Computer Forensics Tools | Kroll Artifact Parser and Extractor | TryHackMe KAPE

We covered KAPE as a computer forensics tool to extract forensics artifacts and process them for forensics investigation. We also provided the answers for TryHackMe KAPE room.

What is KAPE in Computer Forensics?

Kroll Artifact Parser and Extractor (KAPE) parses and extracts Windows forensics artifacts. It is a tool that can significantly reduce the time needed to respond to an incident by providing forensic artifacts from a live system or a storage device much earlier than the imaging process completes.

KAPE serves two primary purposes, 1) collect files and 2) process the collected files as per the provided options. For achieving these purposes, KAPE uses the concept of targets and modules. Targets can be defined as the forensic artifacts that need to be collected. Modules are programs that process the collected artifacts and extract information from them. We will learn about them in the upcoming tasks.

How to download KAPE

Download KAPE from this official link.

How to run & use KAPE?

There are two aspects that set how KAPE works, first of which is data collection which is done using #targets and the other is data processing which is done by tools run on the collected files. These tools are run on the files through #modules. Targets and modules can be set before running the program.

Setting up Targets

Targets are the artifacts that need to be collected from a system or image and copied to our provided destination. For example, we can create #Targets for the registry hives. In short, #Targets copy files from one place to another.

Below is the GUI interface.

Setting up modules

Modules come with .mkape extension and the below is an example

Modules can be set in the GUI as well by setting the modules destination option which denotes the path to which the output in CSV will be saved. You can leave modules source as is since it will be equal to target destination by default.

After checking up the above options, you can now select from the list what tools/modules you want to run on the collected data. For example, Eric Zimmerman tools will run on the collected data, process them and store the output in CSV format.

KAPE CLI

KAPE also has a command line interface. The below shows the various options and command like switches that show when running KAPE

D:\KAPE>kape.exe        

KAPE version 1.1.0.1 Author: Eric Zimmerman ([email protected])        tsource         Target source drive to copy files from (C, D:, or F:\ for example)
        target          Target configuration to use
        tdest           Destination directory to copy files to. If --vhdx, --vhd or --zip is set, files will end up in VHD(X) container or zip file
        tlist           List available Targets. Use . for Targets directory or name of subdirectory under Targets.
        tdetail         Dump Target file details
        tflush          Delete all files in 'tdest' prior to collection
        tvars           Provide a list of key:value pairs to be used for variable replacement in Targets. Ex: --tvars user:eric would allow for using %user% in a Target which is replaced with eric at runtime. Multiple pairs should be separated by ^
        tdd             Deduplicate files from --tsource (and VSCs, if enabled) based on SHA-1. First file found wins. Default is TRUE        msource         Directory containing files to process. If using Targets and this is left blank, it will be set to --tdest automatically
        module          Module configuration to use
        mdest           Destination directory to save output to
        mlist           List available Modules. Use . for Modules directory or name of subdirectory under Modules.
        mdetail         Dump Module processors details
        mflush          Delete all files in 'mdest' prior to running Modules
        mvars           Provide a list of key:value pairs to be used for variable replacement in Modules. Ex: --mvars foo:bar would allow for using %foo% in a module which is replaced with bar at runtime. Multiple pairs should be separated by ^
        mef             Export format (csv, html, json, etc.). Overrides what is in Module config        sim             Do not actually copy files to --tdest. Default is FALSE
        vss             Process all Volume Shadow Copies that exist on --tsource. Default is FALSE        vhdx            The base name of the VHDX file to create from --tdest. This should be an identifier, NOT a filename. Use this or --vhd or --zip
        vhd             The base name of the VHD file to create from --tdest. This should be an identifier, NOT a filename. Use this or --vhdx or --zip
        zip             The base name of the ZIP file to create from --tdest. This should be an identifier, NOT a filename. Use this or --vhdx or --vhd        scs             SFTP server host/IP for transferring *compressed VHD(X)* container
        scp             SFTP server port. Default is 22
        scu             SFTP server username. Required when using --scs
        scpw            SFTP server password
        scd             SFTP default directory to upload to. Will be created if it does not exist
        scc             Comment to include with transfer. Useful to include where a transfer came from. Defaults to the name of the machine where KAPE is running        s3p             S3 provider name. Example: spAmazonS3 or spGoogleStorage. See 'https://bit.ly/34s9nS6' for list of providers. Default is 'spAmazonS3'
        s3r             S3 region name. Example: us-west-1 or ap-southeast-2. See 'https://bit.ly/3aNxXhc' for list of regions by provider
        s3b             S3 bucket name
        s3k             S3 Access key
        s3s             S3 Access secret
        s3st            S3 Session token
        s3kp            S3 Key prefix. When set, this value is used as the beginning of the key. Example: 'US1012/KapeData'
        s3o             When using 'spOracle' provider, , set this to the 'Object Storage Namespace' to use
        s3c             Comment to include with transfer. Useful to include where a transfer came from. Defaults to the name of the machine where KAPE is running        s3url           S3 Presigned URL. Must be a PUT request vs. a GET request        asu             Azure Storage SAS Uri
        asc             Comment to include with transfer. Useful to include where a transfer came from. Defaults to the name of the machine where KAPE is running        zv              If true, the VHD(X) container will be zipped after creation. Default is TRUE
        zm              If true, directories in --mdest will be zipped. Default is FALSE
        zpw             If set, use this password when creating zip files (--zv | --zm | --zip)        hex             Path to file containing SHA-1 hashes to exclude. Only files with hashes not found will be copied        debug           Show debug information during processing
        trace           Show trace information during processing        gui             If true, KAPE will not close the window it executes in when run from gkape. Default is FALSE        ul              When using _kape.cli, when true, KAPE will execute entries in _kape.cli one at a time vs. in parallel. Default is FALSE        cu              When using _kape.cli, if true, KAPE will delete _kape.cli and both Target/Module directories upon exiting. Default is FALSE        sftpc           Path to config file defining SFTP server parameters, including port, users, etc. See documentation for examples
        sftpu           When true, show passwords in KAPE switches for connection when using --sftpc. Default is TRUE        rlc             If true, local copy of transferred files will NOT be deleted after upload. Default is FALSE
        guids           KAPE will generate 10 GUIDs and exit. Useful when creating new Targets/Modules. Default is FALSE
        sync            If true, KAPE will download the latest Targets and Modules from specified URL prior to running. Default is https://github.com/EricZimmerman/KapeFiles/archive/master.zip        ifw             If false, KAPE will warn if a process related to FTK is found, then exit. Set to true to ignore this warning and attempt to proceed. Default is FALSE
        Variables: %d = Timestamp (yyyyMMddTHHmmss)
                   %s = System drive letter
                   %m = Machine nameExamples: kape.exe --tsource L: --target RegistryHives --tdest "c:\temp\RegistryOnly"
          kape.exe --tsource H --target EvidenceOfExecution --tdest "c:\temp\default" --debug
          kape.exe --tsource \\server\directory\subdir --target Windows --tdest "c:\temp\default_%d" --vhdx LocalHost
          kape.exe --msource "c:\temp\default" --module LECmd --mdest "c:\temp\modulesOut" --trace --debug          Short options (single letter) are prefixed with a single dash. Long commands are prefixed with two dashes          Full documentation: https://ericzimmerman.github.io/KapeDocs/
D:\KAPE>        

We can see from the above output that while collecting Targets, the switches tsource, target and tdest are required. Similarly, when processing files using Modules, module and mdest are required switches. The other switches are optional as per the requirements of the collection.

To add a Target source, you can append --tsource and that Target path:

kape.exe --tsource C:

The --target flag will be used for selecting the Target the --tdest flag for the Target destination. For the sake of simplicity,you can set the Target destination to a directory named target on your Desktop.

KAPE will create a new directory if it doesn’t already exist. Our command line now looks like this:

kape.exe --tsource C: --target KapeTriage --tdest C:\Users\user\Desktop\target

Running the above command will collect triage data defined in the KapeTriage Target and save it to the provided destination. However, it will not process it or perform any other activity on the data.

If we want to flush the Target destination, we can add --tflush to do that. For now, let’s move on to adding the Module options. If we were using a Module source, we would have used a >--msource flag in a similar manner to the --tsource flag. But in this case, let’s use the Target destination as the Module source. By doing this, we will not need to add it explicitly, and we can move on to adding the Module destination using the --mdest flag:

kape.exe --tsource C: --target KapeTriage --tdest C:\Users\user\Desktop\Target --mdest C:\Users\thm-4n6\Desktop\module

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