Components of a Building

Components of a Building

A building can be divided into two general categories:

1. Sub-Structure:

It is the portion of a building situated underneath the surrounding ground.

2. Superstructure:

The portion which is situated above the ground level is called superstructure.

The components of a building can be further divided as under:

i. Foundation

Foundation is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which transfers all

the loads (dead load, live load, etc.) to the soil.

ii. Plinth

The portion of a building between the ground surrounding the building and the top floor

just above the ground is termed as plinth, A plinth is provided to prevent the surface

water from entering the building.

iii. DPC

DPC aur damp proof course is a layer of waterproofing materials like asphalt, bitumen

waterproof cement, etc. on which the walls are constructed.

iv. Walls

Walls are the vertical members on which the roof finally rest. Walls are provided to

divide the floor space in the desired pattern. Walls provide privacy, security and protect

from the sun, rain, wind, cold, etc.

v. Columns

Columns are the isolated load bearing members which carry the axial compressive load

of a structure.

vi. Floors

Floors can be defined as flat supporting elements dividing a building into different

levels (e.g., first floor, second floor, etc.) to create more accommodation on a given

land. They provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items like furniture,

equipment, stores, etc.

vii. Doors, Windows and Ventilation

Doors are provided as a barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to access the

building, room or a passage.

A window may be defined as an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing

daylight, vision, natural air and ventilation.

viii. Stairs

Stairs can be defined as a structure comprising a number of steps arranged in a series

connecting one floor to another. Stairs are used to access various floors of the building.

ix. Roofs

A roof is the top most part of a building that covers the space below and protects from

rain, direct sunlight, snow, wind, etc.

x. Building Finishes

Building finishers include items like plastering, pointing, washing, painting,

distempering, etc.

xi. Building Services

Building services includes services like water supply, drainage, lighting, sanitation,

electricity, acoustics, ventilation, heating, air conditioning, fire detection and control,

etc.