Comprehensive Overview of Cybersecurity Attack Types and Defense Strategies (Part 1 of 2)

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Introduction - ???????

Cybersecurity threats have become pervasive, with attackers constantly adapting and finding new ways to exploit vulnerabilities across networks, systems, applications, and human behavior. These threats target diverse aspects of organizational infrastructure, requiring a comprehensive understanding of common attack types, the vulnerabilities they exploit, and effective prevention and remediation strategies. ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????.

Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) frameworks play a pivotal role in strengthening cybersecurity defenses. By aligning cybersecurity initiatives with organizational goals, regulatory requirements, and structured risk management practices, GRC frameworks provide a holistic approach to managing security risks while ensuring operational and legal compliance. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

This guide provides an exhaustive breakdown of major cybersecurity attack types and details how GRC frameworks enhance defenses across all attack vectors. The content has been expanded to include emerging threats in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Blockchain and Cryptocurrency systems. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? "????????? ???????"? ??????? ????? "????? ??????"? ???? ????????? "???????"? ???????? ??????? "???????????".

Definition of a Cyberattack - ????? ?????? ?????????

A cyberattack is a deliberate attempt by threat actors, including individuals, groups, or organizations, to exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems, networks, and devices. The motives behind these attacks can vary, ranging from financial gain and espionage to political agendas and sabotage. Cyberattacks disrupt operations, compromise sensitive data, and undermine trust, making them a critical concern for modern organizations. ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????.

Article Contents - ????? ??????

Each type will include: ???? ?? ??? ?? ???

• Detailed Vulnerabilities: Key weaknesses that attackers exploit. ?????? ???????: ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????.
• Prevention Strategies: Best practices and tools to secure systems. ??????????? ???????: ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
• Remediation: Steps to respond to and recover from attacks. ????????? ?????????: ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????.
• The Role of GRC Frameworks: How GRC helps organizations mitigate risks and maintain compliance. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????.

1. Network Attacks | ??????? ??? ???????

Compromise network infrastructure and intercept communication:???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????

2. Infrastructure Attacks | ????? ?????? ???????

Exploit foundational systems like DNS and routing protocols:?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????

3. System Attacks | ??????? ??? ???????

Target vulnerabilities in operating systems and applications:?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????

4. Application & Web Attacks | ??????? ??? ????????? ??????

Exploit web application vulnerabilities:????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????

5. Social Engineering Attacks | ????? ??????? ??????????

Manipulate human behavior for unauthorized access:????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??

6. Cloud-Specific Attacks | ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????

Target unique vulnerabilities in cloud environments:?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????

7. IoT Attacks | ??????? ??? ?????? ???????

Exploit security gaps in IoT devices:????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????

8. Mobile Device Attacks | ??????? ??? ??????? ????????

Focus on vulnerabilities in smartphones and tablets:???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????

9. Cryptographic Attacks | ??????? ??? ???????

Exploit encryption weaknesses:????? ??????? ?? ???????

10. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) | ????????? ???????? ????????

Long-term, targeted infiltrations:???????? ????????? ????? ?????

11. Insider Attacks | ??????? ????????

Internal threats from employees or contractors:????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????

12. Supply Chain Attacks | ??????? ??? ????? ???????

Compromise third-party vendors or products: ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????

13. Physical Security Attacks | ??????? ??? ????? ??????

Direct physical access to systems or facilities: ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????

14. AI and ML Attacks | ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????

Exploit intelligent systems and algorithms: ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????

15. Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Attacks | ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????

Target decentralized systems and digital assets: ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????

16. How GRC Frameworks Enhance Cybersecurity | ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????

Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) play critical roles in cybersecurity: ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????

• Governance | ???????: Establishes policies and roles for cybersecurity alignment.
• ???????: ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????
• Risk Management | ????? ???????: Proactively identifies and mitigates vulnerabilities.
• ????? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????
• Compliance | ????????: Enforces regulatory standards to reduce legal and operational risks.
• ????????: ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????

1. Network Attacks - ??????? ??? ???????

Network attacks aim to exploit vulnerabilities in the network infrastructure, disrupt communication, intercept sensitive data, or overwhelm systems. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of network attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and how GRC frameworks enhance defenses. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

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1.1 Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) - ????? ??? ?????? ??????? "?? ???"

A. Description - ????? A DDoS attack overwhelms a network, server, or service by flooding it with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? "?? ???" ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Limited bandwidth, unprotected endpoints, and inadequate capacity planning. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????.

- Example - ?????? The 2016 Mirai botnet attack targeted Dyn DNS, disrupting major services like Twitter, Netflix, and Reddit. ???? "????? ??? ??" ?? ??? 2016 ?????? ???? "??? ?? ?? ??"? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? "?????" ?"???????" ?"?????".

C. Prevention - ???????

• DDoS Protection Services - ????? ????? ?? "?? ???" Monitors and mitigates unusual traffic patterns. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.
• Rate Limiting - ????? ???? ??????? Restricts the number of requests to prevent flooding. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????.
• Traffic Filtering - ????? ???? ?????? Filters malicious traffic from legitimate traffic. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Cloudflare - ????? ???? Offers DDoS protection and content delivery networks (CDNs). ???? ????? ?? "?? ???" ?????? ????? ???????.
• AWS Shield - ?? ????? ?? ???? Advanced threat mitigation for applications hosted on AWS. ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? "?? ????? ??".
• Akamai Kona Site Defender - ????? ???? ???? ??????? Comprehensive web application and DDoS protection. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? "?? ???".
• Radware DefensePro - ?????? ?????? ??? Provides real-time DDoS detection and mitigation. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? "?? ???" ????????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define policies for capacity planning and load testing. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.
• Conduct regular risk assessments to identify bandwidth limitations. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.
• Enforce DDoS protection measures as part of compliance protocols. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? "?? ???" ???? ?? ?????????? ????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Block malicious IP addresses in real-time. ??? ?????? "?? ??" ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
• Use CDNs to offload traffic and distribute network load. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
• Implement traffic rerouting mechanisms. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
• Review logs to identify patterns and strengthen future defenses. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????.

1.2 Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) - ?????? ?????? "??? ?? ?? ????"

A. Description - ????? An attacker intercepts or alters communication between two parties, often to steal credentials or tamper with data. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Weak encryption, lack of network authentication, and insecure public Wi-Fi. ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????.

- Example - ?????? Attackers intercept sensitive information on unencrypted public Wi-Fi networks. ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• SSL/TLS Encryption - ????? "?? ?? ??" ?"?? ?? ??" Encrypts data in transit to prevent interception. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????????.
• VPNs - ??????? ?????? ?????????? "?? ?? ??" Establish secure, encrypted tunnels for remote communications. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????.
• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) - ???????? ?????? ??????? Adds an additional layer of identity verification. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Cisco AnyConnect - ????? ??? ????? VPN solution for secure remote access. ?? "?? ?? ??" ?????? ????? ?? ????.
• Fortinet FortiGate - ??????? ??????? Offers SSL/TLS encryption and firewall protections. ???? ????? "?? ?? ??" ?"?? ?? ??" ?????? ????? ???????.
• OpenVPN - ???? ?? ?? ?? Open-source VPN with robust encryption features. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????.
• Palo Alto Prisma Access - ???? ???? ?????? ???? Secures remote access with integrated MFA and encryption. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate encryption for sensitive data in transit. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????.
• Enforce secure communication protocols (e.g., TLS 1.2 or higher). ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? "?? ?? ??" 1.2 ?? ????.
• Require regular audits to verify encryption integrity. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Terminate compromised sessions immediately. ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????.
• Update encryption protocols to the latest standards. ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????.
• Notify affected parties and recommend password resets or MFA activation. ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
• Conduct post-incident analysis to identify and mitigate weak points. ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????.

1.3 IP Spoofing - ?????? ?????? ???????? "?? ?? ???????"

A. Description - ????? An attacker forges the IP address in data packets to impersonate a trusted source and bypass network defenses. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? "?? ??" ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of IP verification and inadequate packet inspection. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? "?? ??" ???? ??? ???? ?????.

- Example - ?????? Spoofed IPs are commonly used in reflective DDoS attacks to mask the origin of traffic. ?????? ?????? "?? ??" ??????? ????? ?? ????? "?? ???" ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Anti-Spoofing Filters - ????? ??? ???????? Detect and block spoofed packets. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.
• Packet Inspection - ??? ????? Analyzes traffic at a granular level for abnormalities. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????.
• IP Filtering - ????? ?????? ???????? Allows only whitelisted IP addresses. ???? ??? ??????? "?? ??" ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Check Point Gateway - ?????? ???? ????? Offers advanced anti-spoofing capabilities. ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????.
• Juniper SRX Series - ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? Implements stateful packet inspection. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????.
• FortiGate Firewalls - ????? ????? ??????? ??????? Provides IP filtering and traffic validation. ???? ????? ?????? "?? ??" ??????? ?? ???? ??????.
• Palo Alto Networks NGFW - ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? Utilizes machine learning to detect spoofed traffic. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish anti-spoofing policies within network design. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????.
• Define requirements for regular packet inspection and monitoring. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
• Include IP validation as a compliance requirement during audits. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? "?? ??" ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and block spoofed traffic sources. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.
• Update firewall and routing configurations to improve filtering. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
• Analyze logs to trace the attack's origin and strengthen detection rules. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.
• Conduct employee training on recognizing potential spoofing attempts. ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????.

1.4 Packet Sniffing - ????? ??? ???????? "????? ??????"

A. Description - ????? Captures unencrypted data packets transmitted over a network, exposing sensitive information such as passwords and credentials. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of encryption and secure protocols. ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????.

- Example - ?????? Attackers use sniffing tools on open Wi-Fi to capture unencrypted traffic. ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• SSL/TLS Encryption - ????? "?? ?? ??" ?"?? ?? ??" Ensures data confidentiality during transmission. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????.
• Secure Protocols - ?????????? ???? Use HTTPS, SSH, or FTPS for data communication. ??????? "??? ?? ?? ?? ??" ?? "?? ?? ???" ?? "?? ?? ?? ??" ??????? ?????????.
• Network Segmentation - ????? ?????? Isolates sensitive traffic from less secure segments. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Wireshark Filters - ????? ???????? Helps detect and analyze packet sniffing activities. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????.
• Zscaler Cloud Security - ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? Encrypts traffic across distributed networks. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.
• Cisco Umbrella - ???? ????? Provides secure web access and DNS-layer protection. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????.
• HPE Aruba ClearPass - ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? Enforces role-based network access controls. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Enforce mandatory encryption policies for all traffic. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.
• Regularly audit secure data handling practices. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????.
• Monitor compliance with encryption and secure protocol requirements. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Notify affected users and recommend credential updates. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
• Upgrade encryption standards across all networks. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????.
• Monitor network traffic for anomalous activity following the breach. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????.
• Implement stricter access controls to limit future exposure. ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????.

1.5 DNS Spoofing - ????? ???? ????? ???????? "?? ?? ?? ???????"

A. Description - ????? Manipulates DNS responses to redirect users to malicious sites, often used for phishing or data theft. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Insecure DNS configurations and lack of DNSSEC. ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??".

- Example - ?????? Redirecting users from a legitimate banking site to a phishing page. ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• DNSSEC - ???? ????? ???????? ????? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??" Digitally signs DNS queries to verify authenticity. ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.
• Secure DNS Configurations - ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? Restrict unauthorized changes to DNS settings. ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????.
• DNS Monitoring - ?????? ???? ????? ???????? Detects anomalies in DNS traffic. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Infoblox DNS Security - ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? Provides DNSSEC and DNS traffic analysis. ???? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??" ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????.
• Cisco Umbrella - ???? ????? Offers DNS-layer security to prevent spoofing. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????.
• BlueCat DNS Integrity - ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? Ensures secure DNS management. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????.
• Google Public DNS - ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? Offers enhanced DNS protections and speed. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish DNS security standards, including DNSSEC implementation. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??".
• Conduct regular DNS integrity audits to identify tampering. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
• Require secure configurations as part of compliance checks. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Clear DNS caches on affected systems. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????.
• Notify users of potential redirections and recommend immediate action. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????.
• Secure DNS servers and apply patches to prevent further exploitation. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????.
• Review and strengthen DNS access policies. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????.

2. Infrastructure Attacks - ??????? ??? ?????? ???????

Infrastructure attacks target critical systems such as DNS, routing protocols, and physical components of the network. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of infrastructure attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and how GRC frameworks enhance defenses. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????.

2.1 BGP Hijacking - ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? "?? ?? ??"

A. Description - ????? An attacker manipulates Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing to redirect or intercept network traffic. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? "?? ?? ??" ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of route validation in BGP configurations. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? "?? ?? ??".

- Example - ?????? In 2018, BGP hijacking rerouted traffic to malicious servers in a cryptocurrency theft. ?? ??? 2018? ??? ?????? ???????? "?? ?? ??" ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Route Validation - ?????? ?? ???????? Ensures that only legitimate routes are propagated. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???.
• Secure Routing Protocols - ?????????? ????? ???? Implement RPKI to secure BGP routes. ????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ?????? ?????? "?? ?? ??".
• Monitoring Tools - ????? ???????? Detect anomalies in routing behavior. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Cisco Secure Dynamic Fabric Automation - ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? Provides secure and automated routing configurations. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.
• Juniper Paragon Automation - ????? ??????? ?? ?????? Enhances route validation and network performance monitoring. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????.
• Arista CloudVision - ???? ??????? ?? ?????? Centralized control and anomaly detection in routing. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate the use of RPKI and secure routing protocols. ??? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ??????????? ????? ????.
• Establish policies for route validation and traffic monitoring. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????.
• Conduct regular audits to identify misconfigured routing. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Immediately remove unauthorized routes from BGP tables. ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? "?? ?? ??".
• Notify ISPs and affected parties to correct routing anomalies. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.
• Apply strict BGP filtering rules to prevent recurrence. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? "?? ?? ??" ???? ???????.
• Review and update routing security policies. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.

2.2 DNS Cache Poisoning - ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????

A. Description - ????? An attacker inserts false DNS information into the cache, redirecting users to malicious sites. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Weak DNS configurations and lack of query validation. ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????????.

- Example - ?????? Users trying to access a banking site were redirected to a phishing page. ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• DNSSEC - ???? ????? ???????? ????? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??" Ensures data integrity in DNS responses. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????????.
• Query Validation - ?????? ?? ??????????? Validates the authenticity of DNS queries. ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????????.
• Cache Security - ???? ??????? ??????? Restricts unauthorized updates to DNS caches. ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Infoblox Secure DNS - ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? Implements DNSSEC and monitors DNS traffic. ???? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??" ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????.
• BlueCat Gateway - ????? ?????? Provides secure DNS query handling and analysis. ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????.
• Cisco Umbrella - ???? ????? Offers protection against DNS poisoning. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Require DNSSEC implementation for all DNS servers. ??? ????? "?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??" ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????.
• Regularly monitor and audit DNS caches for integrity. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????.
• Define incident response plans for DNS-related breaches. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Clear poisoned DNS caches on affected servers. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????.
• Notify users of potential redirections and recommend preventive measures. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????.
• Secure DNS servers with updated software and patches. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????.
• Strengthen DNS query validation to prevent future attacks. ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????.

2.3 MAC Flooding - ????? ????? ???????? "??? ???????"

A. Description - ????? An attacker overwhelms a network switch with fake MAC addresses, causing it to act as a hub and forward all traffic to all ports, enabling interception. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? "???" ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of port security and MAC filtering on network switches. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? "???" ??? ?????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? A MAC flooding attack disrupts a corporate network, exposing internal communications. ???? ????? ????? "???" ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Port Security - ???? ??????? Limits the number of MAC addresses per port. ??? ?? ??? ?????? "???" ??? ????.
• MAC Filtering - ????? ?????? "???" Allows only authorized MAC addresses. ???? ??? ??????? "???" ?????? ???.
• VLAN Segmentation - ????? ?????? ???????? "?? ?? ??? ??" Isolates traffic to prevent broadcast storms. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Cisco Catalyst Switches - ?????? ????? ???????? Supports port security and VLAN segmentation. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? "?? ?? ??? ??".
• Juniper EX Series - ????? ?????? ?? ??? Provides robust MAC filtering and monitoring. ???? ????? ???? ??????? "???" ???????.
• Aruba Switches - ?????? ????? Includes advanced port security features. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate the use of port security and MAC filtering in switch configurations. ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? "???" ?? ??????? ????????.
• Regularly audit network switches to ensure compliance with security standards. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
• Establish incident response procedures for MAC flooding attacks. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? "???".

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and block the source of fake MAC addresses. ????? ???? ?????? "???" ??????? ??????.
• Reconfigure switches to enable port security and limit MAC addresses. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? "???".
• Monitor the network for unusual traffic patterns post-incident. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????.
• Update network security policies to prevent recurrence. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

2.4 Rogue DHCP Server - ???? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ????

A. Description - ????? An attacker sets up an unauthorized DHCP server to assign malicious IP configurations, leading to traffic interception or network disruption. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? "?? ??" ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of DHCP authentication and network monitoring. ???? ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? A rogue DHCP server assigns a gateway controlled by the attacker, redirecting user traffic. ???? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• DHCP Snooping - ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??" Detects and blocks unauthorized DHCP servers. ???? ????? ????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ???????.
• Port-Based Access Control - ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? Restricts unauthorized devices from acting as DHCP servers. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??".
• Network Segmentation - ????? ?????? Isolates DHCP servers in secure VLANs. ???? ????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ?? ????? "?? ?? ??? ??" ????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Cisco IOS DHCP Snooping - ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ?? ????? "?? ?? ??" Provides DHCP snooping to prevent rogue servers. ???? ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ???? ??????? ??? ???????.
• Aruba ClearPass - ????? ??????? Enforces role-based access to DHCP resources. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??".
• Juniper Mist AI - ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? Enhances network visibility and rogue device detection. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????.
• Infoblox IPAM | ????? ?????? "?????????": Ensures comprehensive IP address management. ????? ?????? "?????????" ???? ????? ????? ??????? "?? ??"
• Palo Alto NGFW | ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? "???? ????": Integrates DHCP snooping with network security policies. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? "???? ????" ???? ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ?? ?????? ???? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish policies for authorized DHCP server configurations. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ?????? ???.
• Regularly audit DHCP logs to detect unauthorized servers. ????? ????? ????? ?????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.
• Define incident response plans for rogue DHCP activity. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ??????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and disable rogue DHCP servers immediately. ????? ?????? ????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ??? ??????? ??? ?????.
• Reconfigure authorized DHCP servers to prevent future exploitation. ????? ????? ????? "?? ??? ?? ??" ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????.
• Notify affected users and update IP configurations. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? "?? ??".
• Enhance monitoring tools to detect rogue devices promptly. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????.

2.5 Physical Tampering - ????? ??????

A. Description - ????? An attacker gains physical access to critical infrastructure components to manipulate or damage them, causing operational disruption or data theft. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Inadequate physical security controls and unmonitored access points. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.

- Example - ?????? Unauthorized personnel access a data center, stealing hard drives containing sensitive information. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Access Control Systems - ????? ?????? ?? ?????? Use biometric authentication and access logs for entry points. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
• Surveillance - ???????? Deploy CCTV cameras to monitor sensitive areas. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
• Equipment Locking - ????? ??????? Physically secure hardware with locks and enclosures. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• HID Global Access Control - ?????? ?? ?????? ?? "??? ?? ?? ??????" Offers advanced biometric and card-based access solutions. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????.
• Cisco Meraki Cameras - ??????? ????? ????? Provides cloud-managed surveillance for real-time monitoring. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.
• Dell Server Security Locks - ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? Protect physical servers against unauthorized access. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??.
• Axis Communications Cameras | ??????? "????? ????????????": Provides surveillance solutions for physical security. ??????? "????? ????????????" ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
• Schneider Electric Racks | ???? "?????? ????????": Secure housing for network equipment. ???? "?????? ????????" ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
• ADT Physical Security Services | ????? ????? ?????? ?? "??? ?? ??": Offers comprehensive solutions for physical asset protection. ????? ????? ?????? ?? "??? ?? ??" ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define policies for physical security, including access and monitoring. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
• Conduct regular audits of physical security measures. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
• Establish incident response plans for physical tampering events. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and mitigate vulnerabilities in physical security. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.
• Repair or replace compromised hardware. ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.
• Review access logs to identify unauthorized entry. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??.
• Strengthen physical security protocols to prevent recurrence. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.

3. System Attacks - ??????? ??? ???????

System attacks exploit vulnerabilities in operating systems, software, and hardware to gain unauthorized access or disrupt operations. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of system attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and the role of GRC frameworks. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

3.1 Privilege Escalation - ????? ??????????

A. Description - ????? An attacker exploits vulnerabilities to elevate their access privileges, gaining unauthorized control over a system. ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Weak user permissions, unpatched software, and misconfigured access controls. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker uses a local exploit to elevate their privileges from a standard user to an administrator. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Patch Management - ????? ????????? Regularly update software to fix vulnerabilities. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
• Access Control - ?????? ?? ?????? Apply the principle of least privilege to restrict user access. ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????.
• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) - ???????? ?????? ??????? Add additional layers of security for critical systems. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Microsoft Group Policy - ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? Enforces access control and privilege restrictions. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????.
• Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) - ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? Centralizes access management and user authentication. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????.
• BeyondTrust Privileged Access Management - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? Monitors and manages privileged accounts. ????? ????? ???????? ????????.
• CyberArk Privileged Access Manager | ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "????? ???": Secures privileged accounts and controls access. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "????? ???" ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????
• SolarWinds Access Rights Manager | ???? ???? ?????? ?? "????? ?????": Monitors and manages permissions across systems. ???? ???? ?????? ?? "????? ?????" ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate regular audits of user permissions and access controls. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????.
• Define policies for secure patch management processes. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????.
• Include privilege escalation scenarios in incident response plans. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Revoke unauthorized privileges immediately. ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.
• Patch exploited vulnerabilities to prevent further escalation. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????.
• Review logs to identify the origin and scope of the attack. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
• Strengthen user access controls and enforce MFA. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????.

3.2 Fileless Malware - ??????? ?????? ??? ???????

A. Description - ????? A malware attack that resides in memory and leverages legitimate system processes to execute malicious actions. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Unpatched software, lack of memory protection, and weak endpoint security. ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? Fileless malware leverages PowerShell scripts to execute commands without writing files to disk. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? "???? ???" ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Endpoint Protection - ????? ?????? ??????? Use advanced endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????.
• Memory Scanning - ??? ??????? Monitor memory for abnormal behaviors. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????.
• Application Whitelisting - ??????? ??????? ????????? Allow only approved applications to execute. ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• CrowdStrike Falcon - ????? ?????? ?????? Provides EDR capabilities and fileless malware detection. ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.
• SentinelOne - ?????? ?? Detects and mitigates in-memory threats. ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????.
• Symantec Endpoint Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? Protects against advanced and fileless attacks. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????.
• Carbon Black (VMware) | "?????? ????" ?? "?? ?? ???": Offers fileless malware detection and response. "?????? ????" ?? "?? ?? ???" ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????
• Microsoft Defender ATP | ??????? ??????? ?? "??????????": Detects and mitigates threats operating in memory. ??????? ??????? ?? "??????????" ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????
• Trend Micro Apex One | "????? ?????? ????? ???": Advanced EDR with memory scanning capabilities. "????? ?????? ????? ???" ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish policies for endpoint security and EDR solutions. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????.
• Regularly audit memory and application security configurations. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????.
• Require training for employees on recognizing fileless malware tactics. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Terminate malicious processes and clear infected memory. ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????.
• Apply patches and updates to vulnerable systems. ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????.
• Conduct a thorough forensic analysis to understand attack vectors. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
• Strengthen endpoint defenses to prevent recurrence. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????.

3.3 Ransomware - ????? ??????

A. Description - ????? Ransomware encrypts a victim's data and demands payment for the decryption key, often crippling operations. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Unpatched software, phishing emails, and weak backup practices. ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????.

- Example - ?????? The WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017 targeted unpatched Windows systems globally, affecting healthcare, transportation, and businesses. ???? "????????" ?? ??? 2017 ?????? ????? "??????" ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Regular Backups - ????? ????????? ??????? Maintain offline backups to restore data without paying ransom. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.
• Anti-Ransomware Tools - ????? ?????? ?????? Detect and block ransomware activity. ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.
• User Training - ????? ?????????? Educate employees to identify phishing and malicious links. ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Sophos Intercept X - ??????? ??? ?? ????? Provides anti-ransomware technology and rollback features. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Kaspersky Endpoint Security - ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? Protects against ransomware and advanced threats. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????.
• Veeam Backup & Replication - ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? Ensures secure, reliable data backup and recovery. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????.
• SentinelOne | "??????? ???": Detects and mitigates ransomware attacks in real-time. "??????? ???" ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
• Bitdefender GravityZone | "????????? ??????? ???": Offers anti-ransomware tools with behavioral analytics. "????????? ??????? ???" ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish policies for secure backup practices. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????.
• Conduct regular phishing simulations and user training. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????.
• Include ransomware-specific response plans in incident management. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Isolate infected systems from the network to prevent spread. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????.
• Notify law enforcement and relevant stakeholders. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????.
• Restore data from secure backups if available. ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.
• Analyze the attack to identify weaknesses and implement stronger controls. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

3.4 Rootkits - ????? ?????? ???????

A. Description - ????? Rootkits hide within the system to provide attackers with persistent, undetectable access. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Unsecured kernel-level permissions and unverified software installations. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???.

- Example - ?????? A rootkit embedded in a firmware update provides remote access to attackers. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Kernel Security - ???? ?????? Implement strict kernel-level access controls. ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
• Code Signing - ????? ????? Allow only signed and verified software to execute. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.
• Regular Scans - ????? ??????? Use tools to detect hidden files and anomalies. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• McAfee Rootkit Remover - ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? Detects and removes rootkits effectively. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????.
• Malwarebytes Anti-Rootkit - ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? Provides rootkit detection and mitigation capabilities. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Windows Defender - ?????? ?????? Protects against rootkits with built-in anti-malware features. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
• Kaspersky Rootkit Scanner | ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "????????": Detects and removes rootkits. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "????????" ????? ????? ?????? ??????
• ESET Endpoint Security | ???? ???? ??????? ?? "?? ???": Offers real-time protection and rootkit scanning. ???? ???? ??????? ?? "?? ???" ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
• Sysinternals Suite | ?????? "??? ????????": Advanced tools for identifying and analyzing rootkits. ?????? "??? ????????" ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define policies requiring code signing for all installed software. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.
• Conduct kernel-level security audits regularly. ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
• Include rootkit detection in security monitoring protocols. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Perform rootkit-specific scans and remove identified threats. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????.
• Reinstall operating systems to eliminate persistent infections. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.
• Update firmware and apply security patches. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
• Enhance endpoint defenses to detect hidden attacks. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

3.5 Buffer Overflow - ????? ??? ???????

A. Description - ????? An attacker exploits a memory management flaw to execute arbitrary code or cause a system crash. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Poorly written code and lack of memory bounds checking. ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????.

- Example - ?????? The Heartbleed vulnerability in OpenSSL allowed attackers to access sensitive data. ???? "????????" ?? "???? ?? ?? ??" ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Code Audits - ????? ????? Regularly review and test software for vulnerabilities. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.
• Bounds Checking - ??? ?????? Validate memory allocation and prevent overflows. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.
• DEP (Data Execution Prevention) - ??? ????? ???????? Restrict execution of code in non-executable memory regions. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Fortify Static Code Analyzer - ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? Detects buffer overflow vulnerabilities during development. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.
• Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET) - ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? Mitigates memory-related exploits at the hardware level. ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????.
• Microsoft EMET (Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit) - ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? Provides protection against common overflow attacks. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.
• Checkmarx SAST | ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????????": Scans for memory management issues in source code. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????????" ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
• OWASP ZAP | ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? "??????": Detects application-level buffer overflow vulnerabilities. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? "??????" ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate secure coding practices and vulnerability testing. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????.
• Define incident response procedures for buffer overflow exploits. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????.
• Require regular training for developers on secure programming. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Apply patches to software affected by buffer overflow vulnerabilities. ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????.
• Conduct memory usage audits to identify and fix flaws. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• Recompile applications with secure coding practices. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????.
• Educate teams on recognizing and mitigating overflow issues. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

4. Application & Web Attacks - ??????? ??? ????????? ??????

Application and web attacks exploit vulnerabilities in software, web applications, and related services. These attacks often aim to compromise sensitive data, manipulate operations, or disrupt services. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of application and web attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and the role of GRC frameworks. ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

4.1 SQL Injection (SQLi) - ??? ????? ???????? "?? ??? ?? ???????"

A. Description - ????? SQL Injection is an attack that manipulates SQL queries to gain unauthorized access to databases, allowing attackers to extract, modify, or delete sensitive data. ???? ??? ????? ???????? "?? ??? ?? ???????" ????? ????????? "?? ??? ??" ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Unsanitized user inputs and weak database query structures. ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker uses SQL Injection to extract credit card details from an e-commerce database. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? "?? ??? ??" ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Input Validation - ?????? ?? ???????? Ensure all user inputs are validated and sanitized. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????.
• Parameterized Queries - ????????? ????? ???????? Use parameterized SQL queries to prevent injection. ??????? ????????? "?? ??? ??" ????? ???????? ???? ?????.
• Database Permissions - ?????? ????? ???????? Restrict user roles and access to sensitive data. ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• OWASP ZAP - "?? ???? ???" Identifies SQL Injection vulnerabilities during testing. ???? ????? ??? "?? ??? ??" ????? ????????.
• Imperva Web Application Firewall (WAF) - ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? Blocks malicious queries targeting web applications. ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.
• IBM Guardium - "?? ?? ?? ???????" Monitors database activities for suspicious behaviors. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????.
• Fortify on Demand | "????? ??? ??? ??????": Offers dynamic testing for injection vulnerabilities. "????? ??? ??? ??????" ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
• SQLMap | "?? ??? ?? ???": Tests SQL injection vulnerabilities during security assessments. "?? ??? ?? ???" ????? ????? ??? "?? ??? ??" ????? ??????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish policies for secure database management. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????.
• Mandate regular application security assessments. ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????.
• Include SQL Injection scenarios in security awareness training. ????? ?????????? ??? "?? ??? ??" ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove malicious queries and sanitize database entries. ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????.
• Patch vulnerable applications to address query flaws. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????.
• Conduct forensic analysis to determine the extent of the breach. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????.
• Strengthen database security and update query practices. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????.

4.2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) - ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? "??? ?? ??"

A. Description - ????? XSS injects malicious scripts into web pages viewed by users, enabling attackers to steal data, impersonate users, or hijack sessions. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? "??? ?? ??" ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Unsanitized user inputs and improper script handling. ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????.

- Example - ?????? Attackers inject an XSS payload into a comment section to steal session cookies. ???? ????????? ????? "??? ?? ??" ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Content Security Policy (CSP) - ????? ???? ??????? Restrict the execution of untrusted scripts. ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????.
• Output Encoding - ????? ???????? Encode outputs to neutralize malicious scripts. ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
• Input Sanitization - ????? ???????? Filter and validate all user inputs. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Netsparker - ???????? Detects XSS vulnerabilities in web applications. ???? ?? ????? "??? ?? ??" ?? ??????? ?????.
• Cloudflare WAF - ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? Blocks XSS attempts and enhances web security. ???? ??????? "??? ?? ??" ????? ???? ?????.
• Akamai Kona Site Defender - ????? ???? ???? ??????? Protects against XSS and other web application attacks. ???? ?? "??? ?? ??" ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.
• Veracode | "???????": Assesses source code for XSS vulnerabilities. "???????" ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? "??? ?? ??"
• ModSecurity (WAF) | "??? ????????" (???? ????? ??????? ?????): Protects applications against injection attacks, including XSS. "??? ????????" (???? ????? ??????? ?????) ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? "??? ?? ??"

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate CSP implementation in web applications. ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????.
• Regularly audit applications for XSS vulnerabilities. ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? "??? ?? ??".
• Include XSS scenarios in employee security training. ????? ?????????? "??? ?? ??" ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove injected scripts and sanitize affected pages. ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Update application code to handle inputs securely. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???.
• Notify affected users and reset compromised sessions. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????.
• Strengthen defenses by applying XSS protection measures. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? "??? ?? ??".

4.3 Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) - ????? ????? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??"

A. Description - ????? CSRF tricks authenticated users into executing unwanted actions on a web application, such as transferring funds or changing account settings. ????? ????? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of anti-CSRF tokens and improper session handling. ???? ???? ?????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker sends a malicious link that transfers funds when clicked by an authenticated user. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Anti-CSRF Tokens - ???? ?????? "?? ?? ?? ??" Generate unique tokens for each user session. ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????.
• SameSite Cookies - ????? ????? ???????? "???? ????" Restrict cookies from being sent with cross-site requests. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.
• User Confirmation - ????? ???????? Require user interaction for critical actions. ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• OWASP CSRFGuard - ???? ??????? ?? "?? ?? ?? ??" ?? "?? ????" Provides anti-CSRF protection for web applications. ???? ????? ?? "?? ?? ?? ??" ???????? ?????.
• Imperva WAF - ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? Detects and blocks CSRF attempts. ???? ????? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??".
• Google reCAPTCHA - "???? ?? ??????" Adds an additional verification layer to prevent CSRF attacks. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? "?? ?? ?? ??".
• Cloudflare WAF | ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? "?????????": Filters and blocks CSRF attack vectors. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? "?????????" ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??"
• Burp Suite | "??? ????": Assesses CSRF vulnerabilities during penetration tests. "??? ????" ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ????? ???????? ????????
• F5 BIG-IP ASM | "?? 5 ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??": Protects applications with advanced anti-CSRF mechanisms. "?? 5 ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??" ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? "?? ?? ?? ??"

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Require the use of anti-CSRF tokens in web applications. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ?? ??????? ?????.
• Conduct regular audits for session management vulnerabilities. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
• Include CSRF scenarios in security awareness training programs. ????? ?????????? "?? ?? ?? ??" ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Invalidate affected sessions and regenerate tokens. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????.
• Educate users on recognizing suspicious links. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.
• Patch web applications to address CSRF vulnerabilities. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? "?? ?? ?? ??".
• Strengthen cookie security policies across all applications. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????.

4.4 Remote Code Execution (RCE) - ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? "?? ?? ??"

A. Description - ????? RCE allows attackers to execute arbitrary code on a target server or application, often leading to full system compromise. ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? "?? ?? ??" ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Improper input validation and unpatched vulnerabilities in software. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.

- Example - ?????? The Log4Shell vulnerability in Apache Log4j allowed attackers to execute RCE commands. ???? ???? "??? ??? ???" ?? "?????? ??? 4 ???" ????????? ?????? ????? "?? ?? ??".

C. Prevention - ???????

• Input Sanitization - ????? ???????? Validate and sanitize all user inputs. ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????.
• Patch Management - ????? ????????? Regularly update software to fix known vulnerabilities. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Application Hardening - ????? ????????? Disable unused features and enforce strict permissions. ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Qualys VMDR - ????? ??????? ?? ?????? Scans for and mitigates RCE vulnerabilities. ???? ????? ?? ????? "?? ?? ??".
• Fortinet FortiWeb - "??????? ???? ???" Provides advanced RCE attack protection. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? "?? ?? ??".
• Rapid7 InsightVM - ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? 7 Identifies exploitable RCE vulnerabilities in applications. ???? ????? "?? ?? ??" ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????.
• WhiteSource | "???? ????": Manages open-source vulnerabilities, including RCE. "???? ????" ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? "?? ?? ??"
• Tenable.io | "?????? ?? ??": Offers insights into potential remote code execution vulnerabilities. "?????? ?? ??" ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? "?? ?? ??"

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Enforce mandatory patch management policies. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????.
• Define application security standards to address RCE risks. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? "?? ?? ??".
• Include RCE mitigation techniques in development guidelines. ????? ?????? ????? "?? ?? ??" ?? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Patch affected systems and applications immediately. ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????.
• Conduct forensic analysis to identify exploited vulnerabilities. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????.
• Strengthen input validation mechanisms in application code. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????.
• Update security monitoring tools to detect RCE activities. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? "?? ?? ??".

4.5 Directory Traversal - ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??

A. Description - ????? Directory traversal exploits vulnerabilities to access restricted directories and files, bypassing security controls. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Improper path validation and inadequate access restrictions. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker uses directory traversal to access sensitive server files such as configuration files. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Input Validation - ?????? ?? ???????? Ensure file paths are validated and sanitized. ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Access Control - ?????? ?? ?????? Restrict user permissions to necessary directories only. ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???.
• Code Reviews - ??????? ????? Regularly review code for path traversal vulnerabilities. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Acunetix - ????????? Detects directory traversal vulnerabilities in web applications. ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????.
• Barracuda WAF - ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? Blocks unauthorized directory access attempts. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.
• Burp Suite - ???? ???? Identifies and exploits directory traversal flaws during testing. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.
• OWASP ZAP | ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? "??????": Identifies directory traversal vulnerabilities in applications. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? "??????" ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????
• Imperva WAF | ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? "??????": Protects web applications from directory traversal exploits. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? "??????" ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????
• AppTrana | "?? ?????": Monitors and blocks traversal attempts in real-time. "?? ?????" ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate secure coding practices for file access. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.
• Conduct audits to ensure proper directory access restrictions. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????.
• Define incident response procedures for directory traversal exploits. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove unauthorized files and restrict access permissions. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• Patch and update affected applications. ????? ?????? ????????? ????????.
• Conduct root cause analysis to identify gaps in directory access controls. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????.
• Strengthen file path validation mechanisms. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

5. Social Engineering Attacks - ??????? ???????? ??????????

Social engineering attacks exploit human behavior and trust to bypass technical security measures and gain unauthorized access. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of social engineering attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and the role of GRC frameworks. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

5.1 Phishing - ?????? ?????????

A. Description - ????? Phishing involves sending fraudulent emails or messages that appear legitimate to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information. ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of user awareness and insufficient email filtering. ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????.

- Example - ?????? A phishing email impersonates a bank to obtain users' login credentials. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Email Filtering - ????? ?????? ?????????? Use advanced email filters to block suspicious messages. ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????.
• User Training - ????? ?????????? Educate employees to recognize phishing attempts. ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????.
• Anti-Phishing Tools - ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? Detect and prevent phishing links and attachments. ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Microsoft Defender for Office 365 - "?????????? ???????" ?????? 365 Offers phishing detection and email protection. ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????.
• Proofpoint Email Protection - ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? "???? ?????" Blocks phishing emails and prevents credential theft. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.
• Mimecast Secure Email Gateway - ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? "???? ????" Provides advanced phishing protection. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????.
• Barracuda PhishLine | "???????? ??? ????": Provides phishing simulation and training tools."???????? ??? ????" ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate employee training on identifying phishing attempts. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????.
• Define policies for secure email communication. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????.
• Conduct regular phishing simulations to test awareness. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Block compromised accounts and reset credentials. ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????.
• Notify affected users and recommend further precautions. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????.
• Analyze phishing emails to improve email filtering rules. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????.
• Enhance monitoring for repeated phishing attempts. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

5.2 Spear Phishing - ?????? ????????

A. Description - ????? Spear phishing targets specific individuals or organizations with tailored messages to steal sensitive data or gain unauthorized access. ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Insufficient user awareness and lack of targeted threat detection. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????.

- Example - ?????? A spear phishing email impersonates a CEO, requesting urgent payment processing. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Awareness Training - ????? ??????? Educate users to identify spear phishing characteristics. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.
• Email Authentication - ?????? ?????? ?????????? Implement DMARC, SPF, and DKIM for email validation. ????? "?? ?? ???" ?"?? ?? ??" ?"?? ?? ?? ??" ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????.
• Advanced Threat Detection - ??? ????????? ??????? Use solutions that identify tailored attack patterns. ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Barracuda Sentinel - "???????? ???????" Detects and prevents spear phishing attempts. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.
• FireEye Email Security - ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? "???? ??" Provides protection against targeted email attacks. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.
• Trend Micro Email Security - ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? "????? ??????" Blocks spear phishing emails and malicious attachments. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????.
• KnowBe4 Security Awareness | ????? ?????? ?? "?? ?? ???": Provides spear phishing training simulations. ????? ?????? ?? "?? ?? ???" ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
• Proofpoint Targeted Attack Protection | ????? ??????? ??????? ?? "???? ?????": Identifies and neutralizes spear phishing campaigns. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? "???? ?????" ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
• Ironscales | "????? ?????": Automates detection and response for targeted phishing attempts. "????? ?????" ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Require advanced email authentication protocols for all communications. ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
• Define policies for incident response to spear phishing attacks. ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
• Include spear phishing scenarios in organizational risk assessments. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Block phishing domains and IP addresses. ??? ?????? ??????? "?? ??" ???????? ???????.
• Notify affected users and update their credentials. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
• Analyze the phishing attack to identify weaknesses in email security. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????.
• Enhance email filters to detect future spear phishing attempts. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????.

5.3 Pretexting - ?????? ????????????

A. Description - ????? Pretexting involves creating a fabricated scenario to manipulate a target into divulging sensitive information or performing specific actions. ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of user awareness and absence of identity verification procedures. ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker pretends to be an IT administrator requesting login credentials to resolve an issue. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Identity Verification - ?????? ?? ?????? Require multiple verification steps for sensitive requests. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.
• User Training - ????? ?????????? Teach employees to verify identities before sharing sensitive data. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????.
• Incident Reporting - ??????? ?? ??????? Encourage users to report suspicious requests immediately. ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• KnowBe4 Training - ????? "?? ?? ???" Provides simulated social engineering scenarios for training. ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
• Proofpoint Security Awareness Training - ????? ??????? ??????? ?? "???? ?????" Educates users to recognize and report social engineering attempts. ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????.
• CyberArk Privileged Access Management | ????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????? ???": Restricts access to sensitive accounts. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????? ???" ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????
• Okta Identity Management | ????? ?????? ?? "?????": Verifies user identities and enforces access policies. ????? ?????? ?? "?????" ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????
• IBM Verify | ?????? ?? "?? ?? ??": Provides multi-factor authentication and identity verification. ?????? ?? "?? ?? ??" ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
• Duo Security | "??? ?????????": Strengthens identity authentication with advanced tools. "??? ?????????" ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate identity verification for high-risk scenarios. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????.
• Define reporting protocols for pretexting incidents. ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????.
• Conduct regular user training to counter social engineering tactics. ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Notify users who shared information under false pretenses. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????.
• Investigate and block accounts associated with fraudulent requests. ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????.
• Enhance identity verification procedures to prevent recurrence. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????.
• Educate users on recognizing pretexting attempts. ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????.

5.4 Baiting - ???????

A. Description - ????? Baiting uses enticing offers, such as free software or gifts, to lure targets into downloading malware or disclosing personal information. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Curiosity-driven behavior and lack of skepticism toward unsolicited offers. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker leaves infected USB drives labeled "Confidential" in a public area, prompting users to plug them in. ???? ??????? ?????? "?? ?? ??" ????? ?????? "???" ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• User Awareness - ??? ?????????? Educate employees about risks associated with unsolicited offers. ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????.
• Device Control - ?????? ?? ??????? Restrict the use of external media devices. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
• Endpoint Security - ???? ?????? ??????? Monitor and block unauthorized devices and applications. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Trend Micro Apex One - ????? ?????? ????? ?? Protects against malware introduced via external devices. ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.
• McAfee Device Control - ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? Restricts access to unauthorized external devices. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???.
• Symantec Endpoint Protection - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? Detects and blocks malware from baiting attempts. ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
• Ivanti Device Manager | ???? ??????? ?? "???????": Enforces secure device usage policies.???? ??????? ?? "???????" ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Enforce strict policies on the use of external media. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????.
• Mandate user training on the risks of baiting tactics. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
• Include baiting scenarios in organizational risk assessments. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and quarantine infected devices immediately. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????.
• Notify affected users and provide guidance on malware removal. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.
• Review and strengthen device control policies. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.
• Conduct follow-up training to prevent future incidents. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????.

5.5 Quid Pro Quo - ????? ???????

A. Description - ????? Quid Pro Quo involves offering something desirable in exchange for sensitive information or access. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Exploitation of users' trust and lack of identity verification. ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker pretends to be tech support, offering help in exchange for login credentials. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Identity Verification - ?????? ?? ?????? Verify identities before responding to requests. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????.
• User Training - ????? ?????????? Teach employees to be cautious of unsolicited offers. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????.
• Incident Reporting - ??????? ?? ??????? Encourage users to report suspicious exchanges. ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• KnowBe4 Training - ????? ?? ?? ??? Provides scenarios for identifying Quid Pro Quo attacks. ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????.
• Cisco Umbrella - ???? ????? Blocks access to malicious websites used in such exchanges. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????.
• Trend Micro Email Security - ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? Identifies and blocks suspicious requests. ???? ????? ??????? ????????.
• One Identity Safeguard | "?? ???????? ???????": Protects sensitive data by enforcing access control policies. "?? ???????? ???????" ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
• RSA SecurID | "?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??": Ensures secure access with strong authentication measures. "?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??" ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
• Microsoft Azure AD Conditional Access | ?????? ??????? ?? "?????????? ???? ??? ??": Limits access based on real-time risk assessment. ?????? ??????? ?? "?????????? ???? ??? ??" ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
• Forcepoint Insider Threat | ????????? ???????? ?? "???? ?????": Monitors for unusual user behaviors and access requests. ????????? ???????? ?? "???? ?????" ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Establish protocols for identity verification in support requests. ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
• Define reporting procedures for Quid Pro Quo incidents. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
• Conduct regular training to counter such tactics. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and block malicious actors involved in Quid Pro Quo attempts. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.
• Notify affected users and update compromised credentials. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
• Investigate incidents to identify systemic weaknesses. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????.
• Enhance awareness campaigns to prevent future attacks. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????.

6. Cloud-Specific Attacks - ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????

Cloud-specific attacks target vulnerabilities in cloud environments, often exploiting misconfigurations, insecure APIs, or shared resources. These attacks can compromise data integrity, availability, and confidentiality. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of cloud-specific attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and the role of GRC frameworks. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

6.1 Account Hijacking - ?????? ????????

A. Description - ????? Account hijacking involves unauthorized access to cloud accounts, often to manipulate or steal data or use resources for malicious purposes. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Weak passwords, lack of MFA, and phishing attacks. ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker compromises a cloud admin account to delete critical infrastructure. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Strong Authentication - ?????? ???? Enforce MFA for all cloud accounts. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Password Policies - ?????? ????? ?????? Require complex passwords and regular updates. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
• User Education - ????? ?????????? Train users to identify phishing attempts. ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Azure Active Directory - ????? ????????? ?? ???? Provides identity protection and access management. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• AWS IAM - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? "?? ????? ??" Enables granular control over account access. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????.
• Okta Identity Cloud - ??????? ?????? ?? ????? Offers robust MFA and account protection. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????.
• Palo Alto Prisma Cloud | "???? ???? ?????? ?????": Ensures API security and continuous monitoring."???? ???? ?????? ?????" ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define mandatory MFA policies for cloud environments. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
• Conduct regular audits of cloud account activities. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Include account hijacking scenarios in risk management plans. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Revoke compromised credentials and reset passwords. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
• Notify affected users and restore compromised services. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
• Analyze account logs to determine the scope of the breach. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????.
• Strengthen monitoring to detect unauthorized access attempts. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.

6.2 Data Breaches - ?????? ????????

A. Description - ????? A data breach occurs when unauthorized parties access sensitive information stored in the cloud. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Misconfigured cloud storage, lack of encryption, and excessive permissions. ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????.

- Example - ?????? A misconfigured S3 bucket exposes personal data of millions of users. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? "?? 3" ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Data Encryption - ????? ???????? Encrypt data at rest and in transit. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????.
• Access Control - ?????? ?? ?????? Limit access permissions to essential personnel. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????.
• Security Configuration - ??????? ??????? Regularly review and update storage settings. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• AWS S3 Block Public Access - ??? ?????? ????? ???? "?? 3" ?? "?? ????? ??" Prevents unintended public exposure of storage. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????.
• Azure Key Vault - ???? ???????? ?? ???? Manages encryption keys securely. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.
• Google Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) - ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? Identifies and mitigates sensitive data exposure. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????.
• Veeam Backup & Replication | ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? "????": Ensures secure backups and recovery. ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? "????" ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????
• NetApp Cloud Insights | ??? ??????? ?? "?? ??": Monitors cloud storage activity for anomalies. ??? ??????? ?? "?? ??" ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate encryption policies for all cloud-stored data. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????.
• Conduct regular risk assessments for cloud storage configurations. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????.
• Define response plans for potential data breaches. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Identify and secure exposed data immediately. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????.
• Notify affected users and comply with data breach regulations. ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
• Patch and reconfigure storage settings to prevent recurrence. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????.
• Analyze the breach to improve future security measures. ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????.

6.3 Insecure APIs - ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????

A. Description - ????? Insecure APIs allow attackers to exploit cloud applications by manipulating poorly secured endpoints, potentially leading to data breaches or unauthorized access. ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Weak authentication, lack of encryption, and improper API configurations. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker exploits an API vulnerability to access sensitive customer data in a cloud CRM system. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• API Security Testing - ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? Perform regular security tests on APIs. ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????.
• Authentication Mechanisms - ????? ???????? Implement strong authentication for API endpoints. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
• Data Encryption - ????? ???????? Encrypt API traffic to prevent interception. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• API Gateway Solutions (AWS API Gateway, Azure API Management) - ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? Provides secure API access and monitoring. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
• Imperva API Security - ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? Detects and mitigates API vulnerabilities. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
• Postman API Security - ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? Enables secure testing and monitoring of APIs. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
• Apigee API Management | ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? "?????": Provides API security and monitoring. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? "?????" ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????
• Kong Gateway | ????? "????": Manages and secures APIs across hybrid environments. ????? "????" ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate secure API development practices. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????.
• Define policies for API version control and deprecation. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????.
• Include API security in organizational compliance requirements. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Patch insecure APIs and review endpoint configurations. ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????.
• Update authentication methods to mitigate risks. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????.
• Notify affected stakeholders of potential API misuse. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
• Strengthen monitoring to detect API abuse. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????.

6.4 Cloud Malware Injection - ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????

A. Description - ????? Cloud malware injection involves embedding malicious code into cloud services to compromise applications or data. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Insufficient input validation and lack of real-time threat detection. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker injects malware into a cloud-hosted application, compromising user data. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Real-Time Threat Detection - ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? Monitor cloud environments continuously for threats. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????.
• Secure Application Development - ????? ??????? ???? Follow secure coding practices to prevent injection attacks. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.
• Input Validation - ?????? ?? ????????? Ensure all inputs are validated and sanitized. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• CrowdStrike Falcon for Cloud - ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? Detects and responds to cloud malware threats. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????.
• Trend Micro Cloud One - ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? Provides advanced threat protection for cloud environments. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????.
• McAfee MVISION Cloud - ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? Offers real-time malware detection for cloud services. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Symantec Cloud Workload Protection | ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? "????????": Detects and mitigates malware in cloud environments.????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? "????????" ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define secure application development standards for cloud services. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.
• Mandate threat detection tools in all cloud environments. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
• Conduct regular audits for injection vulnerabilities. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove injected malware and restore clean environments. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
• Notify users and stakeholders of potential data compromise. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????.
• Patch vulnerable applications and review input validation processes. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????.
• Strengthen monitoring to detect future injection attempts. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????.

6.5 Misconfigured Access Control - ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????

A. Description - ????? Misconfigured access control allows unauthorized users to gain access to cloud resources, leading to data breaches or misuse. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of role-based access controls and poorly defined permissions. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???.

- Example - ?????? An attacker exploits open access settings on a cloud storage bucket to download sensitive files. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) - ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? Define roles and limit permissions to the minimum required. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.
• Access Audits - ????? ?????? Regularly review and update access permissions. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Secure Configuration - ??????? ?????? Apply security best practices to all cloud services. ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? Provides fine-grained control over access permissions. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.
• Azure Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) - ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? Enables secure access management for cloud resources. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Google Cloud IAM - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? Ensures proper access control for Google Cloud services. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.
• Splunk Cloud Security Monitoring | ?????? ???? ??????? ?? "?????": Tracks access and detects anomalies.?????? ???? ??????? ?? "?????" ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define mandatory RBAC policies for cloud environments. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
• Conduct periodic reviews of access permissions. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.
• Include misconfiguration scenarios in risk assessments. ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Reconfigure access controls to limit unauthorized access. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??.
• Notify affected users and secure exposed resources. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Review and update access policies to prevent recurrence. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
• Enhance training on proper access management practices. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????.

?7. IoT Attacks - ??????? ??? ?????? ???????

IoT attacks exploit vulnerabilities in connected devices, often targeting insecure configurations, unpatched firmware, or weak network protections. These attacks can compromise device functionality, data integrity, and overall system security. Below is a detailed breakdown of five common types of IoT attacks, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and the role of GRC frameworks. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

7.1 Botnets - ????? ?????

A. Description - ????? Botnets are networks of compromised IoT devices controlled by attackers to execute malicious activities, such as DDoS attacks or data theft. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Default credentials, weak passwords, and unpatched vulnerabilities. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.

- Example - ?????? The Mirai botnet exploited default credentials in IoT devices to launch large-scale DDoS attacks. ????? ??? ?? "?????" ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Password Policies - ?????? ????? ?????? Enforce strong, unique passwords for all IoT devices. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Firmware Updates - ????? ??????? ??????? Regularly update device firmware to patch vulnerabilities. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
• Network Segmentation - ????? ?????? Isolate IoT devices in separate network segments. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Cisco IoT Control Center - ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? Monitors and secures IoT device connectivity. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Armis IoT Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? Detects and mitigates IoT-related threats. ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
• Palo Alto Networks IoT Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? Provides advanced botnet protection for IoT devices. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Fortinet FortiNAC | "????? ?? ????????": Ensures network segmentation and device security. "????? ?? ????????" ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
• Trend Micro IoT Security | ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "????? ??????": Provides endpoint protection and vulnerability detection. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "????? ??????" ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define mandatory password policies for IoT device deployment. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Conduct regular audits of IoT device configurations. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Include botnet scenarios in organizational risk assessments. ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove compromised devices from the network immediately. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????.
• Reset credentials and update device firmware. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
• Conduct forensic analysis to determine the botnet's origin and scope. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
• Strengthen network segmentation to limit future attacks. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????.

7.2 Firmware Exploits - ??????? ??????? ???????

A. Description - ????? Firmware exploits target vulnerabilities in IoT device firmware to gain control over devices or inject malicious code. ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Unpatched firmware, lack of integrity checks, and insecure update mechanisms. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker exploits a firmware vulnerability to gain persistent access to a smart home device. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Secure Firmware Updates - ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Use digitally signed firmware updates. ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
• Integrity Checks - ?????? ??????? Verify the integrity of firmware before installation. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????.
• Regular Patching - ????????? ???????? Ensure timely updates for all IoT devices. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Symantec IoT Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? Provides firmware integrity validation. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.
• Microsoft Azure Sphere - ???? ???? ?? ?????????? Offers end-to-end security for IoT device firmware. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Trend Micro Deep Security - ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? Protects against firmware-level exploits. ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????.
• Qualys VMDR | "?????? ?? ?? ?? ??": Identifies vulnerabilities in IoT firmware. "?????? ?? ?? ?? ??" ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????
• Tenable.ot | "?????? ?? ??": Scans for outdated firmware in operational technology (OT) and IoT devices. "?????? ?? ??" ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????
• Kaspersky IoT Secure Gateway | ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "????????": Protects against firmware-level exploits. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "????????" ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????
• Ivanti Device Management | ????? ??????? ?? "???????": Ensures timely firmware updates. ????? ??????? ?? "???????" ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define policies for secure firmware update practices. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
• Mandate regular testing of firmware for vulnerabilities. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.
• Include firmware exploit scenarios in incident response plans. ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Update vulnerable firmware to the latest version. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.
• Reconfigure devices to disable unnecessary features. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????.
• Monitor devices for signs of compromise post-update. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????.
• Conduct post-incident analysis to identify root causes. ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

7.3 Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) on IoT - ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????

A. Description - ????? MitM attacks on IoT involve intercepting communication between devices and servers, enabling attackers to manipulate or steal sensitive data. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of encryption and insecure communication protocols. ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker intercepts communication between a smart thermostat and its cloud server to change settings maliciously. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???.

C. Prevention - ???????

• End-to-End Encryption - ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? Encrypt data transmission between IoT devices and servers. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Secure Protocols - ?????????? ???? Use HTTPS, MQTT with TLS, or other secure communication standards. ??????? "??? ?? ?? ?? ??"? "?? ??? ?? ??" ?? "?? ?? ??"? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????.
• Authentication - ???????? Require mutual authentication between devices and servers. ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• AWS IoT Core - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? Provides secure communication for IoT devices. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Azure IoT Hub - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? Supports encryption and authentication for device communication. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????.
• Armis IoT Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? Detects and prevents MitM attempts on IoT devices. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate encryption for all IoT communications. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
• Conduct regular audits to ensure secure protocol configurations. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????.
• Include MitM scenarios in organizational risk assessments. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Update devices and servers to enforce secure communication protocols. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????.
• Notify affected users and recommend changing device credentials. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Conduct forensic analysis to determine the attack's scope. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.
• Strengthen monitoring to detect anomalous traffic. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????.

7.4 Data Interception - ?????? ????????

A. Description - ????? Data interception attacks capture unencrypted IoT device transmissions, exposing sensitive data like credentials and user behaviors. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of encryption and insecure wireless networks. ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker intercepts unencrypted data from a fitness tracker to gather private health information. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Data Encryption - ????? ???????? Encrypt all data transmitted by IoT devices. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Secure Networks - ????? ???? Use WPA3 or similar standards for IoT network security. ??????? "????? ?? ??? 3" ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
• Device Authentication - ?????? ??????? Require authentication for all devices communicating on the network. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Fortinet Secure IoT - ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? Protects IoT communications with advanced encryption. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
• Cisco Umbrella - ???? ????? Monitors and secures network traffic for IoT devices. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Trend Micro IoT Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? Detects and blocks data interception attempts. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.
• Azure IoT Hub | ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "?????????? ????": Provides secure communication and role-based access controls. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "?????????? ????" ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????
• IBM Watson IoT Platform | ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "?? ?? ?? ??????": Monitors and secures IoT data transmission. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? "?? ?? ?? ??????" ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define encryption policies for all IoT data transmissions. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Mandate secure wireless network configurations. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????.
• Include data interception scenarios in security training. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Encrypt previously unprotected data transmissions. ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????.
• Notify users of potential data exposure and suggest security upgrades. ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????.
• Update IoT device firmware to enforce encryption. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????.
• Conduct follow-up audits to ensure compliance with security measures. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????.

7.5 Physical Tampering on IoT - ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????

A. Description - ????? Physical tampering involves gaining unauthorized physical access to IoT devices to modify, disable, or extract sensitive information. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of physical security and device tamper-proofing. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker physically accesses a smart meter to alter energy usage data. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Device Locking - ????? ??????? Use tamper-proof casings and physical locks. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.
• Surveillance - ???????? Install cameras in areas with sensitive IoT devices. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
• Access Restrictions - ???? ?????? Limit physical access to authorized personnel only. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• HID Global Access Control - ?????? ?? ?????? ?? "??? ?? ?? ??????" Manages and restricts physical access to devices. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.
• Arlo Secure - ???? "????" Provides surveillance and intrusion alerts. ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????.
• Dell Server Security Locks - ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? Protects physical devices from tampering. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????.
• Axis Surveillance Cameras | ??????? ???????? ?? "?????": Monitor areas where IoT devices are deployed. ??????? ???????? ?? "?????" ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
• Schneider Electric IoT Secure Racks | ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? "?????? ????????": Provide tamper-proof enclosures. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? "?????? ????????" ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
• ADT Security Services | ????? ????? ?? "??? ?? ??": Comprehensive physical security for IoT environments. ????? ????? ?? "??? ?? ??" ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define policies for physical security of IoT devices. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Conduct regular physical audits of device placements. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
• Include tampering scenarios in risk management strategies. ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Repair or replace tampered devices immediately. ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????.
• Investigate physical access logs to identify the breach. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
• Enhance physical security measures to prevent future incidents. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????.
• Notify affected users and restore compromised services. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

?8. Mobile Device Attacks - ??????? ??? ??????? ????????

Mobile device attacks exploit vulnerabilities in smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices to steal data, inject malware, or gain unauthorized access. These attacks exploit software vulnerabilities, user behaviors, and network weaknesses. Below is a detailed breakdown of mobile device attack types, including descriptions, vulnerabilities, examples, prevention methods, remediation strategies, and the role of GRC frameworks. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

8.1 Malicious Apps - ????????? ??????

A. Description - ????? Malicious applications disguise themselves as legitimate apps to infect devices and steal data or perform unauthorized actions. ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of app vetting and excessive permissions granted by users. ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????.

- Example - ?????? A malware-infected app downloaded from a third-party app store accesses sensitive files and transmits them to an attacker. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Trusted Sources - ????? ?????? Install apps only from trusted sources like Google Play or Apple App Store. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? "???? ????" ?? "??? ?? ????".
• Permission Control - ?????? ?? ???????? Limit app permissions to the minimum necessary. ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.
• App Vetting - ??? ????????? Use mobile device management tools to verify app integrity. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Microsoft Intune - ?????????? ?????? Enforces app vetting and policy compliance for enterprise devices. ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????.
• Lookout Mobile Endpoint Security - ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? Detects malicious apps and protects sensitive data. ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????.
• Symantec Endpoint Protection Mobile - ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? Monitors and blocks high-risk applications. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????.
• Zimperium zIPS | "????????? ?? ?? ?? ??": Identifies malicious apps and remediates threats in real time."????????? ?? ?? ?? ??" ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate mobile device management (MDM) policies for app vetting and malware scanning. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????.
• Train users on safe app installation practices. ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????.
• Monitor app installations and remove unauthorized apps. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove the malicious app and scan the device for malware. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????.
• Notify affected users and educate them on safe app usage. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????.
• Enhance policies for app vetting and device monitoring. ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????.

8.2 Smishing (SMS Phishing) - ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? "???????"

A. Description - ????? Smishing involves sending phishing messages via SMS to deceive users into revealing sensitive information or downloading malicious apps. ???? "???????" ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• User susceptibility to deceptive messages and lack of SMS filtering solutions. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An SMS pretending to be from a bank prompts users to click a malicious link and enter their credentials. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• User Training - ????? ?????????? Educate users to recognize and avoid suspicious SMS messages. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????.
• SMS Filtering - ????? ??????? ?????? Use solutions to block known phishing attempts via SMS. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????.
• Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) - ???????? ???????? Implement 2FA to secure accounts even if credentials are compromised. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Proofpoint Mobile Defense - ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? Detects and blocks smishing attempts in real-time. ????? ????? ??????? "???????" ?? ????? ??????.
• Trend Micro Mobile Security - ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? Filters phishing messages and protects devices. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.
• Google Safe Browsing - ?????? ????? ?? ???? Warns users of malicious links embedded in SMS messages. ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????.
• Lookout Phishing Protection | ????? ?????? ?? "??? ???": Prevents users from accessing malicious URLs. ????? ?????? ?? "??? ???" ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate mobile security policies including SMS filtering solutions. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????.
• Conduct awareness programs on mobile phishing. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.
• Define incident response protocols for smishing attempts. ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? "???????".

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Notify users and reset compromised credentials. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
• Enhance SMS filtering and monitoring solutions. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????.
• Train users on recognizing and reporting smishing attempts. ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? "???????" ???????? ????.

8.3 Rogue Access Points - ???? ?????? ???????

A. Description - ????? Rogue access points (APs) are unauthorized devices set up by attackers to intercept data transmitted over mobile networks. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Lack of Wi-Fi security protocols and user unawareness of secure networks. ???? ?????????? ???? "??? ???" ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker sets up a rogue AP mimicking a legitimate network to steal credentials from connected devices. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Network Authentication - ?????? ?????? Use WPA3 for secure Wi-Fi connections. ??????? "????? ?? ??? 3" ???????? "??? ???" ??????.
• User Training - ????? ?????????? Educate users to verify network authenticity before connecting. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????.
• Mobile Security Tools - ????? ???? ??????? ???????? Deploy solutions to detect rogue APs. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• AirMagnet WiFi Analyzer - ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? Identifies and mitigates rogue APs in real-time. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.
• Cisco DNA Center - ???? "?? ?? ???" ?? ????? Provides automated monitoring and AP authentication. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????.
• Fortinet Secure Wi-Fi - ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? Protects against unauthorized access points. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.
• NordVPN | "???? ?? ?? ??": Ensures encrypted connections over untrusted Wi-Fi. "???? ?? ?? ??" ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????
• AirWatch (VMware Workspace ONE) | "??? ????" ?? "?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???": Enforces secure Wi-Fi usage policies. "??? ????" ?? "?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???" ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
• Aruba ClearPass | "????? ???? ???": Detects rogue access points and prevents unauthorized connections. "????? ???? ???" ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Define policies to enforce the use of secure Wi-Fi protocols. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? "??? ???" ??????.
• Conduct periodic audits to identify unauthorized access points. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.
• Include rogue AP scenarios in network security assessments. ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Disconnect devices from rogue APs and reconfigure connections. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
• Notify affected users and secure their devices. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
• Strengthen network access controls to prevent rogue APs. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
• Update and patch Wi-Fi security protocols to ensure robustness. ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? "??? ???" ????? ???????.

8.4 Mobile Malware - ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????

A. Description - ????? Mobile malware targets mobile devices to steal sensitive data, track user activities, or disrupt device functionality. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Downloading apps from untrusted sources and lack of mobile security solutions. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????.

- Example - ?????? The Joker malware infiltrates Android devices via malicious apps to steal SMS and payment data. ????? ?????? "????" ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• App Verification - ?????? ?? ????????? Download apps only from trusted app stores. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????.
• Mobile Security Solutions - ???? ???? ??????? ???????? Use antivirus and mobile endpoint protection. ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Regular Updates - ????????? ???????? Keep mobile operating systems and apps updated. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• McAfee Mobile Security - ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? Detects and blocks mobile malware. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• Trend Micro Mobile Security - ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? Protects against mobile malware and phishing attacks. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????.
• Google Play Protect - ??????? ?? ???? ???? Scans apps for malware on Android devices. ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate the use of mobile security solutions for all organizational devices. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????.
• Define policies for secure app installations. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???.
• Conduct regular training on recognizing malicious apps. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Remove malicious apps from infected devices. ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
• Notify users and recommend changing compromised credentials. ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
• Update device security settings to prevent future infections. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????.
• Strengthen app vetting processes to detect threats. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????.

8.5 SIM Jacking - ?????? ????? "???"

A. Description - ????? SIM Jacking exploits social engineering to convince telecom providers to transfer a victim's number to an attacker’s SIM, enabling unauthorized access to sensitive accounts. ????? ?????? ????? "???" ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? "???" ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Weak identity verification processes at telecom providers. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker uses SIM Jacking to intercept 2FA codes for online banking accounts. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? "???" ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Strong Authentication - ?????? ???? Enable PINs and security questions for SIM changes. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? "???".
• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) - ???????? ?????? ??????? Use app-based 2FA instead of SMS-based verification. ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.
• User Education - ????? ?????????? Warn users about SIM Jacking tactics and phishing attempts. ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? "???" ???????? ??????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Twilio Authy - ????? ???? Provides secure app-based 2FA for mobile users. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
• Lookout Mobile Endpoint Security - ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? Detects SIM-related threats on mobile devices. ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? "???" ??? ??????? ????????.
• Cisco Duo - ??? ?? ????? Enhances authentication mechanisms for mobile devices. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Require telecom providers to enforce strict identity verification for SIM changes. ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? "???".
• Include SIM Jacking scenarios in risk management strategies. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? "???" ?? ??????????? ????? ???????.
• Conduct audits to ensure MFA adoption across all sensitive accounts. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Notify telecom providers and request SIM deactivation. ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? "???".
• Re-secure accounts accessed via compromised SIMs. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? "???" ????????.
• Advise affected users to enable app-based 2FA. ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????.
• Investigate and strengthen telecom provider verification processes. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????.

8.6 Rogue Apps - ????????? ???????

A. Description - ????? Rogue apps are malicious applications designed to appear legitimate but contain hidden malware to steal data, track activities, or perform unauthorized actions. ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Downloading apps from third-party sources and lack of app vetting. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????.

- Example - ?????? A rogue app disguised as a productivity tool collects sensitive information from users. ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• App Vetting - ??? ????????? Download apps only from official stores like Google Play or Apple App Store. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? "???? ????" ?? "??? ?? ????".
• App Permissions - ?????? ????????? Restrict unnecessary permissions requested by apps. ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
• Security Solutions - ???? ?????? Use mobile security tools to detect rogue apps. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Lookout Mobile Security - ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? Detects and removes rogue apps. ???? ????? ????????? ???????.
• Sophos Intercept X for Mobile - ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? Protects against malicious apps and phishing attempts. ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
• Google Play Protect - ??????? ?? ???? ???? Scans and flags apps with malicious intent on Android devices. ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate app vetting for all mobile applications used in the organization. ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????.
• Include rogue app detection scenarios in risk management. ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
• Define policies for limiting app permissions to essential functions. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Uninstall rogue apps from affected devices. ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????.
• Notify users and advise them on identifying malicious apps. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????.
• Strengthen app vetting processes in app stores. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????.
• Conduct follow-up training on app security awareness. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????.

8.7 Mobile Device MitM - ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????

A. Description - ????? Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks on mobile devices intercept communications between the device and external servers, potentially exposing sensitive data. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Insecure Wi-Fi networks and lack of encryption in app communications. ????? "??? ???" ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.

- Example - ?????? An attacker intercepts login credentials during a mobile banking session on public Wi-Fi. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? "??? ???" ????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• VPN Usage - ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? Require VPN connections for sensitive communications. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
• Encryption - ??????? Ensure all app communications use HTTPS or similar encryption protocols. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? "??? ?? ?? ?? ??".
• Secure Wi-Fi - ????? "??? ???" ???? Avoid connecting to public or unsecured Wi-Fi networks. ???? ??????? ?????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ??? ????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• NordVPN Teams - ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? Secures connections for mobile users on public networks. ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????.
• Cloudflare Zero Trust - ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? Encrypts and secures device communications. ???? ????? ??????? ???????.
• Symantec Endpoint Protection Mobile - ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? Detects and prevents MitM attacks on mobile devices. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Require VPN usage for all mobile device communications. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
• Conduct regular audits of mobile communication protocols. ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
• Include MitM attack scenarios in risk assessments. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Reset affected accounts and enforce credential updates. ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????.
• Update apps to enforce stronger encryption protocols. ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????.
• Notify users and recommend avoiding unsecured Wi-Fi networks. ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? "??? ???" ??? ????.
• Strengthen monitoring for suspicious activities on mobile devices. ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????.

8.8 Mobile Ransomware - ????? ?????? ??????? ????????

A. Description - ????? Mobile ransomware encrypts device data or locks the screen, demanding a ransom for restoration. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????.

B. Vulnerability - ???????

• Downloading malicious apps and lack of endpoint protection. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

- Example - ?????? The “Lockerpin” ransomware locks Android devices and demands payment to unlock. ?????? ?????? "???? ???" ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????.

C. Prevention - ???????

• Antivirus Solutions - ???? ?????? ????????? Use antivirus tools to detect ransomware before execution. ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????.
• Backup Policies - ?????? ????? ????????? Maintain regular backups to restore data without paying ransom. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.
• User Awareness - ??? ?????????? Educate users about avoiding suspicious links and downloads. ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????.

C.1. Security Controls - ??????? ???????

• Sophos Mobile Security - ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? Protects against mobile ransomware and other threats. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????.
• Lookout Endpoint Protection - ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? Detects ransomware threats on mobile devices. ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.
• Google Play Protect - ??????? ?? ???? ???? Flags malicious apps that may contain ransomware. ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????.

C.2. GRC Role - ??? ??? ???????

• Mandate antivirus tools on all organizational mobile devices. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????.
• Define policies for secure app installations and backups. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????.
• Include mobile ransomware scenarios in incident response plans. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????.

D. Remediation - ????????? ?????????

• Wipe infected devices and restore data from backups. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????.
• Notify users about the attack and recommend precautions. ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
• Patch vulnerabilities in the affected apps or OS. ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.
• Strengthen app vetting and endpoint protection processes. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

This is the first part of the article, "Comprehensive Overview of Cybersecurity Attack Types and Defense Strategies." In the second part,

"??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? "???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????

We will continue with the remaining sections, providing detailed insights and strategies:

: ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????

9. Cryptographic Attacks | ??????? ??? ???????

10. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) | ????????? ???????? ????????

11. Insider Attacks | ??????? ????????

12. Supply Chain Attacks | ??????? ??? ????? ???????

13. Physical Security Attacks | ??????? ??? ????? ??????

14. AI and ML Attacks | ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????

15. Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Attacks | ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????

16. How GRC Frameworks Enhance Cybersecurity | ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????