1. Chemical Composition and Properties:
- Active Ingredient: Chlorfluazuron (C15H10ClF3N2O3) is the active ingredient. It is a benzoylurea compound and belongs to the insect growth regulator (IGR) group of chemicals, specifically targeting chitin synthesis in insects.
- Formulation Type: Chlorfluazuron 05.40% EC is an Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC), which means it contains active ingredients dissolved in a liquid base that forms an emulsion when diluted with water.
- Source: Chlorfluazuron is a synthetic insecticide developed by Sumitomo Chemical and is used extensively in agriculture for controlling pests.
- Appearance: It typically appears as a yellow to amber-colored liquid in its concentrated form.
- Solubility: Chlorfluazuron is slightly soluble in water, but it is highly soluble in organic solvents like acetone, ethanol, and methanol. It forms an emulsion when mixed with water for application.
2. Mode of Action:
- Mechanism: Chlorfluazuron works by inhibiting chitin synthesis in insects. Chitin is a critical component of the insect exoskeleton. By blocking its synthesis, Chlorfluazuron prevents the proper formation of the exoskeleton during molting, leading to the death of immature stages of the insect. It is primarily an insect growth regulator (IGR) that interferes with the development of the insect from the larval to adult stage.
3. Target Pests:
Chlorfluazuron is effective against a variety of pests, particularly those that undergo incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous insects) and have a strong dependence on chitin for exoskeleton formation:
- Aphids
- Whiteflies
- Caterpillars (e.g., Lepidopteran larvae)
- Leafhoppers
- Mealybugs
- Scale insects
- Cotton bollworm
- Armyworms
4. Application on Crops:
- Crops Treated: Chlorfluazuron is used in a wide range of crops, including:
- Cotton
- Rice
- Vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers)
- Fruits (e.g., citrus, apples)
- Legumes
- Tobacco
- Dosage: Chlorfluazuron 05.40% EC is typically applied at a rate of 50-150 mL per hectare depending on the pest infestation level and crop type. Dosage may vary depending on the specific pest being targeted and the crop's sensitivity.
- Spray Timing: It is best applied when pests are in the early larval stages or when the first signs of infestation are observed. Apply in the early morning or late afternoon to minimize the impact on beneficial insects and to prevent rapid evaporation.
5. Features and Benefits:
- Selective Action: Chlorfluazuron has a selective mode of action against specific pests. It does not affect beneficial insects like bees or predatory mites, making it suitable for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.
- Long Residual Activity: Chlorfluazuron offers a long-lasting effect, providing residual control for up to 3-4 weeks after application.
- Low Resistance Risk: Due to its mode of action as an insect growth regulator, it has a low risk of resistance in pest populations, especially if used in combination with other insecticides.
- Environmental Compatibility: It is relatively environmentally friendly, with low toxicity to mammals and birds. However, care should be taken to avoid contaminating water sources or non-target areas.
6. Precautions During Use:
- Toxicity: Chlorfluazuron is low-to-moderately toxic to humans (Toxicity Category III). It may cause mild skin irritation or eye irritation on contact. There is no significant acute toxicity if used as directed.
- Protective Measures:
- Wear protective gloves, clothing, and eyewear.
- Avoid inhaling the spray mist. Use a mask or respirator when applying the product.
- Do not consume food or drink during application.
- Environmental Safety: Chlorfluazuron should not be applied directly to water bodies or near sensitive ecosystems. Ensure proper disposal of empty containers to minimize environmental impact.
7. Waiting Period (Pre-harvest Interval):
- Depends on the crop and regional regulations: The Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) typically ranges from 7 to 30 days for different crops. Always refer to local guidelines and the product label to ensure compliance with the specific crop being treated.
8. Storage and Handling:
- Storage: Chlorfluazuron should be stored in a cool, dry area, away from direct sunlight and heat sources. It should be kept in its original sealed container to prevent contamination.
- Handling: Always follow the manufacturer's safety guidelines. Handle the product with care, ensuring that protective gear is worn. Ensure proper ventilation when mixing and applying the chemical.
9. Toxicology and First Aid:
1. Inhalation: Irritation of the respiratory tract, dizziness, and nausea.
2. Skin Contact: Mild irritation, redness, or rash.
3. Eye Contact: Mild irritation, redness, or tearing.
1. Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water immediately.
2. Eye Contact: Rinse thoroughly with water for 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
3. Inhalation: Move the person to fresh air and administer oxygen if necessary.
4. Ingestion: Seek medical attention immediately.
- Antidote: There is no specific antidote for Chlorfluazuron poisoning. Symptomatic treatment is recommended, including supportive care (e.g., oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids).
10. Market Information:
Chlorfluazuron is marketed globally by various companies under different brand names. It is primarily used in crop protection against key pests and is favored for its selectivity, low toxicity, and residual action.
11. Resistance Management:
To prevent resistance development, it is recommended to rotate Chlorfluazuron with other insecticides that have different modes of action. Insecticides from different groups, particularly pyrethroids and organophosphates, should be used in combination as part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy.
