CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECH STACK FOR YOUR PROJECT

Choosing the right tech stack is one of the most critical decisions for a startup founder. A tech stack is a set of technologies stacked together to build an application. It determines the type of applications you can create, the level of customizations you can perform, and the resources you need to develop your application. The choice of the tech stack can make or break the product's success and, as a result, the business's overall success. There can be several reasonable solutions for the same product. Still, when making a final choice, it is vital to keep in mind that the primary purpose is to create a product that's not only modern looking but also stable, reliable, and maintainable.?

Most tech stacks combine front-end (the client side) and backend technologies (the server side). Client-side tech stacks can also be grouped into web and mobile tech stacks.

FRONT-END TECH STACK

The front end is the client's side interface, which can be a web browser or mobile phone screen that enables the user to interact with the app.?

WEB TECH STACK

For most web applications, the tech stack remains very similar as there aren't many options. All modern web applications are based on HTML, CSS, JavaScript, TypeScript, and UI frameworks and libraries.?

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) defines the web page's structure, i.e., how the information is displayed to a user in a web browser. For instance, structure sections, bulleted points, headings, tables, links, and paragraphs are created using HTML tags. HTML5 is the latest version of the Hypertext Markup Language used to structure and present website content.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML. It defines all the styling of the displayed data by controlling layouts, colors, fonts, text sizes, spacing between elements, how elements are positioned, background, etc. CSS3 is the latest version of the Cascading Style Sheets language.

JavaScript is a programming language that enables the creation of interactive and dynamic effects within web browsers without page refreshing. Such effects include animated graphics, photo carousels, pop-up animation, and color changing when hovering a mouse over an image or button. Such animated effects significantly improve the user experience while interacting with the app.

TypeScript is a strongly typed programming language that is a syntactic superset of JavaScript, which adds static typing and improves the developer experience. It supports class-based object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts like classes, type aliases, interfaces, function overloading, tuple, generics, inheritance, and more.?

So, the choice of technologies in the front-end tech stack is actually between frameworks and libraries that developers extensively use to facilitate the development process. There are several frameworks used for HTML and CSS. Bootstrap, Foundation and Tailwind CSS are the most popular frameworks used for front-end stylingS.?

• Bootstrap is a free, open-source, popular CSS framework with extensive community support. It contains reusable bits of code written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for web design components and functions. Bootstrap is used for creating responsive web applications.?
• Foundation is the open-source advanced front-end framework for developing agile, responsive websites. It is customizable, readable, flexible, and semantic. Foundation is suitable for web applications that need a lot of styling.?
• And Tailwind is a free, open-source, utility-first low-level CSS framework that can be composed to build any design without writing custom CSS and without leaving HTML. Unlike other CSS frameworks like Bootstrap and Foundation, Tailwind doesn't offer fully styled components like buttons, dropdowns, and navbars. Instead, it provides utility classes so developers can create their reusable components. It is used for quickly building and customizing applications.

The top 3 most popular front-end JavaScript frameworks and libraries are React, Vue, and Angular.?

• React is an open-source JavaScript library created by Facebook for developing dynamic UIs using reusable components. Being a library rather than a framework, it offers flexibility to developers as it does not impose any restrictions or conventions on the application design. It can be supplemented with other libraries. It focuses on designing interfaces for single-page applications, which means an app can show different data on the same page without reloading it.??
• Angular is a TypeScript-based framework developed by Google, used to design a dynamic data structure for large-scale enterprise applications. It is a full package, versatile, well-maintained, and performs well when building apps for different platforms at once.?
• Vue.js is an open-source lightweight JavaScript framework that has attained much popularity among developers in a relatively short time, and its popularity continues to grow. Developers value its ease of use and scalability - it can quickly scale between a library and a full-fledged framework. It allows the creation of interactive UI elements that are lightweight and easy to adapt, with a possibility for small projects to scale up to larger ones.

Based on our overall development experience, we can recommend Angular for complex and large-scale projects. If you have limited time and need a small project, you can confidently choose Vue. React is excellent in all other cases, but especially if you need high performance and the project needs to be implemented in a tight timeframe. For a detailed analysis of the best Javascript libraries and frameworks with their pros and cons, please refer to our article "Front-End frameworks to use in 2023".

It is worth mentioning that though JavaScript, HTML, and CSS are regarded as conventional standards in front-end web development, it is possible to substitute them with such development tools as Apache Flex. The Apache Flex SDK is a highly productive, open-source application framework for building and maintaining expressive applications that deploy consistently on all major browsers, desktops, and devices (including smartphones, tablets, and tv). Flex applications are deployed as Small Web Format files (SWF) plus an HTML wrapper, the CSS file(s), and any server-side script files (i.e., Java, CFM, PHP, etc.) to the server.

MOBILE TECH STACK

Mobile app development can follow a native or a cross-platform development path. Native app development means creating a mobile application that is tailored and dedicated to a specified platform, be it iOS or Android. A cross-platform development aims to create an app compatible with major operating systems, such as iOS, Android, macOS, and Windows. The main reason that stands behind cross-platform development popularity is that it is cost and time efficient. With one code required to run an app on several systems, the development costs go down, time to market gets shorter, and an app reaches a broader audience easier. Native development offers higher security measures and allows an app to work offline. It also provides a better user experience, achieved by full access to a device, its operating system, camera, microphone, GPS, and more. Any of the above can be a crucial reason for some businesses to opt for native development despite higher costs and longer time to market.?

The programming languages battle in Android native development is between the two most popular languages intended specifically for Android - old and mature Java vs. young and modern Kotlin.?

• Java is a general-purpose, class-based, object-oriented programming language that has gained incredible popularity because of its performance, simplicity, open-source libraries, and wide range of possible applications. It is the world's third most popular programming language, after Python and C – according to the TIOBE index, which evaluates programming language popularity.??
• Kotlin is a statically typed, open-source, general-purpose programming language with type inference that can run on the Java virtual machine. In a nutshell, Kotlin is a streamlined version of Java, its advancement, rather than an entirely new language. It combines both acquisitive and functional programming features and focuses on readable syntax, functional code, and interoperability using existing Java libraries.

Both Java and Kotlin are good options for native Android development. Each language has its share of dedicated fans. From the developers' view, both programming languages should be in Android developers' arsenal. From the future application owners' view, Kotlin may seem more modern and offer faster development. Still, there are not so many experienced Kotlin developers now that it can have the opposite effect on the development time.

When it comes to native app development tools, the most common tools for Android are Android Studio and Android SDK.?

• Android NDK(Native Development Kit) is a set of tools that allows developers to implement parts of an app in native code, using languages such as C and C++. It provides platform libraries to manage native activities and access physical device components, such as sensors and touch input.?
• Android Studiois the open-source official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android app development, based on IntelliJ IDEA. It offers build automation, dependency management, and customizable build configurations. The tool provides an auto-generated code editor for Kotlin, Java, and C/C++. Android Studio offers such functions as a flexible Gradle-based build system, a rapid emulator for different configurations, an efficient visual layout editor, built-in profiling tools, built-in support for the Google Cloud Platform, etc.

Jetpack Compose and Android UI kit are the most common UI frameworks for Android.?

• Jetpack Compose is Android's recommended modern framework for building fast, beautiful, and reliable native user interfaces. It simplifies and significantly accelerates UI development on Android using the declarative approach.?
• Android UI kit is a components-driven library for Figma. It consists of responsive application templates made of constrained UI components. A must-have design system to prototype mobile layouts faster.

The iOS programming languages battle is mainly between Objective-C and Swift, as Apple backs up both languages.?

• Objective C is a general-purpose programming language that is safe for different data types and focuses on objects. It is a predecessor of Swift, and if compared to it, it lacks modern tools and properties.?
• Swift is a compiled programming language for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and Linux applications. Swift achieves a faster development process via its simplified syntax and grammar. The language uses LLVM as its compiler framework for programmatically creating machine-native code. Swift has many modern features, including type inference, option types, modules, closures, generics, tuples, extensions, argument labels, and collection literals, simplifying common patterns used in Objective-C.?

So,Swift is the apparent winner in the iOS programming languages battle. It has undoubted benefits over its main competitor Objective-C. It is your right option for iOS native development in 2023.

The most common development tools for iOS - are Xcode and AppCode.?

• Xcode is Apple's open-source integrated development environment for iOS platforms. It contains SDK, tools, compilers, and frameworks to design the user interface, write app code, compile code, test the code, and debug to receive great quality products.?
• AppCodeis an integrated development environment that natively supports Objective-C, Swift, C, and C++, as well as JavaScript, XML, HTML, CSS, and XPath. It's fully compatible and interoperable with Xcode. It uses the same project model and project file and synchronizes all changes with Xcode. The IDE comes with strong refactoring capabilities, on-the-fly code analysis, debugging, and support of several testing frameworks. It is not free, though. AppCode is offered to individual customers and businesses according to several pricing plans.??

The most common UI frameworks for iOS are UIKit and SwiftUI. UIKit and SwiftUI are open-source frameworks providing various features for creating UI for iOS applications.

• Still, SwiftUIis declarative in contrast to UIKit, an imperative framework, and the former is regarded as a much more robust library.?
• UIKitwas developed and released based on the Objective-C language. SwiftUI is written in Swift, which is currently the recommended language for building iOS applications. Therefore, SwiftUI will likely continue to evolve with time, while UIKit will receive less support from Apple.

In our article "Top programming languages for native apps" you can check our detailed analysis of native development programming languages if you opt for this path.

As for cross-platform development tools, there are a huge number of them, but React Native and Flutter are the leaders in 2023.?

• React Native is an open-source JavaScript framework launched by Facebook. The main advantage of React Native is that it allows the creation of cross-compatible mobile applications using only JavaScript. It does not rely on a third-party API to access device functionality. It has intuitive architecture, hot reloading, quick development timeframes, good performance, and code reusability between iOS, Android, and web platforms.?
• Flutter is the newest technology launched by Google. The framework is a complete SDK, including a rendering engine, ready-made widgets, testing and integration APIs, etc. Flutter applications are written in the Dart language. Since Dart compiles directly to native code, it doesn't require any additional bridge to communicate with mobile platforms, as does React Native. It considerably improves deployment times and speeds up overall application performance.?

If you are building a mobile application in 2022, choosing either React Native or Flutter would be a great option because of the mix of performance, robust community support and positive future outlook. In one of our previous articles," The State of the Mobile Market: React Native Supremacy, the Fall of Ionic and What To Expect from Flutter?" we have analyzed the most popular cross-platform development tools. Please check it out for more details.

BACK-END TECH STACK

Back-end development is a server-side development covering anything that relates to the under-the-hood functionality of web applications, including app performance, security, scalability, ease of maintenance, etc. Developing the back end of your application is the most essential part of your project. The back-end development includes:

• The operating system: macOS, Linux, Windows, as well as Android, and iOS.
• The web server, providing data on request: Nginx, Apache, or Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS).
• The application code that transmits it,?
• The programming language used to write an app code: Python, Javascript, PHP, Java, Ruby, Kotlin, etc.
• Various frameworks built on top of programming languages for faster and easier development: Spring, .NET, Django, Flask, etc.
• The database that contains and organizes the information: MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, MongoDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc.?

A back-end's OS (operating system) is the interface where the frameworks, runtime, servers, and other components exist and access resources required to perform their functions. The top operating systems are macOS, Linux, and Windows, as well as Android and iOS for mobile. Usually, any stack may be equally well employed in Linux, Windows, or macOS without compromising the quality of the resulting application.?

A web server processes the requests submitted from the client side, i.e., application users. It stores, processes, distributes, and maintains dynamic and static information. According to the below statistics published by Web Technology Survey, almost all web apps are developed using Nginx and Apache. There is also a Microsoft IIS Server, which has a significant market share, but it can only run on Windows operating systems. IIS is used mainly when it is necessary to host a .NET or ASP-based web application.

• Apache server is free and open-source and can be used on any operating system. It is suitable for low-traffic websites with highly dynamic content. It is very flexible, so it is also a go-to option when configuration and customization are the main priority.?
• Nginx is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an IMAP/POP3 proxy server. It is preferred when it is necessary to improve performance for static content. It is also a go-to option for high-traffic websites. On top of that, Nginx is regarded to be slightly more secure than Apache.??

There are numerous back-end languages, and they all have strengths and weaknesses. Famous world rankings such as TIOBE and PYPL put Python as the most popular back-end programming language. GitHub ranking also put Python first based on the number of projects. A W3Techs survey puts PHP as the most used back-end language. Other popular programming languages are Java, JavaScript (Node.JS), and C#.??

• Python is an open-source and platform-independent language. It can run on Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix. It is also compatible with advanced technologies like Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IoT, data science, etc. It has plain syntax, a vast collection of rich libraries, a low learning curve, and a great community, but it is relatively slow and has big memory consumption. There are many Python frameworks for back-end development, but Django, Flask and FastAPI are the most popular in the list, and both are actively used as they serve various purposes.
• Django website calls it a solution for perfectionists with deadlines. It is a full-stack web framework that provides all of the necessary features by default. It is excellent for developing large and complex web applications.?
• Flask, on the contrary, is a lightweight micro-framework. It offers only the basic tools and capabilities and is brilliant for simple websites or developers who do not want to go into the complexities of Django. In Flask, almost everything has to be built from scratch, offering developers more flexibility when projects require greater customization.
• FastAPI is a fast and scalable micro framework dedicated to creating back-end APIs. It can be recommended when building RESTful APIs.
• PHP is a server-side, general-purpose, and cross-platform scripting language. It is one of the most popular, sustainable, and well-elaborated back-end languages that has been on the market since 1994. It is a pure back-end programming language that interprets scripts on the server side, just as Javascript does on the client side. PHP is platform-independent, adaptable, and flexible. It supports many database options. At the same time,PHP libraries can hardly compete with Python libraries. PHP is not the ideal solution for any app requiring machine learning. So, the language requires a significant leap in its evolution to catch up with Python. Otherwise, its popularity will most likely continue to decline.?
• Regarding PHP frameworks, Laravel is one of the best PHP back-end frameworks. It is free and open-source and offers an immense development environment without installing PHP, web server, or third-party software. It follows an MVC (model-view-controller) design pattern and allows reusing available framework elements, making applications look more organized and practical. Its extensive set of features dramatically enhances the web development process, saving time for the project.?
• Java is an old and mature object-oriented programming language. It has constantly been evolving and adapting to suit the latest market trends. It has gained incredible popularity because of its performance, simplicity, open-source libraries, extensive documentation, and wide range of possible applications. Its main drawback is its steep learning curve. Although it is currently not as popular as it used to be, for an enterprise-scale application heavy on the CPU, Java will be an excellent go-to option. Whereas for a startup, other lighter and easier languages are preferable.??
• There are plenty of Java frameworks, but Spring is one of the best and most popular. With lots of documentation and an active community, it is used to create enterprise-level applications. Modules like Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Spring Core, Spring MVC, Spring Security, etc., add numerous useful functionalities like configuration management, transaction management, monitoring, security authentication, authorization, etc.
• JavaScript is one of the most widely used programming languages. It was initially used mainly only in front-end development. But the introduction of Node.JS boosted the use of JavaScript as a language for back-end development. Node.js is a JavaScript execution environment that executes JavaScript code outside a web browser. Node.js is suitable for developing apps for different platforms - Windows, Unix, Linux, macOS, and other mobile devices can use NodeJs. Node.js allows unified code and the creation of lightweight and fast apps. Due to its non-blocking, asynchronous nature, developing highly interactive IoT-based apps, online chat apps, video streaming sites, single-page apps, and other I/O-intensive apps is often easier in Node.js than in other alternatives. At the same time, it is not suitable for developing applications with complex CPU calculations or apps relating to the financial field. The most popular Node.js frameworks are Express.js, Nest.js and Next.js.?
• Express.js is a lightweight and minimalist framework with many HTTP utilities. It is the most common Node.js web framework and an ideal option to take advantage of high-speed operations with a straightforward architecture.?
• Nest.js is one of the most advanced and powerful back-end frameworks appropriate for constructing enterprise-level projects. In fact, its approach to architecture is similar to that of Angular's front-end framework. Like with Angular, NestJS fully supports TypeScript, which facilitates writing bug-free code. NestJS is a go-to option for launching projects that are supposed to be scalable and easily maintainable.
• Next.js? is a minimalistic framework for developing production grade React applications. It simplifies developing single-page JavaScript applications, server-side rendered pages, statically generated pages, etc.?
• C# is a general-purpose language created by Microsoft in 2001. It provides fast compilation, scalability, and interoperability and is one of the most widely used languages for creating system back-ends. C# has a simple syntax and powerful development tools. Although there are more modern languages nowadays, C#, backed by Microsoft, is one of the fastest-evolving programming languages. It is one of the most popular programming languages for game development, as it's used in the Unity game engine, which is the most popular game engine today. It is undoubtedly the best option for building pure Windows apps.??
• The most widely used C# framework for back-end development is ASP.NETCore. It is fully open-source and provides libraries and reusable elements to speed up application development and enable building the back-end for modern, cloud-based, Internet-connected applications.

Please check one of our previous articles "5 top back-end languages in 2023" for more details about back-end development languages and their frameworks.?

A database is used to store and organize the app data. Depending on the data management model, they can be SQL and NoSQL types. A SQL database, also called a relational database system (RDBMS), is table-based, where each data is relationally linked to another. Such databases work on queries and produce results based on them. It is a go-to option for apps that need structure or multi-row transactions for eCommerce or financial applications where database integrity is critical. The NoSQL database, unlike SQL, does not structure the data. NoSQL databases work on JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) and XML. NoSQL databases will be the right choice for big data applications and when flexibility and scalability are the central priority. According to the DB-Engines resource, the most popular databases are MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MongoDB, Redis, ElasticSearch, and Firebase.?

• SQLite is a top lightweight database that works great for low to medium-traffic websites. Because of its lightweight, it is perfect for embedded applications on mobile devices.?
• MySQL and PostgreSQLare the leading open-source relational database management systems. When comparing MySQL and PostgreSQL, the former is more user-friendly, and building a project from scratch takes less time, but the latter is considered a more advanced database. PostgreSQL supports a broader range of data formats. Replication in MySQL is one-way asynchronous, while PostgreSQL supports synchronous replication. Postgres performs better because it supports concurrent writes without the need for read/write locks. It also implements transaction isolation and snapshots and is entirely ACID compliant. MySQL performs better only for read-intensive processes. Still, both DBMSs are reputable solutions that can compete with such enterprise solutions as Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server.?
• Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server are commercially supported enterprise-level RDBMSs. Oracle Database is more complex to manage than MS SQL Server. It has a higher learning curve and is more expensive to license. For startups and modern companies, Oracle is too burdensome to manage. Oracle charges additional for their tools, while Microsoft tools are free with the SQL Server license. But with this, Oracle also has an advantage over Microsoft in terms of core database features and functionality. In other words, both databases are for large organizations, but Oracle is for larger organizations where a larger database is needed.???

Our NoSQL databases leading list contains MongoDB, Redis, Elasticsearch, and Firebase.?

• MongoDB has enhanced scalability, increased caching, analytics in real-time and great speed, providing dynamic performance. It is an excellent option for apps such as product catalogs or analytic platforms.?
• Redis is great for caching, gaming, real-time analytics, chat/messaging, and media streaming apps.?
• Elasticsearch is used massively as a search engine meant for working on large datasets in real-time, for instance, for eCommerce products and the observability of applications. It's also very helpful when creating or updating a customer's profile regarding the workload that real-time engagement usually demands. Developers often pair it with other SQL & NoSQL databases.?
• A Firebase database can be a good option when your software deals with real-time data that needs to be synchronized between different browsers and devices, for instance, messaging apps, social media apps, and gaming apps.

And finally, if we speak about the server, which is a structure that hosts applications, nowadays, a physical server is most often opposed to a cloud-based server. A cloud-based server is a virtual server that runs within a cloud computing environment. Such servers perform the same functions as traditional physical servers - deliver processing power, storage, and applications, but do it over the Internet. There are three leading players in the cloud market. They are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). In one of our previous articles, "AWS vs. Azure vs. GCP: Which cloud platform should you choose?" we provided our detailed analysis of each cloud service, so you pick not by random but deliberately and be sure that it goes with all your needs.

It is worth mentioning that serverless back end is getting increasingly popular these days. Serverless development is a cloud-native model allowing developers to build and run applications without managing servers. There are still servers in serverless, but they are abstracted away from app development. Generally, "serverless" means focusing on building app functionality without spending time managing the servers and infrastructure. The cloud provider takes care of the setup, capacity planning, and server management instead of you. Amazon AWS Lambda and Cloud Functions for Firebase are some of the most popular implementations in this Serverless Service Architecture.?

• AWS Lambda is a Function as a Service (FaaS) from Amazon. It runs the code on a high-availability compute infrastructure and performs all of the administration of the compute resources, including server and operating system maintenance, capacity provisioning and automatic scaling, and logging. The functions can be written in Javascript (Node.js), Python, or Java. Upon uploading the code to AWS Lambda, Amazon takes care of the infrastructure required to run and scale said code with high availability. As Lambda executes functions in parallel, there is no loss of speed or capacity, regardless of the number of requests.??

Cloud Functions for Firebase is a serverless framework from GCP that lets you automatically run backend code in response to events triggered by Firebase features and HTTPS requests. The code is stored in Google's cloud and runs in a managed environment. There's no need to manage and scale your own servers.