is we can say logically related information arranged in a sequence to do particular task .Programming language is usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal. These PROGRAMMIMG languages are of different kinds ,like an example procedural,functional,object oriented and logical programming languages.

so there are some basics of all programming languages: Most important basic elements for programming languages are:

• Programming Environment: An integrated development environment(IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger.
• Data Types: The type of data which tells how the programmer intend to use the data
• Variables: To store data
• Keywords
• Logical and Arithmetical Operators: For operations to perform
• If else conditions
• Loops
• Numbers, Characters and Arrays
• Functions
• Input and Output Operations

The first most popular programming language which is also called the father of all programming language is C. It's a compiled language. Its source code is written using any editor of a programmer's choice in the form of a text file, then it has to be compiled into machine code.

source code ?=> compiler=>machine code

Now python became so popular because it’s a production-based language meant for enterprise and first-class projects. It can be used for just about anything, which is why it’s considered so versatile. You can build Raspberry Pi applications, scripts for desktop programs and configure servers all via Python, but it’s not limited to just those tasks. The designers placed less of an emphasis on conventional syntax, which makes it easier to work with, even for non-programmers or developers.

python=>source code ?=>interpreter=>bytecode=>virtual machines

which makes it more easier to understand and faster than any other programming languages.

INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES:

The INTERNET is a largely abstract phenomenon. It follow some protocols.so what these protocols means. these are the formal standards and policies comprised of rules, methodology, and configurations that define communication between two or more devices over a network. it's kind of like languages or conventions in which computer connect with one another.

computer< => internet <=>server

so how these protocols work ? At first,DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to automate the process of configuring devices on IP networks, thus allowing them to use network services such as DNS, NTP, and any communication protocol based on UDP or TCP.A DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with other IP networks.IP address is an identifying number that is associated with a specific computer or computer network. When connected to the internet, the IP address allows the computers to send and receive information.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the internet. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources. then Gateways regulate traffic between two dissimilar networks, while routers regulate traffic between similar networks .TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation through which application programs can exchange data. TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other. As a request-response protocol, HTTP gives users a way to interact with web resources such as HTML files by transmitting hypertext messages between clients and servers. 

User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a substitute communication protocol to Transmission Control Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between different applications.

Post office Protocol (POP): POP3 is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is designed to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP allows users to transfer files from one machine to another. Types of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and documents, etc. And packet moves over internet which follows each layer of OSI model

WEB DEVELOPMENT:

Web development is the building and maintenance of websites. The field of web development is generally broken down into front-end (the user-facing side) and back-end (the server side).

HTML: It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. HTML describes the structure of a Web page. HTML uses "markup" to annotate text, images, and other content for display in a Web browser. HTML markup includes special "elements" such as <head>,<title>, <header>, <footer>, <article>,<section>,<p>,<div>,<span>,<image>,<audio>and many others. An online integrated development environment, also known as a web IDE or cloud IDE, is a browser based integrated development environment. Web development can range from developing a simple single static page of plain text to complex Web-based Internet applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. 

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media. CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once. JavaScript is a text-based programming language used both on the client-side and server-side that allows you to make web pages interactive.

The Document Object Model is a cross-platform and language-independent interface that treats an XML or HTML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree.

TECHNOLOGY STACK:

A technology stack is a crucial part of developing any web or mobile application. People refer to the term when speaking of the combination of programming languages and software development project .Technology used in web application development can have a big effect on how your app works and how it will behave in the future. 

A front-end dev takes care of layout, design using HTML, CSS and JavaScript. They take an idea from the drawing board and turn it into reality.What you see and what you use, such as the visual aspect of the website, the drop down menus and the text, are all brought together by the front-end dev, who writes a series of programmed to bind and structure the elements, make them look good and add interactivity. These programmers are run through a browser. The backend developer takes care of what's going on behind the scene. This is where the data is stored, and without this data, there would be no frontend. The backend of the web consists of the server that hosts the website, an application for running it and a database to contain the data. Ruby, Python and Java.

 Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, containing information about sales transactions or interactions with specific customers. In computer programming, create, read, update, and delete are the four basic functions of persistent storage. Alternate words are sometimes used when defining the four basic functions of CRUD, such as retrieve instead of read, modify instead of update, or destroy instead of delete. In SQL Server, each column, local variable, expression, and parameter has a related data type. A data type is an attribute that specifies the type of data that the object can hold: integer data, character data, monetary data, date and time data, binary strings, and so on.

NoSQL databases come in a variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. Now a days mobile development is also another stack development work includes various features .

The complete technology stack for mobile application development can be divided into four areas. And these are also the areas that also constitute the anatomy of an application. 

Frontend Development – The interface on which users interact with the mobile app

Backend Development – The part which takes the user input, processes it, and convert it into an output

Development Platform – The place where interfaces and libraries come into the picture to design and develop the mobile application. Additional – The technology elements that affect app performance, security, and robustness.  

CLOUD COMPUTING:

cloud computing is the delivery of computing service including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your business needs change. The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the software and databases that run on those servers. 

Cloud load balancing is a type of load balancing that is performed in cloud computing. Cloud load balancing is the process of distributing workloads across multiple computing resources. The cloud is distributed but even the cloud can be a single point of failure.

Although cloud computing has evolved over the time it has been majorly divided into three broad service categories: Infrastructure as a Service(IAAS), Platform as a Service (PAAS) and Software as a Service (SAAS) .it provide security, reliability, cost reduction. There are many options to “get” your data to the cloud. Real-Time Data Replication is one of them. data replication occurs when data is copied from one server to the next. This makes data easily available and usable by organizations across departments, teams, and people. Replication to the cloud allows organizations to more efficiently gain the insights they need to help drive growth and innovation, eliminate silos while addressing the progressing demands for real-time responsiveness. Cloud Vertical Scaling refers to adding more CPU, memory, or I/O resources to an existing server, or replacing one server with a more powerful server.

The exact benefits will vary according to the type of cloud service being used but, fundamentally, using cloud services means companies not having to buy or maintain their own computing infrastructure.