China's miraculous achievements in numbers

At a grand ceremony to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in Beijing on Thursday, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, solemnly declared the completion of the goal of building China into a moderately prosperous society in all respects, marking the culmination of a 2,500-year journey of the Chinese people to pursue xiaokang - a peaceful and happy life, a century of earnest endeavour by the CPC and over four decades of relentless government efforts and Chinese ingenuity. The decisive voice of Xi when he made the declaration at the very beginning of his speech and the loud and lasting cheers from the crowd on the Tiananmen Square that was immersed in a festive atmosphere underscored the pride and exhilaration of the entire Chinese nation over the magnificent and hard-fought achievement reached with the blood and sweat of generations of Chinese. The historical weight of the announcement at such a historical moment cannot be overstated. The achievement is truly a milestone in almost every regard, and befitting the once-in-a-century occasion where a slew of achievements was highlighted by Xi, who is also Chinese president and chairman of the Central Military Commission. The objective contains a sweeping set of goals ranging from economic growth and political reform to environmental protection, but several breakthroughs shed further light on the historical significance of the mission. In the four decades or so since building a xiaokang society became an official goal for China's social and economic development, China's economy outstripped what was once considered economic miracles in Germany, Japan and South Korea by leaps and bounds and is closer than ever to overtake the US No.1 spot in the economy, which it has held for 120 years. China lifted 770 million people - roughly the equivalent of the combined population of the US, Indonesia and Pakistan (the world's third, fourth and fifth-most populous countries) - out of poverty. A confluence of factors contributed to such an achievement unparalleled in human society, but chief among them is the people-centred governance and the excellent policymaking and execution of the CPC, officials, economists and ordinary Chinese people said. Declaring the completion of the goal on such an important occasion is not just aimed at celebrating the remarkable achievements of the past but also inspiring confidence and unity as China embarks on a higher mission to build a modern socialist power amid challenges and uncertainties, they noted. "By any measurement, the goal has not only been completed but actually surpassed," Cao Heping, a professor of economics at Peking University in Beijing, told the Global Times. "There are countless standards, but the bottom line is that the Chinese people now live a life that they didn't even dare to imagine just four decades ago." The dream of a peaceful and happy life actually started 2,500 years ago, when the term xiaokang, which translates into "a moderately prosperous society," first appeared in ancient Chinese classic shijing ? "the Book of Poetry." The concept was revived in 1979 when the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping used the term to describe the goal of China's social and economic development during a meeting with then Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira. Over time, the concept has been refined and upgraded and has become the overarching goal of China's social and economic development. In 1984, Deng set a specific goal to increase per capita GDP to $800 by the end of the century. The goal was expanded in 2002 to cover more areas such as economic growth and political reforms and was further upgraded in 2012 to include goals for even more areas such as the environment. One of the most closely watched targets set in 2012 was the numerical goal of doubling 2010's GDP and per capita income for both urban and rural residents by 2020. Despite disruptions from the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, China's GDP reached 105.6 trillion yuan ($14.72 trillion), more than double the roughly 39.8 trillion GDP in 2010. The goal for doubling per capita income was also surpassed, with per capita income reaching 43,834 yuan for urban residents and 17,131 yuan for rural residents. Beyond the statistics are the palpable improvements in people's lives. Until the reform and opening-up in 1978, although the living standards of urban residents had improved significantly, they generally still struggled to get enough food and clothing. A 54-year-old Beijing resident surnamed Li recalled that his family's income was less than 300 yuan in 1988, and the biggest expenditure was food, which, along with utilities, could take up a big chunk of their income. But after the reform and opening-up policies were carried out, Li, who was a management-level worker in the media industry, said his income started to increase each year. "My salary is rising every year, and so is my wife's, and my income even stood at 10,000 yuan one month in 2000," Li said, adding that his family could afford a refrigerator and even a car at that time. While Li is among the more affluent group of Chinese, such improvements are commonly seen elsewhere. The Engel coefficient of urban residents, which measures the proportion of income spent on food, dropped to a record low of 27.7 per cent in 2018 from 57.5 per cent in 1978, according to the latest official data. The lower the reading indicated, the greater the affluence. For the country's rural areas, the biggest hurdle for reaching xiaokang was extreme poverty that had lasted for generations. The CPC started a battle against poverty and declared victory in 2020, lifting 770 million people out of absolute poverty - that's over twice the size of the US population of roughly 331 million, and accounting for 70 per cent of the global population that has been lifted out of poverty. "The significant improvement in living standards for people is the most important part of the xiaokang goal," Liu Ying, a research fellow at the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies at the Renmin University of China in Beijing, told the Global Times. Still, Liu added, China has made unprecedented achievements in many respects. "In terms of GDP growth and scale, there is definitely no precedent in history for what China has achieved," she said. There is no dispute over China's economic success on a global scale. Since 1978, China's GDP growth averaged over 9.2 per cent annually for 42 years. That outstrips a 6.6 per cent annual growth for 15 years in Germany during a period known as the Miracle on the Rhine starting 1951, or an 8.8 per cent annual growth for 36 years in South Korea's Miracle on the Han River, according to news portal jin10.com. Japan maintained a higher 9.3 per cent annual growth during the "Japanese economic miracle" but only for 23 years. "Considering all the factors, including vastly different population sizes and national conditions, there is simply no comparison," Cao said, "China's economic development defied long-perceived economic theories on how a country can grow from an underdeveloped one to a developing one toward being a developed one." How China achieved this has been a widely discussed question in recent years and especially during the centennial of the CPC. Countless historical and economic factors have been raised, but the single deciding factor that many had pointed to is the leadership of the CPC. "Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has been a fighting goal for the Chinese people for thousands of years and it has been realized under the leadership of the CPC," Shen Xiang, a Party member and local official in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Southwest China's Sichuan, told the Global Times. Shen, who was a frontline worker during the battle against poverty in one of the poorest areas of the country before the victory was declared in 2020, said that it was the CPC's people-centred governance, coordinated development and original mission for common prosperity that had made the achievement possible. "It is the embodiment of the superiority of socialism with Chinese characteristics," Shen said, expressing his pride in the Party's success and his confidence that the CPC will continue to lead the Chinese people to greater heights. Inspiring confidence and unity was also a key theme of the nationwide celebrations of the centennial of the CPC and, in particular, of the declaration of completing the xiaokang goals on Thursday, Cao said. China has already announced new goals for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25) and Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035, including turning China into a high-income country and ultimately a modern socialist power. "It is also a reminder for the country of our long-term goal of great rejuvenation and a message of confidence and unity that we can and we will reach even higher goals," Cao said, but reminding that many challenges and uncertainties remain on the path forward. The message was loud and clear for millions of people around the country like Shen, who halted work and watched the ceremony on Thursday morning. "In the new journey, I believe that there are countless ordinary CPC members like me who are energized and ready to work toward the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation," Shen said. From 1921 to 2021, the Communist Party of China has led the country to create countless miracles. As China's overall national strength continues growing, the country has become the biggest engine to drive global economic growth. China has been the world's second-largest economy for 11 consecutive years from 2010. Under the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the world in 2020, China's GDP reached 101.6 trillion yuan ($ 15.7 trillion), up 2.3 per cent from a year earlier, making the country the only major economy in the world with positive growth. The GDP figure represented an increase of 1,500 times from 1952. With a commitment to supply-side structural reform, China's economic structure has continued to improve, and new dynamism has been unleashed. In the past seven years, the tertiary industry, mainly including finance as well as science and technology, has steadily increased its contribution to China's GDP, and become a pillar industry of the national economy. From 1948 to 2020, China's total foreign trade volume surged from $907 billion to $4.65 trillion with an average annual growth rate of nearly 14 per cent. The country's total imports and exports of goods expanded 1.9 per cent on a yearly basis in 2020, making China the world's only major economy to register positive growth amid the pandemic, which hurt global businesses. In 2017, China's trade volume jumped to the first spot in the world from the 26th spot in 1978 and has remained No 1 for four years in a row up to 2020. Currently, the country has become the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer. China's import and export trade has made a huge contribution to the world. In 2020, the country contributed 13.13 per cent to the world's import and export trade volume, with the contribution growing 12 percentage points over 1948. Moreover, China's export contribution to the world surpassed 10 per cent for 11 consecutive years, with the figure reaching a record high of nearly 15 per cent in 2020. Now, China's exports are shifting from low-end to high-end in the value chain. Before 1986, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in China was less than 1,000 yuan. In 2005, the figure exceeded 10,000 yuan for the first time. In 2020, the per capita disposable income grew by 2.1 per cent year-on-year in real terms to 32,189 yuan, with the per capita disposable income of rural residents at 17,131 yuan, and at 43,834 yuan for urban residents. The per capita disposable income of urban residents surged more than a hundred times from 343.4 yuan in 1978. The number of scientific and technical personnel jumped from less than 50,000 in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to over 5 million -- the most in the world -- in 2020. In 2019, China surpassed the United States as the top source of international patent applications filed with the World Intellectual Property Organization, and it stayed ahead with 68,720 applications in 2020. The country's total expenditures on research and development in 2020 surpassed 2.4 trillion yuan, up 180 times over the 13 billion yuan in 1980. Spending on basic research in 2020 has nearly doubled that of 2015 and will likely exceed 150 billion yuan in 2020. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), spending on basic research achieved an overall growth rate of 16.9 per cent. The contribution rate of scientific and technological progress is projected to reach 60 per cent in 2020, and the proportion of the scientifically literate Chinese population has surpassed 10 per cent. In 2005, China surpassed the US to become the world's largest exporter in high technology. By the end of 2019, the value of high-technology exports exceeded $700 billion, a figure 4.6 times that of the US, 6.88 times that of Japan and 9.16 times that of the UK. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, 80 per cent of Chinese people were illiterate, and the average amount of schooling was only 1.6 years. Moreover, the country only had 205 institutions of higher learning with less than 120,000 students in 1949, and the gross enrollment rate was only 0.26 per cent. By 2020, the average amount of schooling rose to 10.8 years. The net enrollment rate of primary schools nationwide increased from 20 per cent in 1949 to 99.96 per cent in 2020, and the gross enrollment rate of China's higher education rose from 0.26 per cent in 1949 to 54.4 per cent in 2020. By the end of 2020, the number of general institutes of higher education reached 2,738 with 32.85 million students on campus, taking the first spot in the world. The number of listed companies on the A-share market reached 4,373, with the total market value hitting 93.75 trillion yuan. The average annual growth of the number of listed companies and the total market value has increased 31.32 per cent and 24.3 per cent, respectively from 1990. China has more Fortune Global 500 companies than the United States for the first time in 2020, with 133 firms on the list. China has built the world's largest social security system in the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020). The coverage rate of China's basic medical insurance program remained stable, covering more than 95 per cent of the country's population by the end of 2020. Since the beginning of reform and opening-up, China has lifted 770 million impoverished rural citizens out of poverty, accounting for more than 70 per cent of the world's total while also meeting the goal of ending poverty, as established in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10 years ahead of schedule. In 2019, the average life expectancy of the Chinese people has increased to 77.3 years, up from just 35 years when the People's Republic of China was founded. China's total train mileage in operation hit 146,000 kilometres by the end of 2020, and highways registered 5.20 million kilometres, expanding by seven and 64 times respectively compared to the early period of New China. From 2016 to 2020, the nation continued to expand the network, with the length of high-speed lines nearly doubling to 37,900 km and bullet trains handling 9 billion passenger trips. Road networks have been further improved, with wider coverage around the country. The country's expressway mileage took the first spot globally, with 161,000 km in operation by the end of last year. As waterway transportation grows more mature, there were 22,142 production berths at ports in China by the end of 2020, among which 2,592 were over the 10,000-ton class, accounting for 11.7 per cent of the total and ranking first in the world. By Wang Cong and Tu Lei on July 1-2 2021 for the Global Times, additional reporting by Xinhua (China).