CAT M1 : the rank of relevancy

The telecommunications industry now has a new, IoT-friendly standard: CAT-M1.

CAT-M1 sometimes referred to as LTE-M1, LTE CAT M1 or CAT M, is a technology that enables connection directly to a 4G network without a gateway, connecting IoT devices to the internet via the cellular network.

What is Massive IoT?

Massive IoT is the deployment of an immense amount of low-complexity devices that do not need to communicate with great frequency.

 Performance does not need to be high, and low transmission latency is not a requirement.

 Typical use cases include low-cost sensors, meters, wearables and trackers. Many of these can be deployed in challenging radio environments, such as a basement of a building or on a moving piece of machinery, and will be relied upon to send occasional signals for up to 10 years, without a change of battery. This makes power consumption and conservation critical aspects.

NB-IoT VS Cat-M1

Those developing a Massive IoT strategy have probably heard two terms consistently: NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) and Cat-M1, which are both 3GPP standardized technologies.

While very complementary to each other, they are addressing different types of use cases based on the strength of the capabilities of the two technologies.

Complementary Capabilities of CAT-M1 and NB-IoT

NB-IoT supports ultra-low complexity devices with very narrow bandwidth, 200 kHz.

Due to its narrow bandwidth, the data rate peaks at around 250 kbs per second. An NB-IoT carrier can be deployed even in guard-band of an LTE carrier to use the spectrum that is otherwise unused.

On the other hand, Cat-M1 operates at 1.4 MHz bandwidth with higher device complexity/cost than NB-IoT.

The wider bandwidth allows Cat-M1 to achieve greater data rates (up to 1 Mbps), lower latency and more accurate device positioning capabilities. Cat-M1 supports voice calls and connected mode mobility.

As an example: If you need a mnemonic device to keep them straight, the “M” in Cat-M1 can stand for “mobility.”

Both NB-IoT and Cat-M1 devices can sleep for extended periods of time with extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) and Power Saving Mode (PSM) functionalities, which greatly reduces device power consumption.

 Furthermore, both technologies support enhanced signal coverage per base station.

With extreme coverage capability, NB-IoT is ideal for supporting very low data rate applications in extremely challenging radio conditions.

Matching Use Cases with Cat-M1 and NB-IoT

Most common use cases of NB-IoT include utility meters and sensors. Typical uses cases for Cat-M1 include connected vehicles, wearable devices, trackers and alarm panels.

Given that Cat-M1 is the more powerful than NB-IoT, that doesn’t mean it’s better, it just means it’s suitable for different applications.

For example, if you have an oil tank in a basement of a building that needs a sensor to check its level from time to time, NB-IoT will be your choice (the elevator servicing that basement, however, will use Cat-M1).

From an operator perspective, NB-IoT also creates more deployment flexibility due to guard-band deployment. If the operator’s available frequency assets allow, NB-IoT can also deployed as stand-alone access.

Cat-M1 and NB-IoT are considered future-proof and are viewed as 5G technologies. They can efficiently co-exist with 5G NR in the same spectrum and already fulfill all 5G massive MTC requirements. Each standard has specific use cases, so understanding those differences will be key to forming a Massive IoT strategy. 

CAT-M1 Advantages:

One of several technologies, known collectively as an LPWA , the CAT-M1 network is operated by cellular network providers utilizing their own frequency bands.

 It’s this ownership that’s the first notable advantage over competitors such as SigFox and LoRa WAN.

By controlling the devices that are able to use their network, telecom providers have secured the long-term quality of this service.

Meanwhile, competitors Sigfox and LoRa have opted to use unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands.

The blessing and curse of unlicensed bands are that they’re free for everyone to use. This may jeopardize the quality of service in years to come as neither Sigfox nor LoRa have any influence should the behavior of other users of these frequencies become harmful or disruptive to their customers.

No Need to Shout Loudly: Cellular network operators also have another advantage: they use cell technology.

As a rebuttal, competitors claim that their tech needs fewer “tower points” to provide coverage compared to conventional cell operators because it can transmit over longer distances. On paper, this would seem like an enormous benefit with regard to infrastructure costs. However, this is achieved by the devices transmitting on full power at all times.

To get an idea of the implications of this, let’s relate it to human interactions.

First, Sigfox and LoRa:

If you imagine a room half full of people. Certain individuals are permitted to shout messages to others across the room. They do so by following these rules:

-         Messages can only be yelled once every 10 minutes.

-         Messages must be repeated 3 times (in case someone else is also yelling at that moment).

As the room fills up, the amount of messages that everyone is allowed to share has to decrease to accommodate the growing number of shouters. So, this type of messaging works best with short one-way message payloads.

But in reality the cell technology human interactions would be more like the following:

People in the room are split into small groups.

They huddle together so there’s no need for shouting and relevant messages can be heard above the low volume of chatter from the other groups. Much more information can be shared this way.

LTE CAT-M1 Is Best Positioned for the Coming IoT Revolution

Until now the primary driver for cell network providers has been to service the insatiable human demand for live streaming HD video and music directly to mobile devices.

But, it’s been determined that most IoT devices do not require this kind of bandwidth, so CAT-M1 has been optimized for the lower bandwidth IoT world..

One of the by-products of this is a significant increase in coverage as, by reducing radio frequency bandwidth, the signal-to-noise ratio increases.

A report by AT&T suggests that this technology can increase coverage by a factor of 7.

In practical terms, this means that, in locations where 4G fizzles out, CAT-M1 continues to work just fine.

Consider the benefits of this coverage to devices in remote country areas or deep in the basements of buildings. Where once it was virtually impossible for signals to reach these locations, CAT-M1 technology now makes it possible, and, best of all, there’s no wait time while networks are built è they already exist.

Some of the Other Advantages CAT-M1 Provides:

-         Supports native TCP which features TLS (Transport Layer Security) encryption and security certificates.

-         Direct connection to leading cloud providers like AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google cloud, et al without routing through third-party servers. (Sigfox sends all data from Sigfox devices to their servers in France before redistributing it to other cloud providers.)

-         Supports bi-directional data and always connected states: with latencies of less than a second, this is perfect for alarm monitoring and remote-control applications.

-         Bandwidth is enough to support voice calls and still photos.

-         Supports OTA Updates (Over The Air Updates): this is essential for future-proofing IoT applications. By enabling software updates to be deployed remotely, it removes the need to visit the possibly far removed location.

-         Initial and Ongoing Cost Considerations

Because CAT-M1 is a more complex unit than the likes of Sigfox, the amount of silicon required is greater and costs should, therefore, be higher. However, some prices sighted have been as little as $6.50 US. It’s likely that this pricing is the result of telecoms subsidizing traffic to enter their network. In the free market, the price is a more realistic $20 US per module, but these prices are expected to fall over time.

Some plans start at $0.85 US per month for a limited data plan and $1.50 US per month for unlimited data at 256 Kbits per second.

With such affordable choices, an application with 150 sensors updating to the Cloud every minute could cost as little as 1 penny per month per sensor.

Into The Future

CAT-M1 has been a valuable and welcome addition to the LPWA IoT landscape.

Although it’s well thought out and brings numerous advantages like reliable and well-maintained option. 

So this will allows businesses to handle anywhere from one to millions of devices or data sources from new or existing systems.