Code Smell 290 - Refused Bequest

When you ignore your inheritance, you will have trouble with your parents

TL;DR: Subclasses should honor ALL their parent’s contract.

Problems ??

• Wrong abstraction
• Subclassification for code reuse
• Misleading hierarchy
• Unused or overridden methods
• Unnecessary complexity
• Liskov Principle Violation
• Maintainability
• YoYo Hierarchies
• Concrete classes subclassified

Solutions ??

1. Favor composition over inheritance
2. Don't subclass for?code reuse
3. Rethink hierarchy
4. Extract shared logic
5. Use interfaces
6. Remove dead code

Refactorings ??

Context ??

When you create a subclass, it should use or extend the behavior of its parent.

If it ignores or overrides most of it, you probably force inheritance where it doesn’t belong to reuse code.

This makes the code misleading and hard to maintain.

Sample Code ??

Wrong ??

class House {
  constructor(address) {
    this.address = address;
  }
  address() {
    return this.address;
  }
  openDoor() {
    console.log("Door opened at " + this.address);
  }
}

class Motorhome extends House {
  constructor() {
    super(null);
  }
  address() {
    return null;
    // This implementation is the same as the parent's
    // and is also a refused bequest
  }
  openDoor() {
    console.log("Motorhome door opened.");
  }
}        

Right ??

class House {
  constructor(address) {
    this.address = address;
  }
  address() {
    return this.address;
  }
  openDoor() {
    console.log("Door opened at " + this.address);
  }
}

class Motorhome {
  // does not inherit from House
  constructor(gps) {
    this.gps = gps;
  }
  openDoor() {
    console.log("Motorhome door opened at " + this.gps.getLocation());
  }
}        

Detection ??

[X] Manual

Look for subclasses that override or ignore most of their parent’s behavior.

You should reconsider the inheritance if a subclass sets parent properties to null or reimplements core methods.

Tags ???

• Inheritance

Level ??

[X] Intermediate

Why the Bijection Is Important ???

Your software should reflect real-world relationships.

When you force a subclass that doesn’t logically extend its parent in the?Bijection, you mislead developers and introduce maintenance problems.

AI Generation ??

AI can generate this smell when it defaults to inheritance for reuse instead of composition.

This happens when AI follows generic templates without understanding the context.

AI Detection ??

AI can detect this smell by analyzing class structures and inheritance trees. However, it struggles with subtle cases where inheritance initially seems valid but breaks expectations.

Try Them! ??

Remember: AI Assistants make lots of mistakes

Without Proper Instructions

• ChatGPT
• Claude
• Perplexity
• Copilot
• Gemini
• DeepSeek
• Meta AI

With Specific Instructions

• ChatGPT
• Claude
• Perplexity
• Copilot
• Gemini
• DeepSeek
• Meta AI

Conclusion ??

When you design a class hierarchy, you must ensure that subclasses logically inherit from their parent.

If a subclass refuses some of the behavior, you should rethink your design.

Relations ????????

Code Smell 11 - Subclassification for Code Reuse

Code Smell 58 - Yo-yo Problem

Code Smell 43 - Concrete Classes Subclassified

More Information ??

Refactoring Guru

Code Smells

Disclaimer ??

Code Smells are my?opinion.

Credits ??

Photo by?Hanson Lu?on?Unsplash

Favor object composition over class inheritance.

Erich Gamma

This article is part of the CodeSmell Series.