CHOLERA AND NEW CITIES PLANNING 霍乱和新城市规划
DESIGN FOR A BETTER WORLD (Part 2)
设计，让世界更美好（第2部分）
After the Black Death plague, Medieval cities experienced a global modernization during the Renaissance. As the population of the cities grew, walls were turned down and old towns often expanded, reaching a high population like 40,000 people in London in the late 14th Century or the 100.000 people that Paris or Venice reached.
?在黑死病之后，中世纪的城市在文艺复兴期间经历了全球现代化。随着城市人口的增长，城墙被推倒，老城镇不断扩张，人口达到了很高的水平，比如14世纪晚期伦敦有4万人，巴黎或威尼斯有10万人。
Barcelona Gothic Quarter ?巴塞罗那哥特式建筑- Source Agoda
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Although cities had improved their health conditions with the implementation of the new sewer sanitary systems and water supply, health problems kept arising, partly due to the population increase and concentration, partly to the inefficiency of the newly implemented systems.
虽然由于实施了新的下水道卫生系统和供水系统，城市的卫生条件有所改善，但卫生问题仍然不断出现，部分原因是人口增加和集中，部分原因是新实施的系统效率低下。
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CHOLERA AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS MODERNIZATION
The Plague of London (1665), Plague of Marseille (1720), the Russian Plague (1770), and the Cholera (1832), brought again on the stage the need of keeping the modernization process of the medieval cities. This made rulers attempt many ambitious urban renovation plans as the one carried in Paris in 1852 by Georges-Eugène Haussmann or the one developed by Ildefonso Cerda in Barcelona in 1860.
伦敦瘟疫(1665年)、马赛瘟疫(1720年)、俄国瘟疫(1770年)和霍乱(1832年)使中世纪城市保持现代化进程的需要再次被提上了舞台。这使得统治者们尝试了许多雄心勃勃的城市改造计划，比如Georges-Eugène Haussmann于1852年在巴黎提出的计划，以及Ildefonso Cerda于1860年在巴塞罗那提出的计划。
Paris Renovation Urban Planning - Georges Eugene Haussmann
巴黎改造城市规划-乔治·尤金·奥斯曼
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Among the outbreaks of the new plagues, Cholera was by far the most virulent and constant in the last years of the 19th Century. The new urban improvements and development of medicine could not avoid the quick spread of Cholera that hit Europe in 5 waves between 1832 and 1896 and made it essential to improve the water canalization and urban installations.
在新瘟疫的爆发中，霍乱是19世纪最后几年最致命和最持续的。新的城市改善和医学的发展无法避免霍乱的快速传播，霍乱在1832年到1896年间以5次浪潮袭击了欧洲，这使得改善水渠建设和城市设施变得至关重要。
Cholera in Europe - Source True West Magazine
霍乱在欧洲-来源《西方》杂志
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Big cities embarked on a total modernization of these urban installations and one of the first ones to make a whole transformation of the city water and sewage installations were London. As it happened in other similar cities during the previous years, the River Thames had become an open sewer and a garbage deposit as the main course of water crossing the city. It was Doctor John Snow the first one who directly linked the spread of the disease with the contamination of the water supply.
大城市开始了对这些城市设施的全面现代化第一个对城市供水和污水处理设施进行全面改造的城市是伦敦。就像之前几年发生在其他类似城市的情况一样，泰晤士河已经成为了一个露天的下水道和垃圾的堆积，成为了穿越城市的主要水道。约翰·斯诺博士是第一个直接将疾病传播与供水污染联系起来的人。
Embankment Sewer System Cross Section - Source Museum of London
河堤下水道系统横截面-来源伦敦博物馆
Sewage System London (1894) - Source History Today
伦敦污水处理系统(1894)-来源历史今日
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A group of Engineers led by Joseph Bazalgette designed an extensive underground network of collectors that drove the waste out of the river and city center to the sea.
由约瑟夫·巴扎尔杰特领导的一组工程师设计了一个广泛的地下收集网，将垃圾从河流和城市中心推向大海。
London Sewerage System - Source Museum of London
伦敦下水道系统-来源伦敦博物馆
London Victorian Sewer System - Source The Open University
领英推荐
伦敦维多利亚下水道系统-来源开放大学
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The new underground sewerage system consisted of a series of round tunnels build by brick vault structures and bigger chambers for the sewer intersections. The main installation included a second tunnel section for water supply above dirty waters, which made sure the clean and dirty waters run in separate ways and made sure that in case of a water leaking, clean waters would not be affected.?
新的地下排水系统由一系列由砖拱顶结构建造的圆形隧道和更大的排水室组成。主要的安装包括在脏水上方供水的第二个隧道部分，确保干净和脏水以不同的方式流动，并确保在漏水的情况下，干净的水不会受到影响。
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DEVISING THE NEW CITY
At end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th Century, cities experimented with a great transformation, and with the changes, some new city and housing concepts were needed.
After overcoming the Cholera plagues, cities started facing a new invisible health challenge in the form of pollution that extended in the new growing cities with urban sprawl and people’s concentration.
19世纪末20世纪初，城市经历了一场巨大的变革，随着变革，需要一些新的城市和住房概念。
在战胜了霍乱瘟疫之后，城市开始面临一种新的无形的健康挑战，即污染，随着城市的蔓延和人口的集中，污染在新兴城市中蔓延。
Second Industrial Revolution – Source History
第二次工业革命-历史照片
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Around 1900, theorists began developing new urban planning models to mitigate the consequences of the?industrial age, by providing normal citizens and factory workers with healthier environments for their daily life.
1900年左右，理论家们开始开发新的城市规划模型，通过为普通公民和工厂工人的日常生活提供更健康的环境，来减轻工业时代的后果。
Among them, the first major urban planning theorist was Sir?Ebenezer Howard, who initiated the?garden city movement?in 1898. This new city concept was based on decentralized settlements that separate the working environment from the center of the cities. ?These practical Howard's ideas, although utopian, were mostly adopted after?World War II in some post-war rebuilding initiatives.
其中，第一位重要的城市规划理论家是埃比尼泽·霍华德爵士，他在1898年发起了花园城市运动。这种新的城市概念基于分散的住区，将工作环境与城市中心分开。这些实际的霍华德的想法，虽然乌托邦，大部分被采纳在二战后的一些战后重建计划。
The principle of the Garden City, Ebenezer Howard - Source Research Gate
《花园城市的原理》 埃比尼泽·霍华德- 来源《研究之门》
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In the 1920s, the ideas of?modernism?began to influence urban planning with consecrated architects as Le Corbusier, who?presented a new urban concept for a "Contemporary City in 1922. This urban plan segregated pedestrian circulations from the roadways and set up a huge transportation hub around a central park, surrounded by a network of skyscrapers.
在20世纪20年代，现代主义的思想开始影响城市规划，如勒·柯布西耶，他在1922年提出了一个新的城市概念“当代城市”。这个城市规划将人行道与道路分隔开来，并围绕一个中央公园建立了一个巨大的交通枢纽，周围环绕着摩天大楼网络。
Plan Voisin Model - Le Corbusier
Plan Voisin模型-勒 柯布西耶
The ideas of Le Corbusier were the catalyst of a new generation of urban planners and theorists that set the basis of Today’s cities. It was the case of Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa's city plan of?Brasília. Sir Patrick Geddes’ plan of Tel Aviv?or Le Corbusier’s plan for?Chandigarh?in India.
柯布西耶的思想是新一代城市规划者和理论家的催化剂，奠定了今天城市的基础。奥斯卡·尼迈耶(Oscar Niemeyer)和卢西奥·科斯塔(Lucio Costa)的Brasília城市规划就是一个例子。帕特里克?格迪斯爵士(Sir Patrick Geddes)对特拉维夫的规划，或勒?柯布西耶(Le Corbusier)对印度昌迪加尔的规划。
Brasilia Planning (1956) - Oscar Niemeyer
巴西利亚规划(1956)-奥斯卡 ·尼迈耶
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Many city governments established planning departments during the first third of the 20th century. Urban planning emerged as a scholarly discipline in the 1900s, starting with a planning program at the University of Liverpool in 1909, and the first North American program at?Harvard University?in 1924.
许多城市政府在20世纪的前三分之一设立了规划部门。城市规划在20世纪初成为一门学术学科，始于1909年利物浦大学的一个规划项目，以及1924年哈佛大学的第一个北美项目。
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Next Chapter (3):?Tuberculosis and the new design simplicity.
下一章: 肺结核和简明设计理念。