Chemical Engineering Bulletin, 17

Highlights:        

Section 1: Chemical Industry News

1.???? GPS Renewables and Oil India Form Joint Venture to Establish 8 Compressed Biogas Plants.

2.??? Oriana Power Limited Reports 750% Surge in Net Profits; Expands Green Energy Portfolio.

3.??? Muzaffarpur to Become a New Hub for Ethanol Production with Three New Plants.

4.??? India Accelerates Shift to Nuclear Power to Meet Growing Energy Demands.

5.??? India's Renewable Energy Goals Face Challenges Amid Growing Demand and Supply Chain Constraints.

6.??? Grain Ethanol Industry Faces Supply Challenges: GEMA Seeks Waiver of Penalties from Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.

7.??? IIT Roorkee Releases GATE 2025 Schedule: Check Exam Dates and Timings.

8.??? India to Rely on Fossil Fuels Until 2040, Aims to Become Refining Hub: Oil Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.

9.??? India's Thermal Coal Imports Drop by Nearly One-Third in October Amid Rising Clean Energy Output.

10.? NTPC Green Energy Ltd. to Build India's Largest Green Hydrogen Hub in Andhra Pradesh.

11.?? The Untold Story of IISc: Jamsetji Tata's Vision and the Birth of India’s Premier Science Institute.

12.? India Emerges as Top Fuel Exporter to EU Amidst Russian Oil Sanctions.

13.? Haldia Petrochemicals Expands Phenol Production Capacity with Lummus Technology Partnership.

14.? Mukesh Ambani’s $8 Billion Bet on Compressed Biogas: Paving the Way for Clean Energy in India.

15.? GAIL Signs Historic LNG Deal with ADNOC Gas: A Step Towards Strengthening India's Energy Security.

16.? IIT Roorkee Introduces New Two-Paper Combinations for GATE 2025.

17.? Record Fuel Ethanol Imports from the US Strengthen India’s Ethanol-Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme.

18.? Repurposed EV Batteries Fueling Rural India’s Livelihoods: A Step Towards Sustainable Energy Solutions.

19.? India Positioned to Lead Global Hydrogen Energy Production and Exports: Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.

20.India's Energy Transition: A Strategic Path Towards Sustainable Growth and Global Leadership.

21.? Deepak Chem Tech Limited to Set Up Polycarbonate Resin Plant in Gujarat: Strategic Partnership with Trinseo.

Section 2: Government and Private Jobs & Admissions

1.???? GAIL Recruitment 2024 for E-1 & E-2 Grades.

Section 3: Important notifications & Classes of Ankur?Bansal?Sir

I.???? Crash Courses by Ankur Sir

II.?? PYQ Series on Chemical Engineering Mathematics

III. ??Complete Course on Mechanical Operations for the GATE EXAM

IV.?? Complete Course on Heat Exchanger And Evaporators

V.???Rank Improvement Series: Chemical Engineering (GATE 2025)

VI.?? Rank Improvement Series in Engineering Mathematics for GATE 202

VII. Strategy Session for GATE 2025 - Mission #100

VIII. Complete Course on Mechanical Operations for GATE 2026 and 2027 Exam

IX. Complete Course on Chemical Engineering Mathematics for GATE 2025 and 2026 Exam

Section 1: Chemical Industry News        

Article 1: -

GPS Renewables and Oil India Form Joint Venture to Establish 8 Compressed Biogas Plants.

New Delhi: In a strategic move to bolster India's biofuel sector, GPS Renewables (GPSR) and Oil India Limited (OIL) have announced a joint venture to set up eight Compressed Biogas (CBG) plants across India. Both companies will hold an equal 50% stake in the joint venture, which will be responsible for the Design, Build, Finance, Ownership, Operation, and Transfer (DBFOOT) of these projects.

Key Highlights:

• Joint Venture Partners: GPS Renewables and Oil India Limited
• Project Scope: Establishment of 8 CBG plants across India
• Ownership Structure: 50% stake each by GPSR and OIL
• Operational Model: DBFOOT (Design, Build, Finance, Own, Operate, Transfer)

Strategic Partnership to Drive India's Biofuel Agenda

Mainak Chakraborty, CEO and Co-Founder of GPS Renewables, emphasized the significance of the partnership in advancing India's energy security and sustainability goals. “There has been a strong interest from leading Indian oil companies towards biofuels like CBG to enhance energy security and support India’s net-zero goals. Our current partnership with Oil India is yet another step towards increasing the adoption of biofuels in India,” said Chakraborty.

The joint venture aims to create a robust network of CBG plants to reduce India's dependence on fossil fuels and minimize greenhouse gas emissions, thereby supporting the country's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions.

Financial Backing and Fundraising Initiatives

GPS Renewables has been actively securing funding to support its expansion into the biofuel sector. Notable recent fundraising efforts include:

1. Mezzanine Financing: ?100 crore ($12 million) raised from InCred Opportunities Fund and Spark Capital. Part of a larger $100 million fundraising round, with $25 million allocated at the ARYA level and $50 million for step-down subsidiaries.
2. Debt Financing: $50 million (?411.50 crore) secured from major financial institutions, including Punjab National Bank, HDFC, Yes Bank, HSBC, Kotak Mahindra Bank, and ICICI Bank.
3. Equity Funding: $20 million raised from investors such as Neev Fund II by SBICap Ventures, Hivos-Triodos Fund, and Caspian Impact Investments.

These funds will be strategically used for CBG projects in collaboration with Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) under GPSR's ARYA vertical.

Impact on India's Energy Landscape

The collaboration between GPS Renewables and Oil India marks a significant step in promoting biofuels in India's energy portfolio. By leveraging advanced technologies and sustainable practices, the joint venture is poised to play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and contributing to India's renewable energy goals. The establishment of these CBG plants is expected to not only diversify India's energy mix but also support the rural economy by utilizing agricultural waste as feedstock for biogas production.

Conclusion

The joint venture between GPS Renewables and Oil India reflects a growing momentum towards sustainable energy solutions in India. By investing in compressed biogas technology, the partnership is set to pave the way for a greener future, aligning with India's broader objective of reducing its carbon footprint and achieving energy self-sufficiency.

Stay tuned for more updates on this landmark collaboration as the projects progress towards implementation.

Article 2: -

Oriana Power Limited Reports 750% Surge in Net Profits; Expands Green Energy Portfolio.

Mumbai: Oriana Power Limited, a prominent player in the renewable energy sector, witnessed a remarkable 5% surge in its stock price following a staggering 750% year-on-year (YoY) increase in net profits. The company's diverse offerings, including floating solar panels, solar rooftops, and hydrogen electrolyzers, have positioned it as a key player in India's green energy transition.

Stock Performance

• Current Share Price: ?2,350 per equity share
• Market Capitalization: ?4,775 Crores
• Price Movement: Up 0.55% from the previous day's close of ?2,337.25

Financial Highlights

Impressive Half-Yearly Growth in Revenue and Profits:

• Revenue from Operations: Grew by 461% YoY from ?64.05 Crores in H1FY24 to ?359.54 Crores in H1FY25 Increased by 13% HoH from ?318.81 Crores in H2FY24 to ?359.54 Crores in H1FY25
• Net Profit: Surged by 750% YoY from ?5.72 Crores in H1FY24 to ?48.59 Crores in H1FY25 Marginal decline of 0.06% HoH from ?48.62 Crores in H2FY24 to ?48.59 Crores in H1FY25

Major Work Order Secured

Oriana Power Limited recently secured a significant work order worth ?83.56 Crores from NTPC – Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited. The contract involves Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC), commissioning, operation, and maintenance of a 19.26 MW Solar Power Plant. The project is slated for completion within 8 months.

Strategic Expansion Plans

Gigawatt-Scale Factory for Green Hydrogen and E-Fuels:

Oriana Power is set to build a gigawatt-scale factory dedicated to producing electrolyzer and Balance of Plant (BOP) modules for green hydrogen and E-Fuels. The factory will be commissioned in two phases:

• Phase 1: 500 MW capacity, expected to be operational by 2026
• The company is also collaborating on Green Hydrogen and E-Fuels projects in the UK and Europe.

Solar and CBG Projects:

Oriana Power is rapidly expanding its portfolio with over 250+ MWp of solar projects under execution. The company has already delivered 200+ MWp of solar projects, implemented 120+ projects, and served 50+ clients. Additionally, it is exploring opportunities in Compressed Biogas (CBG) and Green Hydrogen/Electrolyzer projects, demonstrating its commitment to a sustainable energy future.

About Oriana Power Limited

Oriana Power Limited provides innovative renewable energy solutions to industrial and commercial clients. Its product portfolio includes:

• Floating Solar Panels
• Solar Rooftops
• Hydrogen Electrolyzers
• A wide range of solar energy solutions tailored for the commercial sector

The company's ambitious projects and strategic collaborations align with India's focus on green energy, reinforcing its role as a leader in the renewable energy market.

Conclusion

Oriana Power Limited's impressive financial performance and ambitious expansion plans highlight its strategic focus on sustainable energy solutions. The company's continued investment in solar and hydrogen technologies positions it as a significant contributor to India's green energy landscape, ensuring long-term growth and profitability.

Stay tuned for further updates on Oriana Power Limited's ongoing projects and future initiatives.

Article 3: -

Muzaffarpur to Become a New Hub for Ethanol Production with Three New Plants.

Muzaffarpur, Bihar: In a significant boost to Bihar’s industrial landscape, Muzaffarpur is set to welcome three new ethanol plants. These plants, proposed by three different companies, will be established in the western sub-division of the district, focusing on grain-based ethanol production. The move aligns with the state government's vision to position Bihar as a leading hub for ethanol production.

Key Highlights:

• Location: Damodarpur (Motipur), Motipur Industrial Area, and Jahura (Sahebganj Block)
• Industry Focus: Grain-based Ethanol Production
• Total Job Creation: Around 5,000 jobs (3,000 direct, 2,000 indirect)

Investment and Approval Status

The proposals for these ethanol plants have been submitted to Bihar's Department of Industries and forwarded to the Bihar State Investment Promotion Board for approval.

• Damodarpur, Motipur: The investment proposal is currently under review.
• Motipur Industrial Area: Proposal approved by the State Investment Promotion Board.
• Jahura, Sahebganj Block: Approval expected in the upcoming board meeting.

Once all approvals are secured, these projects will begin construction, further accelerating Bihar’s industrial growth.

Job Creation and Economic Impact

The establishment of these ethanol plants is expected to create around 5,000 jobs in the region:

• Direct Employment: 3,000 workers will be employed at the ethanol plants.
• Indirect Employment: 2,000 additional jobs in transportation and allied sectors.

The projects are poised to provide a substantial boost to the local economy by creating new job opportunities and supporting regional development.

Benefits for Farmers and the Local Economy

Bihar’s focus on ethanol production, particularly from grains, is part of its industrial policy aimed at sustainable energy development. The new plants will benefit local farmers by offering a new market for their grain produce, thus promoting agricultural growth in the region.

Government Incentives:

• Ethanol manufacturing is considered a high-priority sector in Bihar.
• The state government offers various subsidies and incentives to encourage the growth of this industry.

State's Vision for Ethanol Production

Bihar has identified ethanol production as a key industry under its Industrial Policy, with a special emphasis on grain-based ethanol. The state’s commitment to expanding ethanol manufacturing aligns with its broader goals of:

• Supporting sustainable energy initiatives
• Boosting local employment
• Enhancing agricultural productivity

The new ethanol plants in Muzaffarpur represent a strategic step towards achieving these objectives, reinforcing Bihar’s position as a major player in India’s renewable energy sector.

Conclusion

The upcoming ethanol plants in Muzaffarpur mark a significant advancement in Bihar’s industrial and economic landscape. By fostering local employment, supporting farmers, and promoting sustainable energy production, these projects are set to transform the region into a thriving hub for ethanol manufacturing. This initiative not only aligns with the state’s industrial growth strategy but also contributes to India’s sustainable energy future.

Stay tuned for further updates on the progress of these ethanol plants and their impact on the local economy.

Article 4: -

India Accelerates Shift to Nuclear Power to Meet Growing Energy Demands.

New Delhi: In a significant move towards achieving energy sustainability, India has announced ambitious plans to establish nuclear reactors across the country, particularly in states facing challenges with thermal power and coal accessibility. This initiative is part of India's broader strategy to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner energy sources.

Key Highlights:

• Focus on Nuclear Energy: India aims to boost its nuclear power generation from the current 8 GW to over 20 GW by 2032.
• Expansion Plan: The government encourages states to set up nuclear power plants, especially in regions where thermal plants have completed their lifecycle.
• Private Sector Involvement: Plans to partner with private investors to establish small-scale nuclear reactors for meeting the nation's growing energy demands.

Power Minister Urges States to Transition to Nuclear Energy

India's Power Minister, Manohar Lal, chaired a high-level Conference of Power Ministers from various states and union territories, where he emphasized the importance of nuclear power in meeting the country’s energy needs.

• Guidance to States: The minister urged states distant from coal resources to consider setting up nuclear power plants as an alternative energy source.
• Focus on Decommissioned Thermal Plants: States were advised to utilize sites of retired coal-based thermal power plants for new nuclear projects.
• Investment in Power Sector: The minister also encouraged states to identify power utilities for listing on the stock exchange to attract investment and meet financial targets.

Boosting Renewable Energy and Transmission Infrastructure

In addition to nuclear energy, the Power Minister highlighted the need to ramp up renewable energy capacity. The focus remains on improving transmission systems to accommodate the increased influx of renewable energy into the grid.

• Renewable Energy Target: India aims to add 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
• Net-Zero Commitment: The country is on track to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, in line with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s climate pledge.

Challenges in Nuclear Expansion: Regulatory Hurdles and Safety Concerns

Despite India's push for nuclear power, several challenges persist:

• Stringent Regulations: International power plant builders have been hesitant to enter the Indian market due to strict regulations, particularly around compensation and safety in the event of nuclear accidents or leaks.
• Domestic Focus: Currently, all 24 operational nuclear plants in India are managed by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), a government-owned PSU under the Department of Atomic Energy.

India’s Nuclear Power Vision: A Step Towards Clean Energy Leadership

India, being the only G20 nation to achieve its climate goals ahead of schedule, is taking bold steps to reduce its carbon footprint. The push for nuclear power is seen as a crucial part of this strategy.

• Current Nuclear Capacity: 24 nuclear plants generating around 8 GW of power.
• Future Expansion: Plans to increase nuclear power capacity to 20+ GW by 2032.
• Long-term Goal: To become a global leader in clean energy, with a focus on nuclear, solar, and other renewable sources.

Conclusion

India’s ambitious plans to expand its nuclear power infrastructure mark a significant shift in the country's energy strategy. By leveraging nuclear energy alongside renewables, India aims to secure its energy future, reduce carbon emissions, and meet the growing demand for electricity. This initiative not only supports India's climate commitments but also enhances its energy security, setting a precedent for sustainable growth.

Stay updated for more developments on India's nuclear energy expansion and its impact on the nation's energy landscape.

Article 5: -

India's Renewable Energy Goals Face Challenges Amid Growing Demand and Supply Chain Constraints.

New Delhi: India's ambitious transition to renewable energy is facing significant challenges as the nation struggles to meet its target of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by the early 2030s, according to a recent report by Zero Carbon Analytics. Despite substantial investments in the sector, the pace of progress remains insufficient to meet the country's clean energy aspirations.

Key Insights from the Report

• Investment Gap: In 2023, India attracted USD 12.4 billion in renewable energy investments. However, this figure falls far short of the USD 200 billion required to achieve the 500 GW target.
• Capacity Shortfall: India needs to add 300 GW of new renewable capacity within this decade. Current annual additions are lagging, with only 13 GW added between 2022 and 2023, and 20.7 GW added from January to September 2024 — significantly below the 50 GW annual target needed to stay on track.

Surge in Electricity Demand

India's electricity demand is rising rapidly, driven by economic growth and industrial expansion:

• Peak Demand Surge: Electricity demand grew by 7% in 2023, which is more than triple the global average of 2.2%.
• Rising Peak Load: The country's peak power demand increased from 182 GW in 2019 to 250 GW in 2024, growing at an annual rate of 6.5%.
• Urgent Need for Reliable Energy: "Our peak demand signals an urgent need for reliable energy solutions, particularly during evening hours when demand spikes," said Neelima Jain, Director of State Initiatives at the International Energy Conservation Council (IECC).

Battery Storage: A Potential Game-Changer

Battery storage is identified as a critical solution to India's renewable energy challenges:

• Cost Reductions in Storage: Recent auctions in Gujarat and SECI have seen co-located battery storage costs drop to $150 per kW, with further reductions of 15-20% expected by 2030.
• Importance of Timely Deployment: "If we don’t accelerate storage deployment, we’ll be forced to rely on coal, risking stranded assets," Jain warned. India currently has 41 GW of firm capacity under construction, which needs timely completion.

Manufacturing and Supply Chain Dependencies

India's renewable energy ambitions are hindered by its heavy reliance on imported materials:

• Dependence on China: China dominates the global solar PV module market with an 80% market share, while India accounted for less than 2% in 2022.
• Critical Mineral Imports: India imports crucial minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, essential for battery production and solar panels.
• Wind Energy Advantage: Despite challenges in solar, India produces 70-80% of its wind turbines domestically.

Building a Resilient Renewable Energy Supply Chain

Experts recommend enhancing domestic production capabilities and focusing on sustainability:

• Focus on Recycling: Developing recycling capabilities for solar and wind technologies can create a sustainable manufacturing cycle.
• Strengthening Local Manufacturing: Building a robust domestic supply chain will be crucial for India to reduce its dependence on imports and meet its renewable energy targets.

Opportunities for Global Leadership in Clean Energy

The report highlights India's potential to emerge as a leader in the renewable energy sector, especially in Asia:

• Leadership in Southeast Asia: With China focusing on clean energy exports, India has an opportunity to expand its influence in Southeast Asia and other emerging markets.
• Strategic Global Role: "This is a pivotal moment for India to assert its role in the global renewable energy space," said Aditya Lolla, Asia Programme Director at Ember.

Conclusion: Accelerating Towards a Sustainable Energy Future

India faces a critical juncture in its renewable energy journey. To bridge the gap between its ambitious targets and current progress, the nation must:

• Accelerate Investments in battery storage and renewable capacity.
• Address Supply Chain Dependencies to ensure sustainable growth.
• Reinforce Short- and Medium-Term Goals to solidify its position as a leader in the global energy transition.

By prioritizing these areas, India can enhance its energy security, reduce its carbon footprint, and support its pledge of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.

Article 6: -

Grain Ethanol Industry Faces Supply Challenges: GEMA Seeks Waiver of Penalties from Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.

New Delhi: The Grain Ethanol Manufacturers Association (GEMA) has reached out to Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri, requesting a waiver of penalties for the shortfall in ethanol supplies during the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2023-24. The association highlighted significant disruptions in feedstock availability that have impacted the ability of Dedicated Grain Ethanol Plants (DEPs) to meet their ethanol supply commitments to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).

Rapid Growth and Current Challenges in the Grain Ethanol Industry

In its letter, GEMA praised the rapid expansion of the grain ethanol sector, which has seen its capacity soar from 30 crore liters to 800 crore liters in just four years. This growth has been driven by the Indian government's aggressive push towards achieving a 20% ethanol blending target by 2025 under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme.

• Greenfield Expansion: The grain ethanol industry has experienced one of the fastest greenfield expansions in India, fueled by government incentives and support.
• Emerging Sector: Despite this impressive growth, the sector remains in its early stages, with many producers being young entrepreneurs who have made substantial investments in setting up DEPs.

Supply Chain Disruptions Due to Withdrawal of Surplus Grain

GEMA's letter underscored a critical challenge that has disrupted the industry's momentum: the unexpected withdrawal of surplus grain by the Food Corporation of India (FCI). Initially, nodal agencies had assured the industry of surplus grain availability to address feedstock shortages. However, the sudden withdrawal has created severe uncertainty, jeopardizing the industry's ability to meet its supply commitments.

• Contracted Supply vs. Actual Supply: The grain ethanol industry had committed to supplying 445-450 crore liters of ethanol to OMCs for ESY 2023-24. However, despite their best efforts and a 15-day grace period, the expected supply is likely to be around 390-400 crore liters.
• Anticipated Shortfall: This shortfall of approximately 50 crore liters could lead to penalties amounting to Rs 110 crores, posing a financial burden on ethanol producers.

GEMA's Request for Waiver of Penalties

In light of the unforeseen supply chain disruptions, GEMA has urged Minister Hardeep Singh Puri to consider waiving the penalties for the shortfall in ethanol supplies. The association emphasized the industry's unwavering commitment to supporting the government's ethanol blending goals and its role in achieving energy security and sustainability.

• Appeal for Support: GEMA's letter calls for government intervention to provide relief to grain ethanol producers, ensuring the continued growth and stability of the sector.
• Focus on Future Stability: The association stressed that without support, the industry's ability to contribute to India's ethanol blending targets could be compromised, impacting both economic growth and the environment.

Conclusion: Ensuring the Growth of India's Grain Ethanol Sector

The grain ethanol industry plays a vital role in India's energy transition by supporting the Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme. As the sector navigates early-stage challenges, industry stakeholders are looking to the government for support in mitigating penalties and ensuring stable growth. With India targeting a 20% ethanol blending rate by 2025, the industry's success is crucial to achieving the nation's clean energy objectives.

Article 7: -

IIT Roorkee Releases GATE 2025 Schedule: Check Exam Dates and Timings.

New Delhi: The Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R) has officially announced the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) 2025 schedule. Candidates who have registered for the exam can now access the detailed timetable on the official website gate2025.iitr.ac.in. This announcement provides students with ample time to plan and optimize their preparation strategies.

GATE 2025 Exam Dates and Timings

The GATE 2025 exams are set to take place in February 2025, conducted over multiple dates with two sessions each day:

• Forenoon (FN) Session: 9:30 AM to 12:30 PM
• Afternoon (AN) Session: 2:30 PM to 5:30 PM

Candidates are advised to check the official website for specific dates and time slots allocated to each paper. The detailed schedule includes the exact dates for all 30 subjects, allowing candidates to prepare according to their respective test dates.

How to Check the GATE 2025 Schedule

To view the complete GATE 2025 timetable, follow these steps:

1. Visit the official website: gate2025.iitr.ac.in
2. Click on the 'Exam Schedule' section.
3. Select your specific paper to view the date and time of your exam.

Key Highlights of GATE 2025

• Organizing Institute: IIT Roorkee
• Exam Mode: Computer-Based Test (CBT)
• Duration: 3 hours per session
• Eligibility: Final-year undergraduate students or graduates in Engineering, Technology, Architecture, Science, Commerce, and Arts.
• Purpose: GATE scores are used for admissions to postgraduate programs (M.Tech/Ph.D.) in IITs, NITs, IISc, and other prestigious institutions, as well as for recruitment in public sector companies.

Important Tips for GATE 2025 Aspirants

With the release of the GATE 2025 schedule, candidates are encouraged to streamline their study plans and focus on time management. Here are some preparation tips:

• Understand the Exam Pattern: Familiarize yourself with the GATE syllabus, marking scheme, and the distribution of questions.
• Create a Study Plan: Allocate time for each subject based on the weightage and difficulty level.
• Practice Mock Tests: Regularly attempt mock tests to build speed and accuracy.
• Revise Thoroughly: Focus on revision during the last few weeks before the exam to strengthen your concepts.

Conclusion

The release of the GATE 2025 schedule marks a crucial milestone for aspirants aiming to secure admissions to top-tier institutes or seeking opportunities in public sector undertakings. With the exam dates now available, candidates have a clear roadmap to plan their preparation effectively. For the latest updates and further details, keep an eye on the official GATE 2025 website.

Stay focused, and best of luck to all the GATE 2025 aspirants!

Article 8: -

India to Rely on Fossil Fuels Until 2040, Aims to Become Refining Hub: Oil Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.

Bengaluru: India, the world's third-largest oil importer and consumer, is set to rely on fossil fuels for its energy needs until at least 2040, according to Oil Minister Hardeep Singh Puri. Speaking at a refining conference in Bengaluru, Puri emphasized India's strategy to expand its refining capabilities and position itself as a regional refining hub.

India's Energy Outlook: Focus on Fossil Fuels Amidst Global Transition

As the energy transition progresses globally at an unpredictable pace, many countries are scaling down their refining capacities. However, India's rising daily crude utilization reflects its continued dependence on fossil fuels for the foreseeable future.

"Our existing refineries will increase in terms of capacity, and they will also become regional hubs in terms of providing to other countries," Puri said, highlighting India's ambition to play a key role in the regional energy market.

Expanding Refining Capacity to Meet Rising Demand

India, currently the world's third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has committed to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2070. As part of its clean energy goals, the country aims to generate 500 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy by 2030. However, fossil fuels will continue to be a significant part of India's energy mix.

Puri revealed India's plan to scale its refining capacity by 81%, increasing from the current 249 metric tonnes per annum (mtpa)—equivalent to about 5 million barrels per day (bpd)—to as much as 450 mtpa. While the minister did not specify a timeline for this expansion, he noted that there are "robust discussions" among state-owned and private refiners to increase capacity beyond 310 mtpa, which could be achieved even before the 2028 target.

Major Refinery Projects in the Pipeline

• Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd (BPCL) is exploring the possibility of building a new refinery with a capacity of 180,000-300,000 bpd in either southern Andhra Pradesh or northern Uttar Pradesh.
• Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd (HPCL) is expected to commence operations at its 180,000 bpd Barmer refinery in Rajasthan, which is slated to start by late 2024 or early 2025.

Puri also mentioned that smaller refineries will no longer be economically viable, signaling a shift towards larger, more efficient refining units.

Balancing Growth and Sustainability

India's commitment to increasing its refining capacity is part of a broader strategy to secure energy independence while supporting economic growth. Despite its focus on fossil fuels, the country continues to push for renewable energy initiatives. The dual approach of expanding refining capabilities and scaling up renewable energy reflects India's efforts to balance its immediate energy needs with long-term sustainability goals.

The minister's comments underscore India's role in the global energy landscape, where it seeks to cater to both domestic demand and regional energy requirements.

Conclusion

As India positions itself as a major refining hub, it remains focused on expanding its energy infrastructure to meet the growing demand. The country's strategy to rely on fossil fuels until 2040, while simultaneously aiming for ambitious renewable energy targets, highlights its multifaceted approach to achieving energy security and sustainability.

For more updates on India's energy sector, stay tuned to the latest developments in the refining and renewable energy space.

Article 9: -

India's Thermal Coal Imports Drop by Nearly One-Third in October Amid Rising Clean Energy Output.

New Delhi: India's imports of thermal coal saw a significant decline in October, dropping by 31.8% on an annual basis due to reduced power generation and a boost in clean energy production. According to data from analytics firms Bigmint and Kpler, shipments fell to 13.56 million metric tons, marking the steepest rate of contraction in the past fifteen months.

Decline in Thermal Coal Imports: Key Figures

• Fastest Decline in Over a Year: The October drop represents the first consecutive decline since July 2023 and the sharpest fall in thermal coal imports in fifteen months.
• Annual Flat Trend: Despite the dip, traders anticipate a slight increase in coal imports in the coming weeks, though not enough to surpass the overall import levels of 2023. Thermal coal imports for the year 2024 are expected to remain flat at around 176 million tonnes, according to Vasudev Pamnani, Director at I-energy Natural Resources Ltd.

Factors Contributing to the Decline

1. Higher Clean Energy Output: India's shift towards renewable energy, particularly solar and hydro power, has reduced its reliance on coal. Government data indicates a rise in clean energy generation, which has slowed down thermal coal imports.
2. High Coal Inventories: Indian ports have accumulated substantial coal inventories, leading to a reduction in new purchases for the last two months of 2024.
3. Low Industrial Activity: Sluggish industrial demand in India has also contributed to the decline in coal imports, with traders previously bringing in significant quantities despite the slowdown.

Diverging Trends Between India and China

Interestingly, this drop in India's coal imports marks the first major divergence from the trend observed in China since mid-2023. While India reduced its coal imports, China—the world's top coal importer—recorded a 29% increase in thermal and metallurgical coal imports in October. China's higher reliance on coal was driven by reduced hydropower output, pushing shipments towards a new record high in 2024.

• India's Preference for Domestic Coal: Indian buyers have recently preferred cheaper domestic coal over imported varieties, contributing to the overall decline in imports.
• China's Continued Coal Imports: In contrast, imported coal remains more cost-effective than domestic options in China, fueling its continued high import levels.

Outlook for Thermal Coal Imports in India

Analysts suggest that while India's coal imports might see a slight uptick in the final weeks of the year, the overall trend points towards stabilization at 2023 levels. The emphasis on renewable energy sources and substantial port inventories indicate a shift in India's energy strategy.

Despite this reduction in imports, Indian coal shipments have followed a similar growth trajectory to China’s for most of the past year, supporting global coal prices. However, India's focus on clean energy could signal a broader shift in its long-term energy strategy, aligning with its commitment to increasing renewable energy capacity.

Conclusion

India's substantial decline in thermal coal imports reflects the country's growing commitment to clean energy and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. The trend indicates a pivotal shift in India's energy landscape, driven by increased renewable energy production and economic factors favoring domestic coal over imports.

For further updates on India's energy sector and global coal market trends, stay tuned to the latest developments.

Article 10: -

NTPC Green Energy Ltd. to Build India's Largest Green Hydrogen Hub in Andhra Pradesh.

New Delhi: NTPC Green Energy Ltd. is set to establish India's largest green hydrogen hub in Pudimadaka, Andhra Pradesh, with operations expected to begin within the next three years. The ambitious project spans a 1,200-acre site and aims to position India as a major player in the global green hydrogen market.

Key Features of the Green Hydrogen Hub

1. Massive Production Capacity: The site will allocate 600 acres for constructing a green hydrogen production facility capable of generating 1,100 tonnes per day, equivalent to about 500,000 tonnes annually. The facility will not only produce green hydrogen but also green derivatives like green ammonia, green methanol, and sustainable aviation fuel.
2. Focus on Domestic and Export Markets: According to Rajiv Gupta, CEO of NTPC Green Energy, the project targets both domestic and international markets, particularly the European Union and South East Asia.

Plug-and-Play Industrial Facilities

• Integrated Industrial Hub: The remaining 600 acres will be divided into: 300 acres reserved for manufacturing electrolysers, solar PV modules, battery energy storage systems, and fuel cells. 200 acres for essential infrastructure, including effluent and sewage treatment plants, medical facilities, convention centers, shopping areas, and landscaped roads.
• Timeline for Development: The groundwork for these facilities is set to begin soon, with plug-and-play manufacturing expected to be operational within the next three years. The production of green hydrogen may take five to six years to commence, as establishing the necessary ecosystem will require additional time.

Financial Investments and Future Plans

• Funding through IPO: NTPC Green Energy is currently in the process of raising ?10,000 crore through an Initial Public Offering (IPO) to fund this extensive project.
• Economic Viability of Green Hydrogen: The cost of producing green hydrogen is currently estimated at $4.10 to $7 per kg, which remains high. Industry experts suggest that for green hydrogen to become economically viable, the cost needs to be reduced to below $3 per kg.

Infrastructure and Ecosystem Support

• The project will include common infrastructure facilities such as: Effluent treatment plants to manage industrial waste. Medical and social amenities for workers and surrounding communities. Convention centers and shopping areas to support a thriving industrial ecosystem.
• The development is expected to transform Pudimadaka into a sustainable industrial hub, enhancing both local and national green energy capacities.

Strategic Impact

• This green hydrogen hub aligns with India's broader vision to transition towards renewable energy and reduce its carbon footprint.
• By focusing on green hydrogen and its derivatives, NTPC Green Energy aims to position India as a global leader in clean energy solutions, supporting the nation's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

For more updates on India's energy sector and developments in green hydrogen, stay tuned to the latest industry news.

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The Untold Story of IISc: Jamsetji Tata's Vision and the Birth of India’s Premier Science Institute.

Bengaluru: The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru, one of India’s most prestigious institutions, has a fascinating and largely untold history that dates back over a century. In a captivating lecture held on November 9 at the Bangalore Room in Indiranagar, former IISc director Prof. P. Balaram delved into the 115-year journey of the institute, tracing its origins from a bold idea conceived by industrialist Jamsetji Tata to its eventual establishment in 1909.

A Visionary's Dream: The Genesis of IISc

• Jamsetji Tata’s Initiative: The story began in 1898 when Jamsetji Tata envisioned a premier science institute for India. At the time, there were no scientific research institutes in the country, apart from the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata. Tata set aside 14 buildings and four properties in Bombay, and generously donated ?30 lakh (equivalent to over ?10 crore today) to establish a university dedicated to science and research.
• Facing British Opposition: Tata’s journey was not without challenges. He had to convince the British authorities, particularly facing resistance from Lord Curzon, the then-Viceroy of British India, who was skeptical of Tata's plan. Despite the frostiness from the colonial administration, Tata remained determined and lobbied for years to gain the necessary support and resources.

The Role of the Maharaja of Mysore

• A Royal Contribution: The turning point came in 1907 when the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, offered a generous gift of 371 acres of land in Bengaluru for the institute. He further supported the project with ?5 lakh for construction and a recurring grant of ?50,000 per year. This royal patronage was instrumental in establishing IISc in Bengaluru, despite initial plans to set it up in Roorkee, Uttarakhand.
• Bengaluru Chosen Over Roorkee: Although Lord Curzon preferred Roorkee for the location of the institute, Tata and his allies were able to secure Bengaluru as the chosen site, thanks to the Maharaja’s support and Tata’s persistent efforts.

The Legacy of Jamsetji Tata and the Tata Institute

• Tata’s Enduring Influence: Jamsetji Tata, unfortunately, did not live to see the institute's completion. However, his legacy is immortalized on the IISc campus with a statue unveiled in 1922. According to Prof. Balaram, no other statue has been erected to honor any other dignitary or contributor, highlighting Tata’s unique place in the institute's history. The housekeeping staff still place flowers at the base of the statue every morning, treating Tata as a revered figure.
• Locals Called It 'Tata Institute': In the early days, Bengaluru residents were unaware of the official name, calling it simply the “Tata Institute.” This colloquial reference underscores the deep respect and gratitude for Tata’s contribution to science and education in India.

Unraveling the Historical Archives

• Prof. Balaram’s Research: Over the years, Prof. Balaram has made multiple trips to the National Archives of India in Delhi to piece together the story of IISc’s origins. Through extensive research, he examined archival records, letters, and photographs to narrate a detailed history of the institute’s founding.
• Call for a Comprehensive Biography: Prof. Balaram noted that the full story of IISc’s founding and the visionaries behind it has yet to be comprehensively documented. He expressed hope that a suitable author would one day capture this remarkable tale in a detailed biography.

IISc: A Pillar of Science and Technology in India

Today, the Indian Institute of Science stands as a beacon of excellence in scientific research and higher education, transforming Bengaluru into a leading hub for technology and innovation. The journey from Tata’s visionary dream to the thriving institution it is today marks a significant chapter in India’s scientific and educational landscape.

For more insights into the history and impact of India's premier science institute, stay tuned to our updates on pioneering educational ventures in India.

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India Emerges as Top Fuel Exporter to EU Amidst Russian Oil Sanctions.

New Delhi: India's export of refined fuels such as diesel to the European Union (EU) surged by a significant 58% in the first three quarters of 2024, largely driven by the refining of discounted Russian crude oil. This trend is highlighted in a recent monthly tracker report by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA).

Capitalizing on Refining Loopholes: India's Strategic Advantage

• Impact of EU/G7 Sanctions: In December 2022, the EU and G7 nations implemented a price cap and embargo on Russian crude oil imports as part of sanctions aimed at limiting Russia’s revenue streams amid the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. However, these sanctions did not extend to refined products made from Russian crude.
• India's Response to Market Opportunities: Leveraging this loophole, India has significantly increased its intake of discounted Russian crude, refining it into diesel, jet fuel, and other products. The refined fuels are then legally exported to the EU, making India the largest exporter of oil products to the region.

Key Refineries Driving Export Growth

• Major Refining Hubs: The sharp increase in exports is primarily attributed to India's major refineries in Jamnagar, Vadinar (Gujarat), and New Mangalore. These facilities have ramped up their processing of Russian crude, leading to a surge in fuel exports to the EU.
• Doubling of Fuel Supply: Before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Europe typically imported around 154,000 barrels per day (bpd) of diesel and jet fuel from India. This figure has nearly doubled in recent months, indicating India's growing influence in the European energy market.

Shadow Tanker Fleet Fuels Russia's Export Strategy

• Rise of the 'Shadow Fleet': The report by CREA also highlights the role of a vast network of "shadow" tankers in transporting Russian crude. 83% of Russian seaborne crude oil is now being shipped via tankers that are neither owned nor insured by countries adhering to the price cap, allowing Russia to bypass sanctions effectively. Only 17% of Russian crude exports in October 2024 were carried by vessels linked to countries enforcing the price cap.

Strategic Implications for the Global Energy Market

India’s growing role as a refining hub for Russian crude has implications for the global energy landscape, particularly as Western nations continue to enforce sanctions against Russia. By refining discounted Russian oil and exporting it to markets that have restricted direct imports from Russia, India is not only supporting its own energy security but also filling a crucial supply gap in Europe.

With India now a key player in the EU’s fuel supply chain, this trend underscores the complexities and unintended consequences of global sanctions regimes, as well as India’s strategic positioning in the international energy market.

For further updates on India's evolving role in global energy trade, stay tuned to our latest reports.

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Haldia Petrochemicals Expands Phenol Production Capacity with Lummus Technology Partnership.

Haldia, West Bengal: Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. (HPL) has signed a significant license amendment agreement with Lummus Technology to enhance its phenol production capabilities. This strategic expansion is set to increase HPL's phenol production capacity from 300 KTPA (kilotons per annum) to 345 KTPA, with a completion target of Q1 2026 for its upcoming Phenol and Acetone Plant in Haldia, West Bengal.

A Strategic Collaboration for Growth

• The Agreement: The agreement was signed by Mr. Navanit Narayan, Whole-time Director & CEO of HPL, and Dr. Romain Lemoine, Chief Business Officer of Polymers and Petrochemicals at Lummus Technology. This partnership is a crucial milestone in HPL's broader growth strategy, which aims to meet India's rising demand for phenol, acetone, and cumene.
• Commitment to India's Chemical Industry: HPL's expansion aligns with its over Rs. 5,000 crore greenfield investment in the Haldia region, further strengthening its foothold in India's petrochemical sector. The facility will not only focus on phenol and acetone but will also produce cumene, with an emphasis on serving both domestic and international markets.

India's First On-Purpose Propylene Plant

• Innovative Technology: A key feature of the new facility is India’s first on-purpose propylene plant, which will utilize olefins conversion technology (OCT). This cutting-edge technology, supplied by Lummus Technology, will support the production of propylene, a vital petrochemical building block.
• Meeting Domestic Demand: The expansion will play a critical role in addressing the growing demand for petrochemical products in India. As a leading producer of phenol, acetone, and propylene, HPL aims to support the growth of the downstream chemical sector and contribute to the self-sufficiency of the domestic chemicals industry.

Strengthening Industrial Growth

• Leadership Statements: Mr. Navanit Narayan, CEO of HPL, expressed his enthusiasm for the project, stating, “Our collaboration with Lummus Technology has enabled us to significantly enhance our production capabilities, thereby strengthening our ability to meet the expanding demand for essential chemical intermediates in India. This expansion to 345 KTPA further solidifies our role in supporting India’s chemical and allied industries."
• Lummus Technology's Role: Dr. Romain Lemoine of Lummus Technology emphasized the importance of this partnership, stating, "This collaboration reflects our shared vision for innovation in the petrochemical sector. We are proud to support HPL in scaling up its operations and ensuring the production of high-quality chemical products."

Looking Ahead: A Bright Future for HPL

This capacity expansion is a significant step for Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. as it continues to play a crucial role in India’s industrial growth. With this enhancement, HPL is well-positioned to meet the country's growing needs for key petrochemical products, while also contributing to the development of a robust domestic chemicals industry. The collaboration with Lummus Technology marks a new chapter in HPL's journey, strengthening its role as a leader in the sector.

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Mukesh Ambani’s $8 Billion Bet on Compressed Biogas: Paving the Way for Clean Energy in India.

Mumbai, India: Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL), under the leadership of Mukesh Ambani, is making a bold move into the clean energy sector with an $8 billion investment in compressed biogas (CBG) plants. This move is a crucial part of the company's upstream clean energy push and positions Reliance as a major player in India's clean energy transition.

Ambani's Green Energy Vision: Investing in Sustainability

• The Investment Plan: RIL will invest Rs 65,000 crore over the next five years to set up 500 compressed biogas (CBG) plants in Andhra Pradesh, marking the company's largest investment outside Gujarat under its clean energy initiative. Each plant, costing Rs 130 crore, will be located on wasteland across the state, aiming to generate significant employment opportunities—direct and indirect jobs for around 250,000 people.
• Future-Proofing Energy: This investment is part of Ambani's strategic plan to transition from traditional hydrocarbons to more sustainable energy sources. CBG, produced from agricultural waste, sugarcane press mud, and municipal waste, offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, with applications in automotive, industrial, and commercial sectors.

CBG: The Clean Energy Frontier for India

• What Makes CBG Important?: CBG can serve as an alternative to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), with similar properties, and is also being explored for green hydrogen production. As a green energy source, CBG is expected to play a vital role in India's energy security by reducing the country’s dependence on imported natural gas and improving its energy mix.
• Sustainability and Innovation: Mukesh Ambani’s push towards CBG aligns with India’s national goals to become a gas-based economy. The government’s target of increasing the share of natural gas in India's energy mix from 6% to 15% by 2030 positions CBG as a key element of this transformation.

Government Support and Market Growth

• Government Initiatives: The Indian government has supported the growth of CBG with the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) initiative, launched in 2018, which encourages the production and availability of biogas. By 2025, the government mandates the blending of 1% biogas with piped natural gas (PNG), increasing to 5% by 2028-29. This policy is set to reduce LNG imports worth $1.17 billion annually and cut down CO2 emissions by 2% per capita.
• Investment in Infrastructure: The government estimates that the CBG blending initiative will spur an investment of around Rs 37,500 crore and create 750 CBG plants by 2028-29. This growth is expected to fuel job creation and contribute to the circular economy, especially in the agricultural sector.

Corporate Rivals and Industry Competition

• Adani’s Clean Energy Push: Not far behind, the Adani Group is also eyeing the potential of CBG. Adani Total Energies Biomass Limited has launched its Barsana Biogas Plant in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, which is set to become India’s largest agri-waste-based bio-CNG plant once fully operational. With an investment of over Rs 200 crore, Adani's plant underscores the growing importance of CBG as a sustainable energy solution in India.
• Industry Impact: The bio-CNG market is gaining traction with oil companies like Indian Oil Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum, and Bharat Petroleum already setting up CBG plants under the SATAT initiative. RIL’s Jio-BP joint venture is also moving to retail CBG and bio-CNG for vehicles, providing an alternative to CNG-powered transportation.

Biogas: A Solution to India's Pollution Problems

• A Sustainable Solution to Stubble Burning: One of the significant advantages of CBG production is its potential to address the issue of stubble burning—a major cause of air pollution in Northern India. By using parali (agricultural residue) as a feedstock, CBG plants can help manage stubble, which currently contributes to severe pollution in cities like Delhi.
• India’s Biomass Advantage: India produces over 230 million tonnes of non-cattle feed biomass annually, much of which is burnt, contributing to air pollution. Reliance's focus on producing biogas from agricultural waste could reduce this problem while helping to cut CO2 emissions and promote agricultural sustainability.

Reliance’s Strategic Clean Energy Future

• A Vision for Clean Energy: Mukesh Ambani’s vision for green energy goes beyond the transition to sustainable power sources. It is about driving India’s energy independence, improving air quality, and creating jobs through innovative technologies like CBG. With RIL leading the way, this underutilized energy source is poised to become a cornerstone of India’s clean energy revolution.

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GAIL Signs Historic LNG Deal with ADNOC Gas: A Step Towards Strengthening India's Energy Security.

New Delhi, India: GAIL (India) Limited has signed a landmark 10-year Sales and Purchase Agreement (SPA) with ADNOC Gas, marking the first-ever long-term liquefied natural gas (LNG) agreement between the UAE's ADNOC Gas and an Indian buyer. The deal, effective from 2026, will see ADNOC Gas supply up to 0.52 million metric tonnes (MMT) of LNG annually, marking a significant milestone in India's energy diversification strategy.

Key Details of the Agreement

• Annual LNG Supply: Under the SPA, ADNOC Gas will provide six LNG cargoes per year to GAIL from its Das Island facility, located in the UAE. The facility has an LNG processing capacity of 6 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA), and this deal will help address the increasing demand for natural gas in India.
• Timeline: The first delivery is scheduled for 2026, marking a critical expansion of India's LNG supply network. This long-term agreement underscores the strengthening energy ties between India and the UAE.

Strategic Importance for India’s LNG Supply

• Meeting Growing Demand: Sanjay Kumar, Director (Marketing) of GAIL, emphasized that India is witnessing rising demand for LNG across multiple sectors. He noted, “GAIL plans to expand its term LNG portfolio in the coming years to meet this growing demand.” The agreement with ADNOC Gas is a crucial step in bolstering India's LNG supply, catering to diverse energy requirements in industrial, power generation, and transportation sectors.
• Diversifying Supply Sources: This deal is significant for India, which is seeking to diversify its energy sources amid increasing demand for cleaner fuels. It also highlights the strengthening energy ties between India and the Middle East, crucial for India’s efforts to reduce dependency on coal and oil.

ADNOC Gas’s Expanding Global Role

• A Global Gas Provider: Rashid Khalfan Al Mazrouei, Senior Vice President at ADNOC Gas, remarked, “This agreement reinforces ADNOC Gas’s role as a global natural gas provider and aligns with our objective of capturing growth in gas demand. It also solidifies our position as a preferred energy partner for India.”
• Doubling LNG Capacity: With global demand for LNG set to rise, ADNOC Gas aims to more than double its LNG production capacity over the next decade. This expansion will position the company to tap into the growing global demand for lower-carbon intensity energy solutions, especially from markets like China, Southern, and Southeast Asia.

Global LNG Market Outlook

• Rising Demand: Global demand for LNG is projected to increase by 15% over the next decade. This demand surge is driven by China's transition from coal to gas and the rising need for LNG in power generation across emerging markets in Southern and Southeast Asia. The ADNOC-GAIL partnership is well-timed to capitalize on these global trends, ensuring India's energy security and a reliable supply of cleaner fuels for the future.
• Focus on Sustainability: The growing reliance on LNG as a cleaner energy source aligns with global sustainability goals and is critical for countries looking to reduce carbon emissions. Both GAIL and ADNOC Gas are positioning themselves at the forefront of this energy transition.

A Stronger Energy Future for India

This 10-year SPA with ADNOC Gas is a critical step in ensuring that India has access to reliable and diverse energy supplies in the coming decades. As India moves toward a more sustainable energy future, partnerships like this will be essential in helping the country meet its energy demands and reduce its carbon footprint. With the rise of global LNG demand, GAIL and ADNOC Gas are poised to play a significant role in shaping the future of the world’s energy landscape.

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IIT Roorkee Introduces New Two-Paper Combinations for GATE 2025.

New Delhi: The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee has unveiled a significant update for GATE 2025 candidates, announcing the introduction of new two-paper combinations. This update provides candidates who had previously opted for a single paper the opportunity to add a second paper from the newly available combinations. This decision is aimed at enhancing flexibility for candidates and broadening their scope of opportunities.

Key Details of the Two-Paper Combinations Update

• New Two-Paper Options: Candidates who had initially registered for a single test paper can now choose to add a second paper from the new two-paper combinations introduced for GATE 2025. These combinations are detailed on the official website of IIT Roorkee.
• Changes for Existing Candidates: Candidates who had already opted for two papers can change their second paper selection. Additionally, those wishing to choose from existing two-paper combinations can add the new paper by paying a regular fee with a penalty.
• Paper Codes and Combinations: The official website provides a detailed list of allowed second papers for each primary paper. Candidates can review these codes and choose the most suitable combinations for their profile. Please note that combinations not listed on the website will not be accepted during the regular or extended registration windows.

Important Guidelines for GATE 2025 Candidates

• Primary Paper Selection: Candidates appearing for two test papers must choose a primary paper, and the second paper must be chosen from the combinations listed on the official GATE 2025 portal.
• Exam Centres for Second Paper: While candidates will have their first and second papers in the same city, the examination centres may differ due to infrastructure and scheduling constraints.
• Exam Dates: GATE 2025 will be held on February 1, 2, 15, and 16, 2025. Candidates are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the exam format by taking the available mock tests.
• Admit Card Release: The admit cards for GATE 2025 are expected to be released in January 2025, allowing ample time for candidates to prepare for the exam.

What is GATE?

GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) is a nationwide exam that evaluates candidates' understanding of various undergraduate subjects across engineering, technology, architecture, science, commerce, arts, and humanities. The 2025 edition of GATE, being conducted by IIT Roorkee, will take place in computer-based testing (CBT) mode, ensuring a smooth and efficient exam experience.

This new update from IIT Roorkee gives GATE 2025 candidates more flexibility, opening up opportunities for those aiming to pursue interdisciplinary studies and enhancing their career prospects. Candidates are advised to visit the official GATE 2025 website for complete details regarding the two-paper combinations and other exam-related updates.

Article 17: -

Record Fuel Ethanol Imports from the US Strengthen India’s Ethanol-Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme.

New Delhi: Fuel ethanol imports from the United States have surged to record levels in 2024, marking a significant rebound after consecutive declines in 2022 and 2023. This surge in imports is strategically freeing up India’s domestic ethanol production to meet the growing demands of its Ethanol-Blended Petrol (EBP) programme, which aims to blend ethanol with petrol to reduce the country's reliance on imported oil.

US Fuel Ethanol Exports to India Reach Record Volumes

According to the latest report from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), India has emerged as one of the top three export destinations for US-produced fuel ethanol. After facing a decline in imports due to escalating supply chain costs and rising ethanol prices in the US, ethanol exports to India have surged in 2024, surpassing the highs observed in the years between 2017 and 2020.

The EIA noted, “The largest increase in fuel ethanol exports has been to India, which has ambitious fuel ethanol blend targets under its EBP programme.” While India’s EBP programme restricts the use of imported ethanol for blending purposes, it is utilized for industrial needs, allowing domestic ethanol to be allocated for petrol blending targets.

Impact on India’s EBP Programme and Industrial Demand

India’s Ethanol-Blended Petrol (EBP) programme is an ambitious initiative aimed at achieving higher ethanol blending levels in the country’s petrol supply. With reduced sugarcane and rice production in recent years, India has increasingly turned to the US for fuel ethanol imports to meet industrial demands, thus easing pressure on domestic supplies and allowing the ethanol produced in India to meet the blend targets for petrol.

Fuel ethanol, primarily produced from corn in the US, serves as a renewable alternative fuel and is also used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and chemicals. As demand for ethanol in India continues to rise, both for industrial use and blending in petrol, imports have become an important part of the supply chain.

India’s Growing Ethanol Demand and Production Capacity

India’s ethanol demand has seen a sharp rise over recent years. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), ethanol demand in India tripled between 2017 and 2021, with the ethanol blending rate rising from just 2% in 2017 to 8% by 2021. For the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2023-24, a provisional total of 647.66 crore litres of ethanol is expected to be supplied, with 231.58 crore litres coming from sugar mills to achieve the 15% blending target.

India's ethanol production capacity currently stands at around 1,683 crore litres, sufficient to meet the country’s ethanol blending targets through October 2026. However, to achieve the 20% ethanol blending mandate in ESY 2024-25, India will require approximately 990 crore litres of ethanol. To meet this target, oil marketing companies (OMCs) have already placed orders for 837 crore litres of ethanol, a process that requires large quantities of agricultural products such as 3.7 million tonnes of sugar, 2 million tonnes of rice, and 11.3 million tonnes of maize.

Strategic Shifts and Future Outlook

India’s strong push towards ethanol blending is aligned with the nation’s energy security goals and its commitment to reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. The EBP programme also supports sustainability by promoting the use of biofuels to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions.

As India looks to meet the ambitious 20% ethanol blending target by 2025, the strategic imports from the US are set to continue playing a crucial role in supplementing domestic production, particularly in industrial sectors, and ensuring the success of the EBP programme.

This development highlights the growing global importance of renewable energy sources such as ethanol and underscores India’s commitment to meeting both environmental goals and energy independence.

Article 18: -

Repurposed EV Batteries Fueling Rural India’s Livelihoods: A Step Towards Sustainable Energy Solutions.

Kenchanahalli, India: In a small garage on the edge of a dense forest in southern India, six women are busy stitching a variety of garments, from hospital gowns to office uniforms, using automated sewing machines powered by a remarkable source of energy: repurposed electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Once a region plagued by frequent power outages and disrupted work, the small tailoring operation in Kenchanahalli is now running smoothly thanks to a battery pack, no bigger than an office printer, that provides a reliable backup during power cuts.

Transforming Rural Livelihoods with Repurposed EV Batteries

For years, power cuts in the region interrupted daily life. But now, thanks to a battery pack made from used EV batteries, the women in this community can continue their work uninterrupted, even during frequent power failures. H. Gauri, one of the tailors, shared her gratitude, saying, “This battery is a godsend for us. Before it, we had to stitch manually when there was no electricity, which was exhausting. Now, we can finish all our orders on time.”

The battery, provided by Nunam, a company specializing in battery refurbishing and energy storage, allows the sewing machines to run for up to six hours on a single charge. Nunam has seen a surge in demand for their battery packs, and their innovative solution is not just providing power for small-scale enterprises but also helping reduce waste from old EV batteries.

The Growing Potential of Recycling EV Batteries for Rural Energy Needs

Prithvi Raj Narendra, an engineer at Nunam, explained the efficiency of repurposing EV batteries for smaller applications, saying, “The way EVs use these batteries is like asking it to run. Using it to power small machines and streetlights is like asking it to walk.”

The initiative is not just changing lives in Kenchanahalli; it is contributing to a broader movement that seeks to find sustainable solutions to India's growing waste management challenges. Nunam aims to produce one gigawatt-hour of power by the end of the decade, which would be enough to power one million homes for a year, especially in rural areas with inconsistent access to electricity.

Challenges and Opportunities in Recycling and Repurposing Clean Energy Components

As India continues to expand its reliance on solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles, experts are increasingly concerned about the end-of-life waste generated by these clean energy technologies. India’s renewable energy sector is booming, with the country set to produce 500 gigawatts of clean power by the end of this decade. However, the components such as solar panels and lithium-ion batteries have a lifespan of 20-30 years, and their disposal presents a growing challenge.

Adarsh Das, a veteran of India’s solar power sector, warned, “The issue is not very large right now, but it will become significant as the installed base of solar panels becomes larger.” Estimates predict that 100 kilotons of solar power-related waste is already being produced annually in India, a number expected to grow to 340 kilotons by 2030.

India’s Growing Demand for Circular Economy and Effective Recycling Policies

India's ambitious renewable energy plans necessitate a strategic response to the issue of waste recycling. The country is one of the largest importers of lithium-ion batteries, nickel, cobalt, and other critical minerals needed for clean power and EV batteries. These materials, however, are not only crucial for the clean energy transition but also present an enormous opportunity for the country to develop its own recycling systems.

Akansha Tyagi from the Council on Energy, Environment and Water highlighted the potential of this opportunity, saying, “Many strategies can be put in place to design products better, use them over their lifetime, repair them before recycling, and eventually recycle them responsibly.” A robust recycling policy could reduce India’s dependence on imports while also minimizing environmental impact.

Sujoy Ghosh, the managing director of First Solar, also pointed out that India’s efforts to recycle solar panels are already underway. However, a more comprehensive and clearly defined policy for recycling solar components could further bolster this sector, turning waste into a resource for clean energy production.

The Way Forward: Creating Jobs and Building a Sustainable Future

The burgeoning industry around clean energy recycling could also create a significant number of jobs, especially in the resource recovery sector. Deepali Sinha Khetriwal, who runs a coworking space for electronic waste recyclers, emphasized the need for skilled labor, noting that the clean energy recycling industry has the potential to be a major job creator.

The transition towards a circular economy—where products are recycled, reused, and repaired to minimize waste—will require careful planning, investment in infrastructure, and clear regulations. As India continues to expand its clean energy capacity, the timely development of recycling systems for solar panels, EV batteries, and wind turbine blades could play a key role in achieving the country’s energy and environmental goals.

Khetriwal is optimistic about the future, stating, “What we’re doing now is small, but it can be replicated across the country. We’re excited about what the future holds if we plan ahead.”

India’s shift towards clean energy is not just about adopting new technologies but also about innovating to manage the waste these technologies create. Initiatives like the repurposing of EV batteries to power small businesses in rural areas exemplify the potential for sustainable solutions that empower communities while reducing environmental impact.

Article 19: -

India Positioned to Lead Global Hydrogen Energy Production and Exports: Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.

Greater Noida, India: India is gearing up to take a prominent role in global hydrogen energy production and exports, according to Hardeep Singh Puri, Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas. Speaking at the 6th South Asian Geoscience Conference and Exhibition, Puri highlighted the nation's ambitious projects aimed at making it a global champion in hydrogen energy.

India’s Path to Hydrogen Leadership: Blending Natural Gas and Promoting Green Hydrogen

Puri emphasized India’s strategic initiatives such as hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines, the localization of electrolyzer-based technologies, and the promotion of bio-pathways for green hydrogen production. These efforts position India to become a global hub for green hydrogen, which is increasingly being recognized as the fuel of the future.

The minister’s statement underscores the country’s commitment to becoming a key player in the green hydrogen economy. By capitalizing on its vast renewable energy potential, India aims to meet its growing energy demands while reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.

Energy Demand Surge: India’s Growing Role in Global Energy Markets

As one of the world’s fastest-growing energy consumers, India’s energy needs are rising rapidly. Currently, the country consumes 5.4 million barrels of oil daily, a figure expected to surge to 7 million barrels by 2030. Puri pointed out that 67 million people visit petrol pumps across the country daily, a number comparable to the combined populations of the UK, France, and Italy.

India’s energy demand growth is three times faster than the global average. By 2040, it is expected that 25 percent of the increase in global energy demand will come from India alone. This underscores the urgency of securing sustainable and affordable energy solutions for the nation.

Commitment to Energy Security: India’s Exploration Potential

Puri also addressed the need for energy security in India, acknowledging the country’s reliance on crude oil imports despite being the third-largest global consumer of crude oil. India has vast untapped resources, with an estimated 651.8 million metric tons (MMT) of recoverable crude oil reserves and 1138.6 billion cubic meters (BCM) of recoverable natural gas reserves within its sedimentary basins.

Historically, only 6 percent of these basins were explored until 2014. However, exploration has ramped up significantly, and by 2025, 16 percent of these areas will be under exploration, aided by the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) rounds. The goal is to expand India’s exploration acreage to 1 million square kilometers by 2030, Puri stated.

GEO India 2024: Fostering Innovation in Energy

Looking ahead, Puri expressed optimism about GEO India 2024, a major event expected to draw around 2,000 participants, feature over 20 conference sessions, and present more than 200 technical papers. The event will serve as a platform for new ideas and innovations to drive India’s energy revolution, ensuring energy security and sustainability for future generations.

Puri concluded with confidence, saying, “I have great faith in the innovative minds of geoscientists to lead an energy revolution in India, ensuring energy security for every citizen and meeting future challenges.”

India’s Energy Future: A Vision for Sustainability and Growth

India’s focus on clean energy, particularly green hydrogen, and its efforts to boost exploration of indigenous fossil fuel resources, set the country on a path to not only meet its domestic energy needs but also become a global leader in the energy sector. With forward-thinking policies and a commitment to energy security, India is poised to shape the future of the global energy landscape.

Article 20: -

India's Energy Transition: A Strategic Path Towards Sustainable Growth and Global Leadership.

India's transition to clean energy is gaining global attention as industry leaders highlight the country’s growing potential as a key player in the renewable energy sector. The nation’s commitment to reducing carbon emissions and its impressive policy framework are making it one of the most attractive destinations for energy investment, experts say.

India’s Ambitious Green Targets: A Vision for a Sustainable Future

At a panel discussion during a recent event, Auguste Tano Kouame, Country Director for India at the World Bank, applauded India's energy transition efforts. He described India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity and sourcing 50% of its energy from renewable sources as “well-calibrated” and “very credible.” These efforts align with India’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs), set during the 26th session of COP26, and are integral to its broader environmental goals.

India is on track to reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes from 2021 to 2030 and aims to cut carbon intensity by 45% by 2030 relative to 2005 levels. Furthermore, India has set an ambitious target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.

India’s Role in the Global Renewable Energy Supply Chain

As India’s economy continues to grow, it is emerging as a key contributor to the global renewable energy supply chain. Kouame emphasized that India has the opportunity to lead in the supply of solar, wind, and electrolyzer components. The country’s growing demand for renewable energy inputs positions it as a leader in manufacturing and supplying these vital technologies to global markets.

Financing the Green Revolution: India’s Investment Opportunities

During the discussion, Vivek Kumar Dewangan, Chairman and MD of REC Ltd, spoke about the significant investment opportunities that India’s green energy transition presents. His company signed memoranda of understanding worth ?2.86 lakh crore during the Green Finance Summit held in Goa as part of the G20's Energy Transition Working Group.

The country’s visionary leadership under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, combined with policy stability, has turned India into one of the world’s most attractive markets for renewable energy investment. Devansh Jain, Executive Director of INOXGFL Group, noted that India now has access to some of the best technologies in solar, wind, and battery energy storage, further strengthening its role as a global renewable energy leader.

Energy Access and Social Impact: Empowering Marginalized Communities

India’s energy transition is also making significant strides in improving access to energy for marginalized communities. Shalu Agrawal, Director of Programs at the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), highlighted that India has successfully lifted 800 million people out of energy poverty over the past two decades by expanding grid access.

Moreover, government initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana have dramatically increased access to clean cooking energy. In 2011, only 30% of the population used clean cooking energy, but by 2020, this figure had risen to 70%, showcasing the country’s success in transforming energy access for its citizens.

Harnessing Hydropower Potential: A Key Component of Energy Transition

India's vast hydropower potential is another key asset in its energy transition, according to R Meenakshi Sundaram, Secretary for Energy & Renewable Energy in Uttarakhand. He noted that the state’s strategic position in the energy transition process could help the country maximize its hydropower capabilities as part of its broader clean energy push.

Technology and Financing Challenges: Roadblocks to Faster Transition

While India’s renewable energy sector is making remarkable progress, the panellists identified several challenges that need to be addressed. Dewangan stressed the importance of making green hydrogen commercially viable by reducing its production costs from $5-6 per kg to $1-2 per kg, which would accelerate the energy transition process. Similarly, the availability of climate finance is not a constraint, but the cost of financing must also come down to facilitate quicker implementation of renewable energy projects.

India’s Growing Renewable Energy Capacity: Impressive Progress

INOXGFL’s Jain pointed to India’s achievements in renewable energy capacity, noting that between October 2023 and October 2024, India installed close to 24 GW of renewable energy capacity. As the country’s renewable energy targets rise to 40, 50, or even 60 GW, India is steadily advancing towards meeting its ambitious clean energy goals.

A Bright Future for India’s Clean Energy Revolution

India's energy transition is unfolding as a well-coordinated effort supported by strong policies, financing, and technological advancements. The country’s commitment to renewable energy and carbon reduction targets, coupled with its growing role in the global renewable energy supply chain, sets the stage for a clean energy revolution that not only promises economic growth but also contributes to a sustainable global future.

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Deepak Chem Tech Limited to Set Up Polycarbonate Resin Plant in Gujarat: Strategic Partnership with Trinseo.

Deepak Chem Tech Limited (DCTL), a subsidiary of Deepak Nitrite Limited, has announced plans to build a state-of-the-art polycarbonate resin manufacturing plant in Dahej, Gujarat. The ambitious project, in collaboration with Trinseo, marks a significant step in India's push towards high-quality engineering polymers.

New Polycarbonate Manufacturing Plant to Drive India’s Polymer Industry Growth

Deepak Chem Tech Limited (DCTL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Deepak Nitrite Limited, has taken a bold step in expanding India’s polymer manufacturing capabilities by approving a new Polycarbonate resin manufacturing plant at a greenfield site in Dahej, Gujarat. The proposed facility is expected to produce 165,000 metric tonnes of polycarbonate resin annually and is scheduled to begin operations by the fourth quarter of FY 2028.

In a significant move to ensure access to cutting-edge technology, DCTL has entered into an agreement with Trinseo, a global leader in engineering polymers and compounds. As part of the deal, DCTL will acquire Trinseo’s polycarbonate assets located in Stade, Germany, along with a technology license. This agreement also grants DCTL access to Trinseo’s CALIBRE resins brand, recognized globally for its high-performance resins.

Polycarbonate’s Expanding Role Across Industries

Polycarbonate is an emerging versatile polymer with a wide range of applications across multiple industries, including automotive, electronics, medical devices, aerospace, and construction. With a growing demand for polycarbonate in sectors such as electric mobility, appliances, drones, and aviation, the new plant at Dahej will cater to the increasing need for high-quality engineering polymers in India and beyond.

A Historic Collaboration: Deepak Chem Tech and Trinseo Join Forces

In a statement about the new partnership, Deepak C. Mehta, Chairman and Managing Director of Deepak Nitrite Limited, expressed his excitement over the collaboration, calling it a historic milestone for both companies. He emphasized that the tie-up opens strategic opportunities for DCTL to explore downstream compounds and complementary technology partnerships to meet India’s growing demand for engineering polymers.

“The tagline ‘Made in India’, coupled with world-scale capacities and formidable brand credibility, opens a new horizon of opportunities in the Advanced Materials front,” Mehta said, underscoring the significance of this development for India’s polymer manufacturing sector.

Trinseo’s Expertise and Global Reach

Trinseo, with net sales of $3.7 billion in 2023, is a leading player in the global engineering polymer market. The company’s engineering compounds are used by prominent global brands across various industries. Through this collaboration, DCTL will not only gain access to advanced polycarbonate technology but also position itself as a key player in India’s advanced materials market.

Implications for India’s Advanced Materials Industry

The establishment of the Dahej Polycarbonate plant is poised to enhance India’s position in the global engineering polymers market. By leveraging world-class technology from Trinseo and capitalizing on local manufacturing capabilities, Deepak Chem Tech aims to meet India’s growing demand for high-performance resins in automotive, construction, electronics, and emerging sectors such as electric mobility and aerospace.

As India’s industrial landscape continues to evolve, this collaboration between Deepak Chem Tech Ltd. and Trinseo is set to drive innovation, improve manufacturing capabilities, and strengthen India’s presence in the global supply chain of advanced materials.

This strategic initiative marks a major step in building India’s self-sufficiency in engineering polymers and reinforces the country’s role as a hub for high-quality, sustainable manufacturing.

Section 2: Government and Private Jobs & Admissions        

Article 1: -

?? GAIL Recruitment 2024: Exciting Career Opportunities at India’s Leading Natural Gas Company!

Join India’s Flagship Natural Gas Company and Make a Difference in Clean Fuel Industrialization!

GAIL (India) Limited, a Maharatna PSU, is offering a range of exciting career opportunities in various fields. If you're passionate about clean energy and want to be part of India’s top natural gas company, apply now!

?? Available Positions:

1. Senior Engineer (Renewable Energy)
2. Senior Engineer (Boiler Operation)
3. Senior Engineer (Chemical)
4. Senior Officer (C&P)
5. Senior Officer (Marketing)

?? Why Choose GAIL?

• Competitive Pay ??
• Opportunities for Growth ??
• Maharatna PSU with a Strong Legacy ??
• Focus on Clean Energy and Sustainability ??

?? Application Details:

• Application Opens: 12th November 2024 (11:00 AM onwards)
• Application Closes: 11th December 2024 (up to 6:00 PM)
• Application Fee:
• Apply Online: Visit gailonline.com

?? Age Relaxation:

• SC/ST: 5 Years
• OBC (NCL): 3 Years
• PwBD (UR/EWS): 10 Years
• PwBD (OBC): 13 Years
• PwBD (SC/ST): 15 Years

?? Selection Process:

• Group Discussion & Interview for most positions
• Physical Endurance Test (PET) for Officer (Security & F&S)
• Skill Test for Officer (Official Language)

?? Have Queries?

Email us at [email protected] with the subject line: "Query-GAIL/OPEN/MISC/3/2024"

?? Don’t Miss Out! Start Your Career with GAIL Today!

Be a part of India’s No.1 Gas Company and drive the future of clean energy.

Mark Your Calendar:

• Online Registration Starts: 12th November 2024
• Registration Closes: 11th December 2024

?? Visit GAIL’s Official Website: gailonline.com

?? Your Future Awaits – Apply Now!

#GAILRecruitment #CleanEnergy #JobOpportunities #EngineeringJobs

Section 3: Important notifications & Classes of Ankur?Bansal?Sir        

Classes of Ankur?Bansal?Sir

All the students joined in September must start their preparation from crash courses only for GATE 2025

I. Below are the links of the crash courses

Crash Courses by Ankur Sir

1. Mass Transfer Operations Crash Course

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0b9qDcBZ_XsoRV3P6LYN0T6S7n0uzeqQ&si=Nmj0lnkrrSo1X3jZ

2. Crash Course on Heat Transfer Operations

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/complete-course-on-heat-transfer-operations-512/QRLBF12G

3. Crash Course on Instrumentation and Process Control

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/complete-course-on-instrumentation-and-process-control-410/0OITCB4J

4. Crash Course on Plant Design and Economics

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/crash-course-on-plant-design-and-economics/5EMLZLBX

5. Crash Course on Chemical Technology

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/crash-course-on-chemical-technology/AYBG792V

6. Crash Course on Mechanical Operations

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/crash-course-on-mechanical-operations/CM1R76QB

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II. PYQ Series on Chemical Engineering Mathematics:

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/pyq-series-on-chemical-engineering-mathematics/EG89CFZO

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III. Complete Course on Mechanical Operations for the GATE EXAM

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/complete-course-on-mechanical-operations-157/R37RTIEY

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IV. Complete Course on Heat Exchanger And Evaporators

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/complete-course-on-heat-exchanger-and-evaporators/DJSJ86LT

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V. Rank Improvement Series: Chemical Engineering (GATE 2025)

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/pyq-course-in-chemical-engineering/TFMF6L0Y

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VI. Rank Improvement Series in Engineering Mathematics for GATE 2025

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/pyq-series-on-chemical-engineering-mathematics/EG89CFZO

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VII. Strategy Session for GATE 2025 - Mission #100

https://www.unacademy.com/course/strategy-to-crack-gate-2025-chemical-engg-ankur-bansal-ankur073/BXLRY4BE

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VIII. Complete Course on Mechanical Operations for GATE 2026 and 2027 Exam

https://unacademy.com/educator/course/complete-course-on-mechanical-operations-gate-ese/84ECOPLV

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IX. Complete Course on Chemical Engineering Mathematics for GATE 2025 and 2026 Exam

https://unacademy.com/plus/course/complete-course-on-chemical-engineering-mathematics/RKXK9FFH

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#ChemEngUpdates

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#ChemicalIndustryInsights

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