Classic vs. Contemporary works of literature that impacted English speaking culture

Section 1: British Classics (Novels)

1984

Novels 1984 Known as one of the most influential writers of English literature, Orwell made its entrance into the mainstream with his well known work 1984 in 1949. The writer, born in India, abandoned his original name Eric Arthur Blair, and took on a new one derived from the Orwell River East Anglia. It has been discussed that the change to name, made an incredible shift of writing style in the writer as he went from the British imperial establishment and morphed into the literary and political rebel he became.

During World War II, Orwell worked for the BBC Eastern Service, where he produced propaganda broadcasts to support the British war effort. He also wrote for various journals and newspapers. Interestingly enough, Orwell was brought up in an atmosphere of impoverished snobbery. He was sent to boarding school in 1911 on the Sussex clase, where he managed to distinguish himself due to his intellectual capacity. Within the novel, we can see some of the main concepts comprehend a dynamic around voices with power, rebellious voices, mediums of communication or propaganda, and a governmental structure. You can see it with newspeak: a language designed to diminish the range of thought. By eliminating complex and negative words, Newspeak aims to make rebellion impossible. You also see elements such as thought crime and telescreens. The act of simultaneously accepting two mutually contradictory beliefs as correct. It is a form of cognitive dissonance enforced by the Party to control thought, and the latter that functions as both televisions and security cameras, allowing the Party to monitor and control citizens constantly. Among the evident themes you have; totalitarianism, surveillance, control and resistance to conformity. 1984 is a critique of totalitarian regimes, particularly drawing from Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany.

Orwell illustrates how such governments can manipulate truth and control citizens. The novel explores the effects of constant surveillance and the loss of privacy on individuals’ lives and thoughts. Winston’s, the main character, portrays the struggle that represents the human spirit’s desire for freedom and truth, while his ultimate defeat underscores the power of oppressive regimes to crush individual resistance. The novel introduced terms like “Big Brother”, “doublethink”, and “thoughtcrime” into common usage. These concepts are often invoked in discussions about privacy, government overreach, and freedom. The novel remains relevant today, frequently cited in debates about surveillance, censorship, and authoritarianism and it has been adapted into several films, television shows, stage productions, and even radio dramas. Its themes continue to inspire new works and interpretations. It's a powerful exploration of the dangers of totalitarianism and the fragility of truth and freedom in the face of oppressive regimes. Its enduring relevance and profound impact on culture and politics make it a seminal work in the canon of English literature.

This work of literature has had a lasting impact on literature, political thought, and popular culture.

Pride & Prejudice

Among the most iconic writers of English literature, we must talk about Jane Austen. Born in the 18th century in Hampshire England, Jane introduced a distinctly modern quality in literature by her treatment of ordinary people in their everyday life. Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813 brought her into a greater sphere of writers, making her most well known for presenting English middle-class, during the beginnings of the 19th century. This outstanding classic, romantic and influential, was published in 3 volumes, displaying Austen's wit and mastery for character delineation.

The story focuses on the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, an aristocratic landowner. The novel mainly seeks to show the relationship between these two characters, who acutely represent the social dynamics between the pride and rank of the rich vs. the social inferiority of Elizabeth and her family. Interestingly enough, the authors seek to “reverse tend convention” of first impressions by presenting a confident, contrarian and yet aloof attitude of Elizabeth. Austen began writing as a teenager. Some of her early works include Love and Friendship and The History of England, both parodic and satirical in nature.

Austen’s novels often explore themes of love, marriage, social class, and the dependence of women on marriage for social standing and economic security. Her keen observations of societal manners and mores make her works both humorous and critically insightful. She is known for her use of free indirect speech, irony, and realism. Her narrative style allows readers to understand characters’ thoughts and feelings, often revealing their hypocrisies and pretensions. Austen’s health began to decline in early 1816, and she died in 1817 at the age of 41.

The exact cause of her death remains unclear, but theories include Addison’s disease and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. After her death, Austen’s reputation continued to grow, and she is now regarded as one of the greatest novelists in the English language. Her works have been adapted into numerous films, television series, and stage productions, contributing to her lasting influence on literature and popular culture

A Study in Scarlet - Sherlock Holmes

Rather than being in faux belief that Sherlock comprehends just one particular story, the name is just a representation of a series of novels and stories crafted by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Initially A Study in Scarlet was published in 1887. This first novel presents the characters of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson. They investigate the murder of Enoch Drebber. The work is notable for its two-part structure: the first part involves the investigation in London, and the second part provides a flashback to the events in Utah that led to the crime. It introduces the famous detective and his methods, along with his friendship with Dr. Watson.

A consulting detective known for his logical reasoning, use of forensic science, and masterful disguise. He’s also Holmes’ friend, companion, and biographer, who often narrates the stories. Watson is a retired army doctor who shares Holmes’ flat and assists him in his cases. The main themes cover deduction and logic, Holmes’ primary method involves close observation and logical deduction. There’s a take on crime and justice, as the stories often explore themes of justice, with Holmes acting as an agent of order in a chaotic world. Of course, there’s also a portrayal of Victorian Society, since the stories provide a rich portrayal of that period in time that society was living, including its social norms and issues.

Holmes has had a profound impact on the detective fiction genre, influencing countless writers and works. The character has been adapted into numerous films, television series, radio dramas, and other media. Holmes remains one of the most iconic fictional detectives. The original 3 Sherlock Holmes novels and short stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle are among the most seminal works in the detective fiction genre. They are beloved for their intricate plots, memorable characters, and lasting influence on literature and popular culture. Part 2: Poetry So now, switching into a new genre, we present to you our take on poetry and the 3 of the most iconic and representative figures from English poetry.

Shakespeare

Shakespeare was mainly renowned for his plays, but he was also celebrated for his poetry, particularly his sonnets and longer narrative poems. Among his most recognized works we found; Sonnet 18 (“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?) One of the most famous of all the sonnets, known for its beautiful imagery and the theme of immortalizing the beloved through poetry.

There’s also Sonnet 116 (“Let me not to the marriage of true minds”), well-known for its exploration of the nature of true love, which is constant and unchanging. Now, taking a different turn, we will delve into some of his highly regarded narrative poems such as: Venus and Adonis, a poem tells the story of the goddess Venus and her unrequited love for the mortal Adonis. It’s notable for its rich imagery and exploration of themes like desire and beauty. And how can we not mention A lover’s Complaint (1609) which is Included with the sonnets in the 1609 publication, this narrative poem depicts a woman lamenting her seduction and abandonment by a deceitful lover. W.

Shakespeare’s poetry has had a profound influence on English literature as it continues to be studied, performed, adapted, followed, and serve as a point of start for many writers around the world. He’s admired for his lyrical talent, emotional depth, and evidently masterful use of language. His take on love, beauty, politics, and mortality explored in his poems remain relevant, showcasing a timeless appeal. John Milton (17 Century) Regarded and well known poet, wisdom of words, and a civil servant to the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell’s ruling.

Most well known for Paradise Lost, a work of literature to be considered among the best works produced by the English cultural repository of literature. To share with you a bit of Milton, he’s one of the classics very old school writers that come from London. Now, to do a take on Paradise Lost (1667, revised 1674): An epic poem in blank verse that tells the story of the Fall of Man. It explores themes of free will, temptation, and redemption.

The poem is noted for its complex portrayal of Satan, its profound theological and philosophical insights, and its majestic style. His writings on freedom of speech and the nature of tyranny have continued to resonate in political philosophy and discourse. Milton’s life and works have been referenced in various cultural contexts, from literature and art to popular culture and academic study.

During his lifetime, Milton was a controversial figure due to his political and religious views. However, he was also respected as a formidable intellectual. Milton’s works have had a lasting impact on English literature and are studied for their rich language, innovative use of blank verse, and profound thematic content. “Paradise Lost” in particular has influenced countless writers and poets, including William Blake, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats.

William Wordsworth (18th Century)

Worsworth was a seminal figure in English literature and a central figure in the Romantic movement. His work is characterized by a profound appreciation for nature, an intricate sense for the sublime in life and an emphasis on the emotional and spiritual connection between humanity and the natural world. The writer was the second of five children, but sadly his mother, Ann Cookson Wordsworth, died when he was eight years old, and his father, John Wordsworth, passed away when he was thirteen, leading to a difficult childhood. He showed an interest in reading and poetry from a young age and later studied at St John’s College, Cambridge.

However, he was not particularly engaged with academic studies and spent much of his time walking and exploring the countryside. Wordsworth’s poetry often celebrates the beauty and spiritual power of nature, reflecting his belief in nature as a moral guide and source of inspiration. In the same manner, he emphasized the importance of emotion and the creative imagination in understanding the world and oneself. The writer also advocated for a return to simple, unadorned language in poetry to make it more accessible to ordinary people. Among his major works we can find; Tintern Abbey (1798): a literary work that focuses on the relationship between nature and the human soul.

You can also look for The Prelude (1850), which is an autobiographical poem exploring Wordsworth’s development as a poet, considered his masterpiece. Finally, there is a last one entitled Ode: Intimations of Immortality (1807): where the writer explores themes of childhood, memory, and the loss of innocence. Wordsworth’s influence on English literature is relentlessly profound. He helped to shape the Romantic movement and inspired countless poets and writers.His emphasis on nature, emotion, and the ordinary person continues to resonate with readers today. The Lake District, where he lived and worked, has become a place of pilgrimage for admirers of his work.

We shall not forget to mention that Wordsworth was part of a broader cultural movement known as Romanticism, which emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction against the industrial revolution and the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason and science. This well famous movement valued emotion, nature, individualism, and the sublime. Interestingly enough, we should make a brief remark on his collaboration with Coleridge; with whom he had a close and influential partnership.

Coleridge’s imaginative and supernatural themes complemented Wordsworth’s focus on nature and everyday life. Their collaborative work, Lyrical Ballads, marked a turning point in English literature, moving away from the formality and rationalism of the Augustan poets towards a new emphasis on emotion and the natural world. Wordsworth remains a towering figure in English literature, whose work has left an indelible mark on poetry and the broader cultural landscape. His celebration of nature, his exploration of human emotion, and his pioneering use of everyday language in poetry continue to inspire and resonate with readers and writers alike.

Section 2: American Classics (Novels)

Part 1: Novels

To Kill a Mockingbird

To Kill a Mockingbird, one of the classics of American novels written by Harper Lee. Published in 1960, it became a bestseller and has since then become a staple in American literature.

The novel addresses profound themes of racial injustice, moral growth, and the loss of innocence through the experiences of its young narrator. The story, set in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression is narrated by Jean Louise "Scout" Finch, reflecting on her childhood from an adult perspective Among the novel, the main characters are the following: Scout Finch; the young, tomboyish protagonist who grows and learns about the complexities of human nature. Atticus Finch, Scout’s father, a principled lawyer who believes in justice and equality. Calpurnia, the Finch family’s African American housekeeper, who acts as a mother figure to Scout and Jem, later we have Tom Robinson,a black man falsely accused of raping a white woman, Mayella Ewell. The one who accuses Tom Robinson of rape, and finally we see Bob Ewell, Mayella’s father, who represents the deeply ingrained racism of the town.

The story circles around Atticus Finch, who is appointed to defend Tom Robinson, accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Despite clear evidence that Tom is innocent and that Mayella's injuries were inflicted by her own father, the racial prejudices of the time lead to a conviction. Among the appearing themes in the novel, you see that the novel confronts the systemic racism of the American South, illustrating how deeply ingrained prejudices can lead to gross miscarriages of justice. Through characters like Atticus Finch, the novel explores the importance of standing up for what is right, even in the face of societal opposition.

A key lesson from Atticus to Scout is to understand people by considering things from their perspective, embodied in the famous quote, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view." Scout and Jem’s journey from innocence to a more complex understanding of their world mirrors the loss of innocence and the gaining of empathy and moral insight. The novel suggests that good and evil exist side by side, and individuals must navigate these complexities. To speak about some interesting details in the story, Scout's perspective provides a blend of childlike innocence and mature reflection, creating a unique narrative voice.

The novel also incorporates elements of Southern Gothic literature, including a decaying setting, eccentric characters, and a focus on social issues. Finally, the mockingbird symbolizes innocence and the unjust harm that can come to those who are innocent. Tom Robinson and Boo Radley are metaphorical mockingbirds. To Kill a Mockingbird remains as the novel is taught in schools and remains relevant for its powerful exploration of moral and social issues. Also, it's commonly known that Atticus Finch is often cited as a model of virtue and moral courage.

Mark Twain

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, was written by Mark Twain, published in 1884 in the UK and 1885 in the US, one of the cornerstones of American literature and often regarded as one of the Great American Novels. It follows the adventures of a young boy, Huck Finn, as he travels down the Mississippi River on a raft with Jim, an escaped slave.

The novel is set along the Mississippi River in the pre-Civil War South. Told in the first person by Huck Finn, the narrative is known for its use of vernacular language and regional dialects, which add authenticity and depth to the story. Among the key characters we see of course; Huckleberry Huck Finn, the protagonist and narrator, a 13-year-old boy who is adventurous, resourceful, and fundamentally good-hearted, despite his lack of formal education. We also see Jim; an enslaved man who runs away from Miss Watson, seeking freedom. Jim becomes Huck’s loyal friend and father figure during their journey.

Then Huck’s best friend Tom Sawyer comes into the picture representing the romantic and adventurous ideals of boyhood. His influence on Huck is significant, though often impractical. You also have Huck’s abusive, alcoholic father who kidnaps Huck early in the story, prompting Huck to 6 fake his own death and escape, and key to the story you see the Duke and the King. Two con men who join Huck and Jim on their journey, representing greed and corruption. They engage in various schemes to swindle people.The story unravels as Huck lives with Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who try to civilize him. Pap returns and takes Huck away, leading Huck to fake his death and escape. Huck meets Jim on Jackson's Island. They decide to travel together on a raft down the Mississippi River to seek freedom.

Among the themes, you evidently see a great take on racism and slavery, as the novel is a critique of the entrenched racism and the institution of slavery in America. Huck's changing perceptions of Jim's humanity challenge the racist beliefs of that particular period. You also see friendship and loyalty, as the bond between Huck and Jim is central to the novel. Their friendship transcends race and social norms. One can also understand that Huck's internal conflicts and moral growth are key elements, as he learns to make decisions based on his own sense of right and wrong rather than societal expectations.

The author criticizes the hypocrisy and corruption of “civilized”society, showing how often it is more morally flawed than the characters it deems inferior. The novel is widely regarded as one of the greatest American novels, influencing countless writers and becoming a staple in American literary education. Twain’s use of vernacular speech and regional dialects was revolutionary, capturing the authentic voice of the American South and making the novel a pioneering work in the use of American vernacular.

The novel has sparked considerable debate over its portrayal of race and use of racial slurs. It has been both banned and championed in schools across the United States. Ernest Hemingway famously said, “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn ''. The novel remains a seminal work in American literature, celebrated for its rich storytelling, complex characters, and profound social commentary. Its influence on American culture, language, and literature is undeniable, making it a critical text for understanding the American experience.

J.D Salinger

The Catcher in the Rye was written by J.D. Salinger and published in 1951, is one of the most famous and influential novels in American literature. It captures the struggles of teenage angst and alienation through the eyes of its protagonist, Holden Caulfield. The novel is set in the 1950s and primarily takes place in New York City. It covers a few days in the life of 16-year-old Holden Caulfield.

Told in the first person by Holden Caulfield, in a simple yet candid narrative voice contributes significantly to the novel's impact. The main figures of the story are Holden, the protagonist and narrator, a disenchanted teenager who has just been expelled from his fourth school. He is deeply critical of the adult world and struggles with the complexities of growing up. Her younger sister, Phoebe, represents innocence and is one of the few people Holden truly loves and trusts. Allie, Holden’s younger brother who died of leukemia. Allie’s death profoundly affects Holden and is a source of his pain and depression. We also see, D.B. Caulfield, a writer who works in Hollywood. Holden feels that D.B. has sold out by writing for the movies.

The novel begins with Holden being expelled from Pencey Prep for poor academic performance. He decides to leave school early and spend a few days alone in New York City before returning home. There, in New York City, Holden checks into a hotel and spends his days wandering the city, meeting various people, and contemplating his life. He visits clubs, bars, and the Museum of Natural History, and has several encounters with old acquaintances, his interactions with the people he meets, including his date with Sally Hayes and his visit with Mr. Antolini, reveal his deep-seated unhappiness and inability to connect with others. His thoughts frequently return to his siblings.

Among the appearing themes you can see; alienation, isolation, innocence and childhood, phoniness, depression and mental health, and mostly identity and belonging; given that Holden’s journey is also a quest for identity and belonging, as he grapples with who is and where he feels like he fits in. Regarding the legacy, the Catcher in the Rye, has had a significant impact on American literature, often regarded as a defining novel of teenage angst and rebellion.

The novel has been both celebrated and controversial, frequently appearing on lists of banned books due to its language, themes, and perceived promotion of rebellion.Holden Caulfield's distinctive voice and phrases, such as “phony” and “goddam”, have entered the cultural lexicon, influencing the way teenage rebellion and disillusionment are expressed in literature and popular culture. The novel is a staple in American high school curricula, often used to discuss themes of adolescence, identity, and mental health.

Part 2: Poetry

Walt Whitman

We’ll make a deep dive into 3 of the most representative writers of American literature and its poetic heritage. Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass is a seminal work in American literature by the poet Walt Whitman. It was first published in 1855, and presents a collection of poetry that Whitman continued to revise and expand until his death in 1892. Unlike a traditional narrative with characters and a plot, is a celebration of the self, nature, and the human experience.

The poems are characterized by free verse, a lack of formal meter, and a conversational tone. Whitman's style was innovative for its time and has since become a defining feature of modern poetry. Whitman himself is the central figure in the collection. He often speaks in the first person, presenting himself as a universal “I” that encompasses all of humanity. Among the topics that are presented, Whitman explores different facets of the self, merging his personal identity with the collective human experience. In the same way, various poems celebrate the diverse experiences and professions of American people, from workers to soldiers to pioneers.

Nature is also a constant presence, serving as both a setting and a character in its own right, embodying the divine and the eternal. Some of the most remarkable poems are “Song with Myself” and “Exploration of America”. In the first one the poet introduces his poetic vision. He celebrates individuality while connecting with the universal human experience. Whereas in the latter, Whitman paints a broad picture of American life, touching on various occupations, landscapes, and experiences. He delves into the physical and spiritual aspects of the nation. He also touches on themes of democracy, equality, Civil War, Transcendence and Death.

Whitman frequently explores themes of death and the afterlife, portraying them as natural and integral parts of life’s journey. Poems such as "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" eulogize Abraham Lincoln and reflect on the eternal cycle of life and death. The author also touches on individualism and the self, portraying a celebration of the self and its connection to the greater whole. His work is a testament to the value of individual experiences and perspectives.

When it comes to transcendence and death, the writer also touches on themes of death which are eternal and pervasive, Whitman offers a transcendental view that sees death as part of life’s continuity rather than an end. When it comes to the impact of the collection, Leaves of Grass revolutionized American poetry. Whitman’s use of free verse and his expansive, inclusive vision paved the way for modernist and contemporary poets. We should also remark Whitman’s innovative use of language, with its rhythmic, flowing quality and rich imagery that has influenced countless poets and writers. His celebration of the vernacular brought everyday speech into the realm of high art. Finally, the themes Whitman explored in the collection remain relevant, resonating with contemporary issues of identity, democracy.

Emily Dickinson

When it comes to Dickinson’s poetry, we must say her work is characterized by its brevity, unconventional punctuation, slant rhyme, and irregular meter. She often used dashes and unconventional capitalization to create emphasis and rhythm. Her poems are typically short, often not more than a dozen lines, but they are dense with meaning and emotion. During her lifetime, only a few of her poems were published, often edited to fit conventional standards. It wasn’t until after her death that her complete works were published, preserving her unique style.

Dickinson’s poems do not follow a traditional plot structure as found in novels. Instead, they capture moments of introspection, emotion, and observation. To mention a few, we shall draw a remark on Because I could not stop for Death. The main speaker reflects on a journey with Death, personified as a courteous gentleman. They travel in a carriage, passing scenes representing different stages of life, until they reach the speaker's final resting place. The poem explores the concept of death as a natural part of life. We should also mention

My Life had Stood - a Loaded Gun, where the writer vehicles the story through a speaker that likens their life to a loaded gun, full of potential power and danger. The poem delves into themes of identity, power, and the destructive potential within. Said this, among her themes, we can see touches on death, immortality, nature, isolation, identity, emotion and consciousness. The writer frequently explores death, not as an end but as a transition. Her poems often contemplate the afterlife and the nature of existence beyond death. Many of her poems ALSO reflect her own reclusive life and the tension between the desire for personal freedom and societal expectations. She finally seeks to explore humans' truest search for sense and meaning.

Edgar Allan Poe

The Raven is Edgar Allan Poe's most famous poem, first published in 1845. It is a narrative poem known for its dark atmosphere, melodic quality, and exploration of grief and loss. The poem is set in a dark, dreary chamber at midnight, enhancing the mood of mystery and melancholy. To dive a bit further into literary specifics, the poem is written in trochaic octameter with a strict ABCBBB rhyme scheme. Its musicality and repetition contribute to its haunting effect. Asf for the key characters, you have the narrator, Raven and Leonore.

The narrator presents the life of a man mourning the loss of his beloved, Lenore. His emotional turmoil drives the narrative as he seeks solace and answers. The central element of the story, the Raven is a mysterious, ominous bird that enters the narrator’s chamber. It speaks only one word, “Nevermore”, which becomes a refrain throughout the poem, symbolizing despair and the inescapability of fat, and of course we have Leonore, the deceased beloved of the narrator. She does not appear in the poem but is a central figure in the narrator's thoughts and emotions. The poem begins with the narrator reading old books in his chamber to distract himself from his sorrow over Lenore’s death.

The Raven's arrival begins with it tapping at the door, startling the narrator, who finds nothing upon investigation. Soon, the tapping resumes, and he discovers it comes from a raven that flies into his room and perches on a bust of Pallas Athena. Among the themes that can be seen throughout the poem are; grief and loss, madness, the supernatural and the inevitability of Death. Vital to the poem is the narrator’s profound grief over Lenore’s death, and his inability to move past it.

The raven symbolizes the unrelenting nature of his 9 sorrow. You can also see the narrator's interaction with the raven reveals his fragile mental state, exploring how intense grief can lead to madness. And also, the repeated “Nevermore” emphasizes the inevitability and permanence of death, as well as the futility of seeking comfort in the face of irrevocable loss. The Raven cemented Poe's reputation as a master of macabre and gothic literature. It is one of the most famous and frequently referenced poems in American literature.

It’s true that the poem’s themes, mood, and structure have inspired countless adaptations in various forms of media, including literature, film, music, and visual art. Making a case for its impact, there are phrases that come particularly from the poem, such as “Nevermore”, which entered the popular lexicon, symbolizing relentless negativity or the finality of loss.Poe's use of alliteration, internal rhyme, and meter in the story has influenced countless poets and writers, demonstrating the power of sound and rhythm in poetry.

This literary work remains widely studied and anthologized, celebrated for its musicality, atmospheric depth, and exploration of universal themes. It is often performed and recited, showcasing its dramatic qualities and emotional resonance. The poem is also a staple in American literature courses, used to teach poetic devices, themes of gothic literature, and the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Its accessible structure and profound themes make it a valuable educational tool.

Section 3: British Contemporary

Part 1: Novels

Zadie Smith

Zadie Smith, a contemporary British novelist, essayist, and short-story writer known for her keen social observations and incredibly vibrant prose. Her most famous work, White Teeth, published in 2000, garnered critical acclaim and established her as a significant literary voice. The story’s primarily set in London and spans several decades, from World War II to the late 20th century. It explores the lives of two interconnected families against the backdrop of a multicultural city. The style of the narration is considered to be witty, and an omniscient narrative voice that incorporates humor, historical digressions, and multiple perspectives. Some of the key characters are; Archie Jones, Clara Bowden Jones and Irie Jone.

The first one, is a middle-aged, white Englishman with a mediocre past. Archie’s attempted suicide at the beginning of the novel sets the story in motion. He is a WWII veteran and best friend to Samad Iqbal. Clara is Archie’s much younger, Jamaican wife; she is a former Jehovah’s Witness who breaks away from her religious mother to forge her own path. Irie is Archie and Clara's daughter. Irie struggles with her mixed-race identity and the expectations of her family and society. The novel opens with Archie’s failed suicide attempt and subsequent marriage to Clara. Their story intertwines with that of Samad and Alsana Iqbal. The narrative delves into the struggles of both families as they navigate the cultural and generational divides in a changing London.

Among the explored themes, you can see that the novel seeks to explore the complexities of multicultural identity in modern Britain, particularly the experiences of immigrants and their descendants. Personal and cultural histories play a significant role, influencing characters' identities and choices. The legacy of colonialism and war is a recurring theme. You can also appreciate religion and faith as the novel examines the role of religion in shaping identity and the conflicts that arise from differing religious beliefs. White Teeth was celebrated for its vibrant prose, intricate plotting, and insightful social commentary. It won several awards, including the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Whitbread Book Awards.

The novel brought attention to the multicultural landscape of contemporary Britain and the experiences of its immigrant communities. It has been praised for its humor, depth, and relevance. Smith’s use of language, characterized by wit, diversity of voices, and linguistic innovation, has influenced contemporary British literature. Her ability to capture the nuances of different dialects and sociolects has been particularly noted. As for the educational side, the novel is frequently studied in courses on contemporary literature, postcolonial studies, and multiculturalism.

Its exploration of identity, history, and society makes it a valuable text for understanding modern Britain. In a more general picture, the novel offers a rich tapestry of characters and themes, reflecting the complexities of multicultural identity and the intersections of personal and cultural histories. Its innovative use of language and narrative structure has left a lasting impact on English literature, cementing Smith’s place as a significant contemporary author.

Neil Gaiman

Neil Gaiman is a prolific English author known for his work in various genres, including fantasy, horror, and science fiction. One of his most famous works is American Gods, published in 2001. The novel blends elements of Americana, fantasy, and ancient mythology. The novel is set in contemporary America, with various locations that include small towns, roadside attractions, and mythological realms, it is also known for its rich, descriptive prose and intricate storytelling, combining a third-person narrative with interludes that explore the backgrounds of various gods and mythical beings.

Among the key characters you will be able to get to know Shadow Moon, Mr. Wednesday and Laura Moon, and of course the New Gods. The first one, Shadow Moon, has been recently released from prison and mourning the death of his wife. Shadow is drawn into a world of gods and mythical beings as he becomes the bodyguard for Mr. Wednesday, who’s a mysterious conman who later revealed to be the Norse god Odin. He recruits Shadow for a mission to gather the old gods for an impending battle against the new gods. Laura, is Shadow’s deceased wife, who returns from the dead and assists Shadow throughout his journey, finally, the New Gods are represented by figures such as the Media, the Technical Boy, and the Black-Hats, these deities embody modern American obsessions like the internet, television, and technology.

The story seeks to draw on themes such as identity, belonging, mythology, belief, change and modernity. Novel explores personal and cultural topics as characters struggle with their roles and beliefs in a changing world. The story examines the power of belief and the way myths and gods are created and sustained by human worship and cultural relevance. The tension between tradition and modernity is central, with the old gods representing ancient beliefs and the new gods embodying contemporary obsessions. Gainman’s use of language throughout the novel blends the colloquial with the poetic, creating a narrative that is both accessible and richly textured. His ability to weave mythological references into modern dialogue has influenced contemporary fantasy writing. In the same way, the novel continues to be widely read, discussed and appealing to both fans of fantasy and those interested in cultural and mythological studies. Its themes remain relevant, particularly in discussions about the intersection of tradition and modernity.

American Gods is often included in literature courses that explore mythology, contemporary fiction, and cultural studies. It is valued for its complex narrative and thought-provoking themes. It is true that Gaiman’s novel is a landmark work in contemporary literature, notable for its imaginative blending of mythology and modernity. Its exploration of belief, identity, and cultural change has left a lasting impact on both readers and writers, influencing the genre of fantasy and contributing to ongoing discussions about the nature of storytelling and cultural heritage 11

Part 2: Poetry

David Constantine

David Constantine is a British poet, author, and translator renowned for his lyrical and evocative poetry, as well as his short stories and translations of works by notable German poets. While Constantine has a distinguished career in poetry, his most famous work of literature is arguably the short story In Another Country, which was adapted into the Oscar-winning film 45 Years. So the story is set in contemporary rural England, capturing the quiet, introspective lives of an elderly couple. Constantine is particularly known for its restrained, delicate prose that delves deeply into the emotional landscape of its characters. Among the key characters you will see Geoff and Kate Mercer. Geoff, is an elderly man whose past resurfaces, leading to a profound emotional crisis.

The discovery of a long-lost lover's body in the Swiss Alps brings back memories and unresolved feelings, and his wife faces the revelation of her husband's past with a mix of shock, jealousy, and reflection. Her emotional journey forms the heart of the story, as Geoff receives a letter informing him that the body of his former lover, Katya, died in a mountaineering accident fifty years earlier, has been found preserved in a glacier. Among the themes that you can appreciate in the story are the following; memory and past, as the story explores how memories shape our present and the lingering impact of past relationships on current ones. Love and loss, as it delves into the complexities of love, particularly the pain of lost love and the enduring scars it leaves and also identity and self discovery, as both undergo a process of self-discovery as they confront their pasts and new challenges that surge around their relationship.

John Stammers

A contemporary British poet known for his wit, inventive use of language, and ability to blend the everyday with the surreal. His poetry often explores themes of urban life, love, and existential reflection. His most famous work is arguably his collection Stolen Love Behaviour, which won the 2005 Aldeburgh First Collection Prize. This literary work is a poetry collection rather than a single narrative story. The poems within it are diverse in style, ranging from the lyrical to the conversational, and often employ playful language and striking imagery. Since "Stolen Love Behaviour" is a collection of poems, it does not have key characters in the traditional sense. However, the recurring voice in many of the poems can be seen as a reflective, often humorous observer of the world, likely an alter ego of the poet himself.

Among the themes, you can see that such a collection delves into themes of love, urban existence, and the nuances of human behavior. The collection frequently explores the complexities of love and human connections, from fleeting romantic encounters to deeper, more enduring relationships. Many poems are set against the backdrop of urban settings, capturing the essence of contemporary city life with its blend of beauty, chaos, and routine.

A notable feature of Stammers' work is his use of humor and wit, which adds a layer of accessibility and enjoyment to his poetry. Stammers' work often reflects on the intersection of the mundane and the extraordinary, examining how small moments and details can carry profound significance. As a poetry collection, Stolen Love Behaviour does not have a linear plot. However, each poem serves as a snapshot of different scenarios, emotions, and reflections.

Stammers' work is also celebrated for its ability to capture the nuances of modern life and relationships. His poems resonate with readers for their relatability and emotional depth. 12 The author is also well known for his inventive use of language, blending everyday speech with poetic form. His playful approach to language challenges conventional boundaries and encourages readers to see the poetic potential in the mundane. This literary work is often studied in contemporary poetry courses for its stylistic innovation and thematic richness. It serves as an example of how modern poets can engage with traditional themes in new and exciting ways.

Section 4: American Contemporary

Part 1: Contemporary Novels

Stephen King

King, as many of us know, is a prolific American author known for his work in horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, and fantasy. He has published numerous novels, short stories, and essays, becoming one of the most commercially successful and influential writers of his generation. His most famous work is considered to be The Shining, published in 1977. The story is primarily set in the Overlook Hotel, an isolated and haunted resort in Colorado. The hotel's eerie and expansive setting plays a crucial role in the novel's atmosphere and tension. The novel, written in 3rd person, provides insight into the thoughts and emotions of its main characters.

King's descriptive prose and ability to build suspense are key features that make his narrative so attractive. A key take on the characters goes as follows; you have Jack Torrance, Wendy Torrance and Danny Torrance. Jack, is a struggling writer and recovering alcoholic who takes a job as the winter caretaker of the Overlook Hotel. His gradual descent into madness is central to the plot. Wendy Torrance, is Jack's wife, who tries to support him while protecting their son, Danny, from Jack’s increasingly erratic behavior. Dany is the young son who possesses a psychic ability known as “the shining”. Danny's visions and telepathic abilities are crucial to the story. Also, an important element of the story is Dick Hallorann, the Overlook’s cook, who also possesses the shining, and becomes a mentor for Dany as he plays a key role in the story’s climax.

Among the main themes, the author touches on the following; madness and isolation; the novel explores how isolation and the influence of supernatural forces can drive a person to madness. You're presented with the Torrance family's dynamics, including Jack's struggle with alcoholism and abusive behavior, are central to the story. Evidently, as the title says the shining is the representation of a psychic ability, and the haunted nature of the Overlook Hotel, they key elements of the horror in the novel, and finally the Overlook Hotel’s dark history affects the present, illustrating how past traumas and evils can resurface.

Now, when we speak about the literary impact of the novel, we must say this one is considered a classic horror of literature, which made Stephen King be considered as the master of the genre, as he has been widely studied for his psychological depth and narrative technique.

The novel was adapted into a highly influential film directed by Kubrick in 1980, starring Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall. The film's imagery and quotes have become iconic. Phrases like “redrum” (murder spelled backward) and “all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy” have entered popular culture. King's detailed and immersive prose style has influenced countless writers.

Now, when it comes to education, the novel is frequently included in courses on horror literature, contemporary American fiction, and studies of King’s work. Its themes of madness, supernatural horror, and family dynamics offer rich material for analysis. To close this chapter on S.k., The Shining is a seminal work in horror literature, renowned for its deep psychological insight, masterful storytelling, and ability to evoke fear. Its themes of isolation 13

Toni Morrison

Morrison was an acclaimed American novelist, essayist, editor, and professor known for her powerful and richly textured works that explore African American life and culture. Her most famous work is Beloved, published in 1987, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988 and is considered one of the greatest American novels. The novel is set after the American Civil War, primarily in Cincinnati, Ohio. It also delves into the characters' past experiences in slavery on a Kentucky plantation known as Sweet Home.

This literary work is mainly known for its nonlinear narrative and poetic, fragmented prose. Morrison employs multiple perspectives and shifts in time to unravel the story, creating a rich, multi-layered narrative. To dive into some key characters, we should speak about Sethe, Beloved, Denver and Paul D. The first one, the protagonist; is an escaped slave haunted by the traumatic memories of her past. Sethe’s intense maternal love and the lengths she goes to protect her children drive the novel’s central conflict.

As for Beloved, you have a mysterious young woman who appears at Sethe’s home, believed to be the reincarnation of Sethe’s deceased daughter. Her presence forces Sethe and the other characters to confront their past traumas. Denver is the youngest daughter, who initially fears Beloved but later forms a bond with her. Denver’s growth and eventual courage are crucial to the story’s resolution. Finally, Paul D, A former slave from Sweet Home who reconnects with Sethe. His struggle with his own past and his evolving relationship with Sethe are central to the narrative. Through flashbacks and storytelling, the novel reveals Sethe’s harrowing escape from slavery and the traumatic incident where she killed her infant daughter to save her from a life of bondage.

Beloved’s presence forces Sethe and others to face their suppressed memories and unresolved grief. Sethe becomes increasingly consumed by guilt and obsession with Beloved.

Part 2: Contemporary Poetry

Sharon Olds

Olds is an acclaimed American poet known for her powerful and intimate explorations of personal and familial experiences. Her most famous work is the poetry collection The Dead and the Living, published in 1984. The collection is often cited for its candid and reliable portrayal of personal and social issues. The Dead and the Living is a collection of poems rather than a single narrative story. Olds is known for her confessional style, vivid imagery, and emotional intensity. The poems address themes such as family dynamics, relationships, identity, and mortality. Olds’ work often includes explicit and raw depictions of physical and emotional experiences. To mention one of the most remarkable poems from Olds, we must talk about The Dead and the Living Poem, which is a centerpiece of the collection, exploring the impact of death and the process of mourning. It contrasts the physical presence of the living with the absence of the dead, reflecting on how the two states interact in the human psyche. It also presents a reflection on anticipation and the emotional complexities of waiting, offering insight into personal and relational dynamics. We can also see how it deals with themes of violence and victimization, exploring the effects of trauma and suffering on individuals.

As a collection, The Dead and the Living does not follow a linear plot. Instead, it presents a series of poems that together build a narrative of Olds' experiences and reflections. Each poem can be seen as a standalone piece contributing to the overarching themes of the collection. The themes drawn on by the Olds include; family dynamics, including the complexities of parent-child relationships, marriage, and personal history. The collection addresses the inevitability of death and the ways in which it affects the living.

The contrast between life and death is a central theme. The author’s poetry often focuses on the physical body, including its experiences and sensations, as a means of exploring deeper emotional and psychological states. Also, the collection does not shy away from depicting violence and trauma, providing a raw and honest examination of suffering and its impact. Sharon’s work is highly regarded for its emotional depth and innovative use of language.

Olds' work has been influential in the development of contemporary confessional poetry. To give a touch on legacy, Olds’ poetry is celebrated for its unflinching honesty and exploration of difficult subjects. It has made significant contributions to discussions about gender, family, and personal identity. Olds' vivid and evocative language has influenced many contemporary poets. Her use of raw, unfiltered language and powerful imagery has expanded the boundaries of modern poetry.

In the same way, her work continues to be studied and appreciated for its emotional intensity and literary craftsmanship. Her ability to capture the complexities of human experience ensures the lasting relevance of her poetry. Sharon Olds’ "The Dead and the Living" is a landmark collection in contemporary poetry, notable for its intense emotional exploration and candid portrayal of personal and social issues. Through its vivid imagery and powerful language, Olds has made a significant impact on modern poetry, influencing both readers and writers with her unflinching honesty and emotional depth.

Jericho Brown

Jericho Brown is a contemporary American poet known for his exploration of themes related to race, identity, and personal experience. His most famous work is the poetry collection The Tradition, which was published in 2019. The collection won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 2020 and is widely recognized for its powerful and The Tradition is a collection of poems rather than just a single narrative. Jerico’s poetry is noted for its use of formal structures, such as the sonnet and the ghazal, which are also blended with contemporary themes and personal reflection.

The poems address themes of racial identity, violence, and the complexity of human emotions. Brown often employs vivid imagery and poignant language to explore these subjects. The writer seeks to present a concise reflection on the violence faced by Black individuals and the dehumanizing effects of systemic racism.This collection of poems uses blunt imagery and emotional intensity to convey its message. As a poetry collection, The Tradition does not follow a conventional plot but instead presents a series of poems that together form a narrative about contemporary life and the African American experience. Each poem offers a snapshot of personal and societal issues, contributing to a broader thematic exploration. To draw a take on racial identity and violence, Brown’s writing touches on the impact of race on personal identity and societal interactions. The collection delves into the realities of violence and systemic racism faced by Black individuals.

There’s also the concept of tradition, which is examined in several ways: the cultural and historical expectations show how individual experiences are shaped along with societal norms. There’s an added take on themes of trauma, personal as well as a collective, reflecting on how historical and social pressures affect individuals. Finally, when it comes 15 to love, the collection explores themes of love, loss and complexities of human relationships, adding emotional depth to the exploration of larger social issues. When it comes to this work’s legacy and impact, it has been praised for its innovative use of form and its poignant exploration of contemporary issues. Brown’s work has been recognized for its emotional depth and formal mastery, contributing significantly to contemporary poetry.

The collection resonates with readers for its honest and powerful depiction of the African American experience. Brown’s exploration of racial and social issues seeks to offer valuable insights into contemporary cultural and political dynamics. To highlight this literary work’s impact on English, Brown’s use of language is notable for its clarity, emotional intensity, and formal experimentation. His work has influenced contemporary poets and has been studied for its innovative approach to traditional poetic forms. Brown’s work is frequently included in poetry anthologies and studied in literature courses focusing on contemporary poetry, race, and identity. His innovative approach and thematic depth make his poetry a significant subject of academic inquiry.

Jericho Brown’s The Tradition is a significant contemporary poetry collection that blends formal innovation with a deep exploration of racial identity, violence, and personal experience. Brown’s powerful use of language and his ability to address complex social issues have established him as a major voice in modern poetry, influencing both readers and other poets with his emotional and intellectual depth. Conclusion: Take on American vs. British preferences Many of the works cited in this article have distilled itself to one thing in common; the quest for identity and cultural heritage. Of the works we have cited we have seen how they tend to converge over a quest of humanist values. Interestingly enough we can see this theme appearing in American and British Culture.

There may be a particular context in each geographical zone, but the works of literature seek to portray universal themes, through which audiences can relate, understand, and envision solutions towards particular issues that have previously been tried to present to society. We could say that from an English Learner perspective, the motivation for learning comes from the relatability of the story. That could just be a starting point where common grounds between the writer and the reader are set. Secondly, the strength of the stories is such that audiences seek to read the story in the original language, motivating them to keep building their English language skills and understanding stories in a different language.

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